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2018–2023 Haitian crisis

June 10, 2023

Not to be confused with 2022 Haitian crisis.

2018–2023 Haitian crisis
Tires set on fire by protests in Hinche, February 2019
Date7 July 2018 (2018-07-07) – present
Location
 Haiti
Caused by

2021 phase

Goals
  • Resignation of Moïse, installation of transitional government, and fresh general elections
  • End of armed gang violence, kidnappings, and killings
  • End to impunity and corruption in Haiti, and better living conditions
  • Release of 33 judges and 23 officers arrested after the alleged 2021 coup d'état attempt
Parties to the civil conflict
Protesters
Lead figures

Jean-Charles Moïse
Schiller Louidor

Number
Thousands[1]
Casualties
Death(s)187 protesters
44 police officers
2 journalists[2]

Protests began in cities throughout Haiti on 7 July 2018 in response to increased fuel prices. Over time, these protests evolved into demands for the resignation of Jovenel Moïse, the then-president of Haiti. Led by opposition politician Jean-Charles Moïse (no relation), protesters stated that their goal to create a transitional government, provide social programs, and prosecute allegedly corrupt officials. Throughout 2019, 2020, and 2021, hundreds of thousands took part in protests calling for the government to resign.[3][4][5][6][7] On 7 February 2021, supporters of the opposition against the then-incumbent Jovenel Moïse allegedly attempted a coup d'état, leading to 23 arrests, as well as clashes between protestors and police.

On 7 July 2021, Jovenel Moïse was assassinated, allegedly by a group of 28 foreign mercenaries; three of the suspected assassins were killed and 20 arrested, while a manhunt for the other gunmen, as well as for the masterminds of the attack, remains ongoing.[8][9] On 20 July, Ariel Henry assumed the office of acting prime minister.

In September 2022, further protests erupted in response to rising energy prices, and a federation of gangs created a blockade around Haiti's largest fuel depot. Combined with an outbreak of cholera and widespread acute hunger, the ongoing crisis has led to the United Nations Security Council unanimously voting to impose sanctions on the country.[10][11][12]

Background and origins

A Senate probe released in November 2017 concerning the period 2008–2016 (the René Préval and Michel Martelly administrations as well as the chief of staff of then-sitting President Jovenel Moïse) revealed significant corruption had been funded with Venezuelan loans through the Petrocaribe program.[13]

A new round of protests broke out in February 2021 amid a dispute over Moïse's presidential term. The protesters claimed that Moïse's term officially ended on 7 February 2021 and demanded that he step down. Moïse said that Haitian presidents have five years to serve according to the constitution and he has one more year to serve since he became president in February 2017. Protesters also expressed concerns about the 2021 Haitian constitutional referendum, a referendum proposed by Moïse which would reportedly scrap the ban on consecutive presidential terms and enable Moïse to run again.[14]

Monique Clesca of the Americas Quarterly described it as "a three-year protest movement led by young people that has its roots in 2018 riots over high fuel prices and a lack of jobs and health care. They have made state corruption and President Jovenel Moïse the target of escalating protests."[14]

History

2018 protests

When Venezuela stopped shipping oil to Haiti in March 2018, this led to fuel shortages. With the removal of government subsidies in July, kerosene prices went up over 50 percent, with similarly steep hikes on other fossil fuels.[15] These rises in taxes on gasoline, diesel, and kerosene that went into effect on 7 July 2018 brought Haitians into the streets. Flights were canceled into and out of Haiti by U.S. airlines.[16][17] The government backed down on the tax increases, and the President accepted the resignation of the inexperienced Jack Guy Lafontant as Prime Minister on 14 July 2018, replaced one month later by Jean-Henry Céant.[18][19]

In mid-August 2018, Gilbert Mirambeau Jr. tweeted a photo of himself blindfolded holding a cardboard sign with "Kot kòb PetwoKaribe a ?" ("Where did the PetroCaribe money go?") written on it. The hashtag petrocaribechallenge was soon widely circulated on social media.[20][19]

Anger over the revelations and accusations from the continuing investigation simmered through social media into the autumn and boiled over again, first in October 2018, with tense scenes and violence in Les Cayes, in Jacmel, and in Saint-Marc.[21] A week of protests in November 2018 led to 10 deaths, including several killed when a government car "lost a wheel and plowed into a crowd."[22]

2019 protests

February

Significant protests broke out again in February 2019 following a report from the court investigating the Petrocaribe Senate probe.[1][23][24] Economic problems and the increased cost of living helped fuel the protests.[24]

On 7 February, protesters targeted and damaged wealthy Haitians' luxury vehicles.[24] The following day, the mayors of Petion-ville and Port-au-Prince announced the cancellation of pre-Haitian Carnival events.[24] Two days later protestors clashed with police, with demonstrators throwing stones at the home of President Moïse, after one of his allies' security personnel struck a woman's car and began to beat her.[25] On 12 February, protesters burned down a popular market, looted stores and assisted with a prison break in Aquin that freed all of the facility's prisoners.[23][26] In Port-au-Prince, the building housing the Italian and Peruvian consulates was looted by protesters.[27][28]

