Wikipedia
312 BC
Year 312 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Mus (or, less frequently, year 442 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 312 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
| Gregorian calendar | 312 BC CCCXII BC |
| Ab urbe condita | 442 |
| Ancient Egypt era | XXXIII dynasty, 12 |
| - Pharaoh | Ptolemy I Soter, 12 |
| Ancient Greek era | 117th Olympiad (victor)¹ |
| Assyrian calendar | 4439 |
| Balinese saka calendar | N/A |
| Bengali calendar | −904 |
| Berber calendar | 639 |
| Buddhist calendar | 233 |
| Burmese calendar | −949 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5197–5198 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊申年 (Earth Monkey) 2386 or 2179 — to — 己酉年 (Earth Rooster) 2387 or 2180 |
| Coptic calendar | −595 – −594 |
| Discordian calendar | 855 |
| Ethiopian calendar | −319 – −318 |
| Hebrew calendar | 3449–3450 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | −255 – −254 |
| - Shaka Samvat | N/A |
| - Kali Yuga | 2789–2790 |
| Holocene calendar | 9689 |
| Iranian calendar | 933 BP – 932 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 962 BH – 961 BH |
| Javanese calendar | N/A |
| Julian calendar | N/A |
| Korean calendar | 2022 |
| Minguo calendar | 2223 before ROC 民前2223年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1779 |
| Seleucid era | 0/1 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 231–232 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳土猴年 (male Earth-Monkey) −185 or −566 or −1338 — to — 阴土鸡年 (female Earth-Rooster) −184 or −565 or −1337 |
Events edit
By place edit
Cyrenaica edit
- The people of Cyrene in the Cyrenaica rise up in a revolt against Ptolemy, putting the Ptolemaic garisson, which occupies their citadel, under siege. After they execute Ptolemy's envoys, who came to bade them to cease their sedition, he sends Agis (one of his generals) with an army and Epaunetus (another general) with a fleet to put down the rebelion. Agis storms the city capturing the rebels, he sends the ringleaders to Alexandria.[1][2]
Cyprus edit
- After putting down the revolt in Cyrene, Ptolemy sails to Cyprus with a great force. He arrests the rulers of Kition, Lapethus, Kyrenia, and Marion for being to friendly towards Antigonus and/or to hostile towards himself, he then establishes his friend Nicocreon of Salamis as strategos (governor-general) of Cyprus .[1][3]
Syria/Mesopotamia/Babylonia edit
- Ptolemy raids Antigonus' territories in Cilicia and Syria, and then sails back to Egypt.[4]
- At the end of the year, Ptolemy invades Antigonus' territories in Palestine with an army of 18,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. The resulting Battle of Gaza leads to a triumph for Ptolemy over Antigonus' son, Demetrius.[5]
- Demetrius rallies the remnants of his army at Tripolis and summons reinforcements from the garrisons of upper Syria and Cilicia; he also writes his father, Antigonus, and urges him to send help. Meanwhile Ptolemy captures Acre, Joppa, Samaria and Sidon, and starts to besiege Tyre.[6]
- Seleucus ceases his service to Ptolemy and returns to his former province, Babylonia. This event takes place on October 1 and becomes the starting point of the Seleucid era.[7]
Asia Minor edit
- At the start of the year, Asander (Antigonus' governor of Caria) rebels, forcing Antigonus (wintering with his main army in Phrygia) to invade Caria. Calling all his forces from their winter quarters, he divides them into four columns: the first is sent to take Miletus; the second, under his nephew Ptolemy, campaigns through central Caria from east to west; a third marches to and takes Theangela; Antigonus himself with the main army campaigns from north to south capturing Tralles, Iasus and Kaunos. Caria is taken in the space of weeks.[8]
- Antigonus sends his nephew Telesphoros with an army to mainland Greece to carry on the war in Europe against Cassander.[9]
Greece/Macedon/Thrace edit
- The people of Epirus elevate Aeacides' brother, Alcetas, to the kingship.[10]
- Alcetas advances on the Macedonian garrison of Acarnania under Lyciscus, a general of Cassander. Three battles are fought and a defeated Alcetas flees to a fortress in Epirus. Cassander marches the main Macedonian field army into Epirus and forces Alcetas to ally with him.[11]
- Cassander marches on Apollonia, which people had driven out his garisson with the help of the Illyrians, but the Appolonians and Illyrians defeat him in battle, driving him out of western Greece for the time being.
- The people of Epirus, tired of Alcetas (who ruled Epirus harshly), rose up and murdered him and his sons.