President Moïse addressed the country on 14 February, saying he would not step down and "give the country up to armed gangs and drug traffickers."[29] During a funeral procession on 22 February, Haitian police fired tear gas at a crowd of about 200 people carrying the casket of a man killed during protests days earlier.[30] Opposition leader Schiller Louidor called for future protests, though the overall size of protests began to subside that day.[30]

March

Three days after the lower house voted a censure motion against Prime Minister Jean-Henry Céant's government on 18 March 2019,[31] President Moïse replaced Céant with Jean-Michel Lapin.[32] As of mid-November 2019, this change had not been ratified by the Haitian Parliament. Lacking a government because of the impasse between the President and the Parliament, Haiti has had hundreds of millions in international aid—for which having a sitting government was a prerequisite—suspended.[33]

June

During escalating protests on 10 June, journalist Rospide Petion was shot and killed in a company car on his way home from Radio Sans Fin in Port-au-Prince, where he had criticized the government on air before leaving the station.[34][35]

October

On 4 October, thousands protested across Haiti. In Port-au-Prince, the mayor joined the protestors in calling for President Moïse to step down. Two days earlier, the opposition sent a letter by delegation to the UN Secretary General denouncing the sitting President's role in the Petrocaribe affair, and the government's role in a massacre in La Saline.[36][37] Lyonel Trouillot wrote in L'Humanité that "[w]ithout dipping into conspiracy theory, there is something worrying about the international community's silence about the Haitian situation."[38][39]

On 11 October, Néhémie Joseph, a second radio journalist critical of the government, was found dead in the trunk of his car in Mirebalais.[40][41] On 22 October, thousands of Catholics demonstrated in the capital. Archbishop Max Leroy Mésidor asked Haitian leaders to heed the people who "cannot go on any longer. We are fed up." Energy crises, road blockages, and widespread unrest have led to massive drops in tourism, causing the closure of hotels in Petion-ville, where the Best Western Premier closed permanently,[42] and in Cap-Haïtien, where Mont Joli was closed.[43] Two people were killed in protests in Port-au-Prince on 27 October. Masked police officers were themselves out on the streets demonstrating that day because of low salaries and lack of health insurance.[44]

Although the Haitian constitution calls for legislative elections in October, none were held in October 2019.[33] The United Nations announced they had counted 42 deaths and 86 injuries since mid-September.[45]

November

 
U.S. Ambassador to the UN Kelly Craft and President Jovenel Moïse met in November 2019 about ways to implement a consensual resolution of Haiti's political crisis

Peyi lok ("country lockdown")[42] is how the situation was described in Haitian Creole in November 2019 after two and a half months with schools, courts, businesses, public services, and economic production largely shut down.[46][42]

December

Although parents and school directors still felt uneasy amidst barricades and gunfire, schools across the country began to reopen in December.[47][48]

The U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (David Hale) visited Haiti on 6 December, following up on U.S. Ambassador to the UN Kelly Craft's November visit.[49] During his visit, he met with the administration and with leaders from several opposing political parties, some of whom, including Fanmi Lavalas and Fusion-Mache Kontre, refused any collaboration with President Moïse.[50] On 10 December, the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee began hearings on the situation in Haiti, which Frederica Wilson had pushed for. At the hearing, Maxine Waters was sharply critical of U.S. support for President Moïse. Neither the State Department nor USAID was present at the hearings.[2]

2020 protests

In September and October 2020, more protests occurred throughout the country. The protesters criticized the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti, alleging it did not provide enough to those who lost their jobs because of the virus.[51]

Police held protests demanding better pay and working conditions. The police exchanged fire with Haitian soldiers outside the National Palace where police were protesting working conditions in February. In early 2020, a United Nations report said the Haitian police was corrupt, and failing to protect the population.[51]

2021 protests

See also: 2021 Haiti earthquake and Assassination of Jovenel Moïse

January

On 14 January, hundreds demonstrated in Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haïtien, Jacmel, Saint-Marc, and Gonaïves against President Moïse. Most of the demonstrations were peaceful, but some violence was reported.[52] On 20 January, hundreds again demonstrated in Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haitien to protest against President Moïse. One woman was shot by Rubber bullets, and several others were wounded during protests.[53] On 28 January, journalists, lawmakers, police officers, retirees, former police officers, and human rights judges led protests against human rights abuses and police brutality, violence, and repression against protesters and chanted "When they don’t get paid, we're the ones they call!"[54]

February

On 7 February 2021, supporters of the opposition against incumbent President Moïse allegedly attempted a coup d'état.[55] Moïse ordered the arrest of 23 people.[56] Hundreds of people marched through the streets of Port-au-Prince on 9 February, chanting "Down with kidnapping! Down with dictatorship!" They bolstered opposition demands for President Moïse to resign. The police fired tear gas and shot in the air in an attempt to disperse protesters, who pelted the security officials with rocks.[56] On 8–9 February, clashes with protesters and security forces occurred in Port-au-Prince, in which protesters threw stones and chanted "Out with dictators" while the riot police fired tear gas at the demonstrators who were protesting killings, disputed term limits.[57]

Protesters calling for President Moïse to step down clashed with police in the capital, Port-au-Prince, on 7 February. The police fired tear gas to disperse the demonstrators.[58] According to the opposition, Moïse's term as president was supposed to end on 7 February 2021,[23] but Moïse stated that his term doesn't end until 2022.[59] On 10 February, the police used tear gas and shot into the air to disperse a rock-throwing crowd of protesters. Twenty-three people were arrested and two journalists were injured during the incident. Protesters shouted "We are back to dictatorship! Down with Moïse! Down with Sison", a reference to the U.S. Ambassador Michele J. Sison, who supports Moïse.[60] On 15 February, tens of thousands of protesters rallied again in Port-au-Prince, accusing the government of trying to establish a new dictatorship and denouncing international support for President Moïse and waves the national flag. Chants like "Down with the dictatorship" were chanted during mass protests.[61]

On 21 February, the opposition movement launched large protests in Jacmel and Port-au-Prince against President Moïse, and fought with the security forces. It is the third general strike, after the nationwide strike on 2 February and 8 February.[62] On 25 February, at least 25 were dead and many injured during a prison break at Croix-des-Bouquets Civil Prison, during which gang leader Arnel Joseph escaped.[63][64] Joseph was later found and killed in L'Estère.[65][66] On 28 February, protesters took to the streets targeting offices and throwing stones at the police, despite a bloody crackdown on the widespread street opposition demonstrations. "We are back to dictatorship! Down with Moïse!" was chanted during protests on 28 February.[67]

March

Thousands of Haitians filled the streets of the capital, Port-au-Prince, the manifestations, demonstrations and remonstrances were peaceful, doctors and handicapped lawyers participated in the protest on 7 and 9 March, under the slogan #FreeOurCountry. The protesters called for President Moïse, Prime Minister Joseph Jouthe to resign and called for a crackdown on kidnappers.[68] The hastag FreeHaiti led opposition demonstrations across Haiti on 15 March, to protest the killing of four police officers in a village in Port-au-Prince, calling for the government to resign and demanded a crackdown on gang-led violence on innocent civilians. Citizens also voiced their opposition to corruption and armed gangs controlling cities.[69] On 17 March, thousands wave tree branches and flags in protests against kidnapping and President Moïse. Tens of thousands of protesters and police officers protested across the capital and held a Haitian flag in protest at corruption and police arrests. Trainee police officers joined in the jail break while citizens took to the street for a fifth day to block roads with vehicles, debris and burning tires, also vandalizing a car dealership.[70]

In the capital, thousands of people, some of whom carried the national flag, also chanted slogans against the UN representative in Haiti, whom they accused of downplaying the scale of the demonstrations. The pro-democracy protest on 1 March was non-violent and was attended by tens of thousands of protesters.[71] Thousands of Haitians rallied in multiple cities and the capital Port-au-Prince protesters demanded respect for the current constitution and yelled "Down with dictatorship" as militants burned tires and tore down recently mounted billboards promoting the upcoming constitutional referendum scheduled for 27 June ahead of legislative, local and presidential elections scheduled for the fall.[72]

April

On 3 April, thousands of women protesters marched on the 35th anniversary of the 1986 Haitian women's protests, defying a spike in kidnappings and called on President Moïse to deplore investigations into violence against women in Port-au-Prince. Workers of private businesses endorsed a nationwide work stoppage that occurred on 15 April to protest Haiti's security crisis.[73] In April, protesters targeted areas surrounding government buildings, with eggs, colours, Easter Chick messages and Voodoo symbols to persuade President Moïse to resign ahead of elections. On 22 April, white symbols were drawn during chalk street protests, a battle tactic to call on President Moïse to step down in Jericho and Port-au-Prince. On 7 April, protesters circled the national palace seven times, met with police firing tear gas; the same happened on 22 April, when nuns clashed with police.[74]

July: Assassination of Moïse

On 7 July 2021, Moïse was assassinated, allegedly by a group of 28 foreign mercenaries. Later that day, USGPN (L'Unité de Sécurité Générale du Palais National, or The General Security Unit of the National Palace) killed three of the suspected assassins and arrested 20 others. A manhunt remains ongoing for other gunmen as well as the masterminds of the attack.[8][9] On 20 July, Ariel Henry assumed the office of prime minister.