- Telesphorus sails to the Peloponnese and starts expelling Cassander's garissons..[12]
- Telesphorus enters Elis and fortifies the citadel, and enslaves the city.[13]
- In the spring of 313 a revolt against Lysimachus is under way in the Greek cities of the northwestern Black Sea coast. Callatis, Istria and Odessus rebel. The latter two are quickly taken by Lysimachus, but Callatis holds out. Antigonus sends a fleet and an army under a general named Pausanias to aid the city, he also persuades the Thracian king Seuthes to rebel. Lysimachus leaves part of his army to continue the siege, while he himself marches against Pausanias. He fights his way past Seuthes through the Haemus Mountains and captures Pausanias' force, enrolling them in his army. Pausanias is killed in battle, but most of his officers are ransomed back to Antigonus.[14]
- Cassander sails against the city of Oreus on Euboea with a fleet of 30 ships. He blockades its port trying to force the city's surrender.
- Telesphorus comes to the aid of Oreus from the Peloponnese with 1,000 soldiers and 20 ships, while Antigonid admiral Medius sails to relieve Oreus with a 100 ships from Asia Minor; they break Cassander's blockade.
- Cassander receives reinforcements from Athens (under Thymochares the Sphettian, descendant of Thymochares) and defeats Telesphoros' squadron.[15]
- Antigonus sends his nephew Ptolemy, whom he has made Strategos of Greece, with 5,000 infantry, 500 cavalry and 150 warships (he had recalled and reinforced Medius' fleet) to take command of all Antigonid forces in Greece.[16]
- Cassander abandons the siege of Oreus, concentrating his forces at Chalcis to counter Ptolemy who has landed in Boeotia. Antigonus himself now marches his main army to the Hellespontine region threatening to invade Europe and attack Macedon, forcing Cassander to retreat to Macedon to prepare its defences.[17]
- Antigonus arrives at the Propontis and tries to negotiate an alliance with Byzantium, but the city, at the urging of Lysimachus, remaines neutral; without it Antigonus gives up on the idea of crossing over into Europe.[18]
- The Corcyraeans come to the aid of Apollonia and Epidamus and help the Apollonians and the people of Epidamus to remove the garissons Cassander put there. They free Apollonia, but give the city of Epidamus to the Illyrian king Glaucias.[19]
- Ptolemy captures Chalcis, removes Cassander's garrison, but does not install a garrison of his own. Eretria and Carystus, both on Euboea as well, join Antigonus' alliance. Ptolemy crosses over to mainland Greece and captures Oropos, again removing Cassander's garrison, he then hands it over to, Antiochus' ally, the Boeotian League. After Oropos he invades Attica putting pressure on Athens to negotiate a truce. From Attica he marches on Thebes, captures it and removes Cassander's garrison. He moves on to Phocis drives out Cassander's garrisons in that region as well, and moves into Opuntian Locris, where he besieges Opus.[20]
- Telesphorus , who had been subordinated to Antigonus' other nephew Ptolemy considered this an insult and ends his friendship with Antigonus through betrayal.[13]
- Ptolemy soon restores the situation and persuades Telesphorus to give up his revolt.[21]
Sicily edit
- Deinocrates, the leader of the Syracusan exiles, sends envoys to the Carthaginians to ask them for help against Agathocles the tyrant of Syracuse. The Carthaginians, fearing for their own possessions in Sicily, send a large force to the island.[22]
- The exiles send Nymphodorus (a friend of Deinocrates) with some soldiers to take Centoripini (some of whose elite had promised to assist the exiles in taking the city). Nymphodorus is killed in the failed attempt to capture the city. Agathocles executes everyone he suspects of sedition in the city.[23]
Roman Republic edit
- The Roman censor, Appius Claudius Caecus, a patrician, enters office and begins construction of the Appian Way (the Via Appia) between Rome and Capua. He also embarks on a program of political reform, including the distribution of the landless citizens of Rome among the tribes, which at this time constitute basic political units. Appius also admits sons of freedmen into the Roman Senate. He also asserts the right of freed slaves to hold office.
- Rome gets its first pure drinking water as engineers complete the first aqueduct into the city, the Aqua Appia.
Births edit
Deaths edit
Sources edit
Ancient Sources edit
- Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, volume XIX.
References edit
- ^ a b Siculus, Diodorus. "79". Library. Vol. XIX.
- ^ Diod. XIX 79,1–3
- ^ Diod. XIX 79,4–5
- ^ Diod. XIX 79,6–7
- ^ Diod. XIX 80–86
- ^ Diod. XIX 84,4–86,1
- ^ Siculus, Diodorus. "85". Library. Vol. XIX.
- ^ Diod. XIX 64,3–6.
- ^ Diod. XIX 64.
- ^ Diod. XIX 88, 89; Plut. Pyrr. 3.
- ^ Diod. XIX 88; Plut. Pyrr. 3.
- ^ Diod. XIX 64,1–2.
- ^ a b Siculus, Diodorus. "87". Library. Vol. XIX.
- ^ Diod. XIX 73,1–10.
- ^ Diod. XIX 64,6–8
- ^ Diod. XIX 77,2–4
- ^ Diod. XIX 77,4–6
- ^ Diod. XIX 77,6–7
- ^ Diod. XIX 78,1
- ^ Diod. XIX 78,2–5
- ^ Diod. XIX 87,1–3
- ^ Diod. XIX 102–103
- ^ Diod. XIX 103