2022 crisis

Main article: 2022 Haitian crisis

In September 2022, protests sparked by rising energy prices and the rising cost of living erupted.[75][76][77] They continued even after the lifting of the blockade of the Varreux fuel terminal.[78]

2023

In 2023 the situation in Haiti continued to spiral downhill, with the last democratically elected officials leaving office, leaving Haiti without an elected government.[79] Several police killings by gangs including the killing of four police officers by the Vitel'Homme gang in Petionville and the killing of seven police officers on January 25 in Liancourt by the Savien gang lead to police launching a riot storming Prime Minister Ariel Henry's residence. The riots ended a few days later.[80] Canada announced on 6 February that they would begin surveillance flights to Haiti in order to monitor the situation in the country.[81] According to leaked American documents in late February Wagner group began to explore pathways and expressed interest in intervening in Haiti.[82]

A series of battles between gangs in early March led to the deaths of 208 people, kidnapping jumped 72% from the same time last year between January and March.[83] Anyone with a semblance of wealth: doctors, lawyers, and other wealthy members of society, have been kidnapped and held for ransom, if the ransom isn't met they are killed, many wealthy people have fled the country leading to brain drain.[84] These include Jean-Dickens Toussaint and Abigail Toussaint a Haitian American couple who were kidnapped on 18 March and later released,[85] Robert Denis the director of the TV station Canal Bleu who was kidnapped on 11 April,[86] and Harold Marzouka the Vice-Consul of Saint Kitts and Nevis who is also CEO of the plastic company Haiti Plastics who was kidnapped on 15 April.[87] Violence continued into April, with three police officers being killed in an ambush on 9 April by the Ti Makak gang in the Thomassin neighborhood.[88] 13 gang members were burned alive by a mob as they were being transported.[89]

Actions

Moïse government

President Moïse called for his opposition to participate in peaceful dialogue, saying that "the country's problems aren't solely political. The country’s problems are social, economic and political."[24] The national police stated that there are "malicious individuals" who had interrupted peaceful protests in the country.[90]

Opposition

The opposition has been led by Jean-Charles Moïse.[3] This opposition declined offers for dialogue, demanded Moïse's resignation,[24] and organized a nationwide general strike to attempt to force him to resign from office.[26] Alongside opposition lawmakers, he called for a transitional government to replace Moïse: "If Jovenel Moïse does not want to step down from power, we are going to name an interim president in the coming days."[3][4]

Arrest of foreign mercenaries

The Port-au-Prince newspaper Le Nouvelliste reported on 18 February 2019 that a Haitian citizen and seven non-Haitians were arrested in the city. At the time of their arrest, they were carrying rifles, pistols, drones, and satellite phones in their vehicle, which did not have any license plates.[91] Haitian Foreign Minister Bocchit Edmond confirmed that among them were five Americans.[92] According to the editor of Haiti Liberté, the group included two former Navy SEALs, a former Blackwater employee, and two Serbian mercenaries living in the US. They were tasked with protecting the former head of the National Lottery, who intended to transfer US$80 million from a PetroCaribe bank account—controlled jointly by the President, the Prime Minister, and the President of the Central Bank—to a bank account solely controlled by President Jovenel Moïse.[93]

Violence towards the press

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, some reporters have been targeted by protesters.[90] Reuters journalist Robenson Sanon was wounded during the protests in February 2019 but believes that it was coincidental because he was caught in-between clashes.[90]

Journalist Rospide Petion was killed on his way home from the Radio Sans Fin in Port-au-Prince on 10 June 2019 by an unknown gunman. Some correspondents filming protests on 9–10 June were targeted by both police and the crowds.[34][35] On 11 October, Néhémie Joseph, another radio journalist critical of the government, was found dead in Mirebalais after complaining about receiving death threats.[40][41] Freelance journalist Vladjimir Legagneur is presumed to have been killed in March 2018 while reporting on gang activity in Grande Ravine.[94]

Response

Governments

  •   United States: U.S. Department of State spokesperson for Western Hemisphere Affairs stated: "We support the right of all people to demand a democratic and transparent government and to hold their government leaders accountable but there is no excuse for violence. Violence leads to instability, less investment, and fewer jobs."[27] The United States prepared humanitarian assistance to ensure food security in Haiti, and called for those responsible for corruption to be held accountable.[95]

Intergovernmental organizations

  •   CARICOM: CARICOM stated that it "is deeply concerned about the continuing violent protests in Haiti, which have resulted in the loss of life, property, destruction of infrastructure and caused grave distress" and "calls for calm and a cessation of the violence, appealing to all involved to engage in constructive dialogue and to respect the constitution, the rule of law and democratic processes so that issues can be resolved in a peaceful atmosphere and allow for the return to a state of normalcy."[96]
  •   Organization of American States: Secretary General Luis Almagro stated: "We call upon all actors to fully participate in the dialogue process, to respect the democratic process, and to resort to peaceful ways to solve conflicts."[90]
  •   United Nations: United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti said that it "deplores the loss of life and property damage caused by the unacceptable acts of violence that took place on the margins of the rallies, while acknowledging the professionalism demonstrated by the Haitian National Police as a whole" and called "on the Haitian society actors, and primarily the country's leaders, to engage in a constructive and inclusive dialogue in order to identify and implement realistic and lasting solutions to the political and economic crisis currently occurring in Haiti."[97]

See also

References

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June 10, 2023
2018, 2023, haitian, crisis, confused, with, 2022, haitian, crisis, this, article, lead, section, adequately, summarize, contents, comply, with, wikipedia, lead, section, guidelines, please, consider, modifying, lead, provide, accessible, overview, article, po. Not to be confused with 2022 Haitian crisis This article s lead section may not adequately summarize its contents To comply with Wikipedia s lead section guidelines please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article s key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article October 2022 2018 2023 Haitian crisisTires set on fire by protests in Hinche February 2019Date7 July 2018 2018 07 07 presentLocation HaitiCaused byMisuse of loans from Venezuela Petrocaribe and social inequality Rising taxes on gasoline diesel and kerosene and poor living conditions Corruption impunity and mishandling of the COVID 19 pandemic in Haiti2021 phase Authoritarianism fear of dictatorship and international support for President Jovenel Moise Moise s bid to extend his term police officers killing and alleged assassination coup d etat attempt Police brutality human rights abuses and violence against protestersGoalsResignation of Moise installation of transitional government and fresh general elections End of armed gang violence kidnappings and killings End to impunity and corruption in Haiti and better living conditions Release of 33 judges and 23 officers arrested after the alleged 2021 coup d etat attemptParties to the civil conflictProtesters Government of HaitiLead figuresJean Charles Moise Schiller Louidor Jovenel Moise X Fritz William Michel Jean Michel Lapin Jean Henry Ceant Jack Guy Lafontant Ariel HenryNumberThousands 1 CasualtiesDeath s 187 protesters44 police officers2 journalists 2 Protests began in cities throughout Haiti on 7 July 2018 in response to increased fuel prices Over time these protests evolved into demands for the resignation of Jovenel Moise the then president of Haiti Led by opposition politician Jean Charles Moise no relation protesters stated that their goal to create a transitional government provide social programs and prosecute allegedly corrupt officials Throughout 2019 2020 and 2021 hundreds of thousands took part in protests calling for the government to resign 3 4 5 6 7 On 7 February 2021 supporters of the opposition against the then incumbent Jovenel Moise allegedly attempted a coup d etat leading to 23 arrests as well as clashes between protestors and police On 7 July 2021 Jovenel Moise was assassinated allegedly by a group of 28 foreign mercenaries three of the suspected assassins were killed and 20 arrested while a manhunt for the other gunmen as well as for the masterminds of the attack remains ongoing 8 9 On 20 July Ariel Henry assumed the office of acting prime minister In September 2022 further protests erupted in response to rising energy prices and a federation of gangs created a blockade around Haiti s largest fuel depot Combined with an outbreak of cholera and widespread acute hunger the ongoing crisis has led to the United Nations Security Council unanimously voting to impose sanctions on the country 10 11 12 Contents 1 Background and origins 2 History 2 1 2018 protests 2 2 2019 protests 2 2 1 February 2 2 2 March 2 2 3 June 2 2 4 October 2 2 5 November 2 2 6 December 2 3 2020 protests 2 4 2021 protests 2 4 1 January 2 4 2 February 2 4 3 March 2 4 4 April 2 4 5 July Assassination of Moise 2 5 2022 crisis 2 6 2023 3 Actions 3 1 Moise government 3 2 Opposition 3 3 Arrest of foreign mercenaries 4 Violence towards the press 5 Response 5 1 Governments 5 2 Intergovernmental organizations 6 See also 7 ReferencesBackground and origins EditA Senate probe released in November 2017 concerning the period 2008 2016 the Rene Preval and Michel Martelly administrations as well as the chief of staff of then sitting President Jovenel Moise revealed significant corruption had been funded with Venezuelan loans through the Petrocaribe program 13 A new round of protests broke out in February 2021 amid a dispute over Moise s presidential term The protesters claimed that Moise s term officially ended on 7 February 2021 and demanded that he step down Moise said that Haitian presidents have five years to serve according to the constitution and he has one more year to serve since he became president in February 2017 Protesters also expressed concerns about the 2021 Haitian constitutional referendum a referendum proposed by Moise which would reportedly scrap the ban on consecutive presidential terms and enable Moise to run again 14 Monique Clesca of the Americas Quarterly described it as a three year protest movement led by young people that has its roots in 2018 riots over high fuel prices and a lack of jobs and health care They have made state corruption and President Jovenel Moise the target of escalating protests 14 History Edit2018 protests Edit When Venezuela stopped shipping oil to Haiti in March 2018 this led to fuel shortages With the removal of government subsidies in July kerosene prices went up over 50 percent with similarly steep hikes on other fossil fuels 15 These rises in taxes on gasoline diesel and kerosene that went into effect on 7 July 2018 brought Haitians into the streets Flights were canceled into and out of Haiti by U S airlines 16 17 The government backed down on the tax increases and the President accepted the resignation of the inexperienced Jack Guy Lafontant as Prime Minister on 14 July 2018 replaced one month later by Jean Henry Ceant 18 19 In mid August 2018 Gilbert Mirambeau Jr tweeted a photo of himself blindfolded holding a cardboard sign with Kot kob PetwoKaribe a Where did the PetroCaribe money go written on it The hashtag petrocaribechallenge was soon widely circulated on social media 20 19 Anger over the revelations and accusations from the continuing investigation simmered through social media into the autumn and boiled over again first in October 2018 with tense scenes and violence in Les Cayes in Jacmel and in Saint Marc 21 A week of protests in November 2018 led to 10 deaths including several killed when a government car lost a wheel and plowed into a crowd 22 2019 protests Edit February Edit Significant protests broke out again in February 2019 following a report from the court investigating the Petrocaribe Senate probe 1 23 24 Economic problems and the increased cost of living helped fuel the protests 24 On 7 February protesters targeted and damaged wealthy Haitians luxury vehicles 24 The following day the mayors of Petion ville and Port au Prince announced the cancellation of pre Haitian Carnival events 24 Two days later protestors clashed with police with demonstrators throwing stones at the home of President Moise after one of his allies security personnel struck a woman s car and began to beat her 25 On 12 February protesters burned down a popular market looted stores and assisted with a prison break in Aquin that freed all of the facility s prisoners 23 26 In Port au Prince the building housing the Italian and Peruvian consulates was looted by protesters 27 28 President Moise addressed the country on 14 February saying he would not step down and give the country up to armed gangs and drug traffickers 29 During a funeral procession on 22 February Haitian police fired tear gas at a crowd of about 200 people carrying the casket of a man killed during protests days earlier 30 Opposition leader Schiller Louidor called for future protests though the overall size of protests began to subside that day 30 March Edit Three days after the lower house voted a censure motion against Prime Minister Jean Henry Ceant s government on 18 March 2019 31 President Moise replaced Ceant with Jean Michel Lapin 32 As of mid November 2019 this change had not been ratified by the Haitian Parliament Lacking a government because of the impasse between the President and the Parliament Haiti has had hundreds of millions in international aid for which having a sitting government was a prerequisite suspended 33 June Edit During escalating protests on 10 June journalist Rospide Petion was shot and killed in a company car on his way home from Radio Sans Fin in Port au Prince where he had criticized the government on air before leaving the station 34 35 October Edit On 4 October thousands protested across Haiti In Port au Prince the mayor joined the protestors in calling for President Moise to step down Two days earlier the opposition sent a letter by delegation to the UN Secretary General denouncing the sitting President s role in the Petrocaribe affair and the government s role in a massacre in La Saline 36 37 Lyonel Trouillot wrote in L Humanite that w ithout dipping into conspiracy theory there is something worrying about the international community s silence about the Haitian situation 38 39 On 11 October Nehemie Joseph a second radio journalist critical of the government was found dead in the trunk of his car in Mirebalais 40 41 On 22 October thousands of Catholics demonstrated in the capital Archbishop Max Leroy Mesidor asked Haitian leaders to heed the people who cannot go on any longer We are fed up Energy crises road blockages and widespread unrest have led to massive drops in tourism causing the closure of hotels in Petion ville where the Best Western Premier closed permanently 42 and in Cap Haitien where Mont Joli was closed 43 Two people were killed in protests in Port au Prince on 27 October Masked police officers were themselves out on the streets demonstrating that day because of low salaries and lack of health insurance 44 Although the Haitian constitution calls for legislative elections in October none were held in October 2019 33 The United Nations announced they had counted 42 deaths and 86 injuries since mid September 45 November Edit U S Ambassador to the UN Kelly Craft and President Jovenel Moise met in November 2019 about ways to implement a consensual resolution of Haiti s political crisis Peyi lok country lockdown 42 is how the situation was described in Haitian Creole in November 2019 after two and a half months with schools courts businesses public services and economic production largely shut down 46 42 December Edit Although parents and school directors still felt uneasy amidst barricades and gunfire schools across the country began to reopen in December 47 48 The U S Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs David Hale visited Haiti on 6 December following up on U S Ambassador to the UN Kelly Craft s November visit 49 During his visit he met with the administration and with leaders from several opposing political parties some of whom including Fanmi Lavalas and Fusion Mache Kontre refused any collaboration with President Moise 50 On 10 December the U S House Foreign Affairs Committee began hearings on the situation in Haiti which Frederica Wilson had pushed for At the hearing Maxine Waters was sharply critical of U S support for President Moise Neither the State Department nor USAID was present at the hearings 2 2020 protests Edit In September and October 2020 more protests occurred throughout the country The protesters criticized the government s response to the COVID 19 pandemic in Haiti alleging it did not provide enough to those who lost their jobs because of the virus 51 Police held protests demanding better pay and working conditions The police exchanged fire with Haitian soldiers outside the National Palace where police were protesting working conditions in February In early 2020 a United Nations report said the Haitian police was corrupt and failing to protect the population 51 2021 protests Edit See also 2021 Haiti earthquake and Assassination of Jovenel Moise January Edit On 14 January hundreds demonstrated in Port au Prince Cap Haitien Jacmel Saint Marc and Gonaives against President Moise Most of the demonstrations were peaceful but some violence was reported 52 On 20 January hundreds again demonstrated in Port au Prince and Cap Haitien to protest against President Moise One woman was shot by Rubber bullets and several others were wounded during protests 53 On 28 January journalists lawmakers police officers retirees former police officers and human rights judges led protests against human rights abuses and police brutality violence and repression against protesters and chanted When they don t get paid we re the ones they call 54 February Edit On 7 February 2021 supporters of the opposition against incumbent President Moise allegedly attempted a coup d etat 55 Moise ordered the arrest of 23 people 56 Hundreds of people marched through the streets of Port au Prince on 9 February chanting Down with kidnapping Down with dictatorship They bolstered opposition demands for President Moise to resign The police fired tear gas and shot in the air in an attempt to disperse protesters who pelted the security officials with rocks 56 On 8 9 February clashes with protesters and security forces occurred in Port au Prince in which protesters threw stones and chanted Out with dictators while the riot police fired tear gas at the demonstrators who were protesting killings disputed term limits 57 Protesters calling for President Moise to step down clashed with police in the capital Port au Prince on 7 February The police fired tear gas to disperse the demonstrators 58 According to the opposition Moise s term as president was supposed to end on 7 February 2021 23 but Moise stated that his term doesn t end until 2022 59 On 10 February the police used tear gas and shot into the air to disperse a rock throwing crowd of protesters Twenty three people were arrested and two journalists were injured during the incident Protesters shouted We are back to dictatorship Down with Moise Down with Sison a reference to the U S Ambassador Michele J Sison who supports Moise 60 On 15 February tens of thousands of protesters rallied again in Port au Prince accusing the government of trying to establish a new dictatorship and denouncing international support for President Moise and waves the national flag Chants like Down with the dictatorship were chanted during mass protests 61 On 21 February the opposition movement launched large protests in Jacmel and Port au Prince against President Moise and fought with the security forces It is the third general strike after the nationwide strike on 2 February and 8 February 62 On 25 February at least 25 were dead and many injured during a prison break at Croix des Bouquets Civil Prison during which gang leader Arnel Joseph escaped 63 64 Joseph was later found and killed in L Estere 65 66 On 28 February protesters took to the streets targeting offices and throwing stones at the police despite a bloody crackdown on the widespread street opposition demonstrations We are back to dictatorship Down with Moise was chanted during protests on 28 February 67 March Edit Thousands of Haitians filled the streets of the capital Port au Prince the manifestations demonstrations and remonstrances were peaceful doctors and handicapped lawyers participated in the protest on 7 and 9 March under the slogan FreeOurCountry The protesters called for President Moise Prime Minister Joseph Jouthe to resign and called for a crackdown on kidnappers 68 The hastag FreeHaiti led opposition demonstrations across Haiti on 15 March to protest the killing of four police officers in a village in Port au Prince calling for the government to resign and demanded a crackdown on gang led violence on innocent civilians Citizens also voiced their opposition to corruption and armed gangs controlling cities 69 On 17 March thousands wave tree branches and flags in protests against kidnapping and President Moise Tens of thousands of protesters and police officers protested across the capital and held a Haitian flag in protest at corruption and police arrests Trainee police officers joined in the jail break while citizens took to the street for a fifth day to block roads with vehicles debris and burning tires also vandalizing a car dealership 70 In the capital thousands of people some of whom carried the national flag also chanted slogans against the UN representative in Haiti whom they accused of downplaying the scale of the demonstrations The pro democracy protest on 1 March was non violent and was attended by tens of thousands of protesters 71 Thousands of Haitians rallied in multiple cities and the capital Port au Prince protesters demanded respect for the current constitution and yelled Down with dictatorship as militants burned tires and tore down recently mounted billboards promoting the upcoming constitutional referendum scheduled for 27 June ahead of legislative local and presidential elections scheduled for the fall 72 April Edit On 3 April thousands of women protesters marched on the 35th anniversary of the 1986 Haitian women s protests defying a spike in kidnappings and called on President Moise to deplore investigations into violence against women in Port au Prince Workers of private businesses endorsed a nationwide work stoppage that occurred on 15 April to protest Haiti s security crisis 73 In April protesters targeted areas surrounding government buildings with eggs colours Easter Chick messages and Voodoo symbols to persuade President Moise to resign ahead of elections On 22 April white symbols were drawn during chalk street protests a battle tactic to call on President Moise to step down in Jericho and Port au Prince On 7 April protesters circled the national palace seven times met with police firing tear gas the same happened on 22 April when nuns clashed with police 74 July Assassination of Moise Edit On 7 July 2021 Moise was assassinated allegedly by a group of 28 foreign mercenaries Later that day USGPN L Unite de Securite Generale du Palais National or The General Security Unit of the National Palace killed three of the suspected assassins and arrested 20 others A manhunt remains ongoing for other gunmen as well as the masterminds of the attack 8 9 On 20 July Ariel Henry assumed the office of prime minister 2022 crisis Edit Main article 2022 Haitian crisis In September 2022 protests sparked by rising energy prices and the rising cost of living erupted 75 76 77 They continued even after the lifting of the blockade of the Varreux fuel terminal 78 2023 Edit In 2023 the situation in Haiti continued to spiral downhill with the last democratically elected officials leaving office leaving Haiti without an elected government 79 Several police killings by gangs including the killing of four police officers by the Vitel Homme gang in Petionville and the killing of seven police officers on January 25 in Liancourt by the Savien gang lead to police launching a riot storming Prime Minister Ariel Henry s residence The riots ended a few days later 80 Canada announced on 6 February that they would begin surveillance flights to Haiti in order to monitor the situation in the country 81 According to leaked American documents in late February Wagner group began to explore pathways and expressed interest in intervening in Haiti 82 A series of battles between gangs in early March led to the deaths of 208 people kidnapping jumped 72 from the same time last year between January and March 83 Anyone with a semblance of wealth doctors lawyers and other wealthy members of society have been kidnapped and held for ransom if the ransom isn t met they are killed many wealthy people have fled the country leading to brain drain 84 These include Jean Dickens Toussaint and Abigail Toussaint a Haitian American couple who were kidnapped on 18 March and later released 85 Robert Denis the director of the TV station Canal Bleu who was kidnapped on 11 April 86 and Harold Marzouka the Vice Consul of Saint Kitts and Nevis who is also CEO of the plastic company Haiti Plastics who was kidnapped on 15 April 87 Violence continued into April with three police officers being killed in an ambush on 9 April by the Ti Makak gang in the Thomassin neighborhood 88 13 gang members were burned alive by a mob as they were being transported 89 Actions EditMoise government Edit President Moise called for his opposition to participate in peaceful dialogue saying that the country s problems aren t solely political The country s problems are social economic and political 24 The national police stated that there are malicious individuals who had interrupted peaceful protests in the country 90 Opposition Edit The opposition has been led by Jean Charles Moise 3 This opposition declined offers for dialogue demanded Moise s resignation 24 and organized a nationwide general strike to attempt to force him to resign from office 26 Alongside opposition lawmakers he called for a transitional government to replace Moise If Jovenel Moise does not want to step down from power we are going to name an interim president in the coming days 3 4 Arrest of foreign mercenaries Edit The Port au Prince newspaper Le Nouvelliste reported on 18 February 2019 that a Haitian citizen and seven non Haitians were arrested in the city At the time of their arrest they were carrying rifles pistols drones and satellite phones in their vehicle which did not have any license plates 91 Haitian Foreign Minister Bocchit Edmond confirmed that among them were five Americans 92 According to the editor of Haiti Liberte the group included two former Navy SEALs a former Blackwater employee and two Serbian mercenaries living in the US They were tasked with protecting the former head of the National Lottery who intended to transfer US 80 million from a PetroCaribe bank account controlled jointly by the President the Prime Minister and the President of the Central Bank to a bank account solely controlled by President Jovenel Moise 93 Violence towards the press EditAccording to the Committee to Protect Journalists some reporters have been targeted by protesters 90 Reuters journalist Robenson Sanon was wounded during the protests in February 2019 but believes that it was coincidental because he was caught in between clashes 90 Journalist Rospide Petion was killed on his way home from the Radio Sans Fin in Port au Prince on 10 June 2019 by an unknown gunman Some correspondents filming protests on 9 10 June were targeted by both police and the crowds 34 35 On 11 October Nehemie Joseph another radio journalist critical of the government was found dead in Mirebalais after complaining about receiving death threats 40 41 Freelance journalist Vladjimir Legagneur is presumed to have been killed in March 2018 while reporting on gang activity in Grande Ravine 94 Response EditGovernments Edit United States U S Department of State spokesperson for Western Hemisphere Affairs stated We support the right of all people to demand a democratic and transparent government and to hold their government leaders accountable but there is no excuse for violence Violence leads to instability less investment and fewer jobs 27 The United States prepared humanitarian assistance to ensure food security in Haiti and called for those responsible for corruption to be held accountable 95 Intergovernmental organizations Edit CARICOM CARICOM stated that it is deeply concerned about the continuing violent protests in Haiti which have resulted in the loss of life property destruction of infrastructure and caused grave distress and calls for calm and a cessation of the violence appealing to all involved to engage in constructive dialogue and to respect the constitution the rule of law and democratic processes so that issues can be resolved in a peaceful atmosphere and allow for the return to a state of normalcy 96 Organization of American States Secretary General Luis Almagro stated We call upon all actors to fully participate in the dialogue process to respect the democratic process and to resort to peaceful ways to solve conflicts 90 United Nations United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti said that it deplores the loss of life and property damage caused by the unacceptable acts of violence that took place on the margins of the rallies while acknowledging the professionalism demonstrated by the Haitian National Police as a whole and called on the Haitian society actors and primarily the country s leaders to engage in a constructive and inclusive dialogue in order to identify and implement realistic and lasting solutions to the political and economic crisis currently occurring in Haiti 97 See also EditAnti Duvalier protest movementReferences Edit a b Deadly protests hit Haiti capital BBC News 11 February 2019 Retrieved 13 February 2019 a b Charles Jacqueline Daugherty Alex 10 December 2019 Congress holds first hearing on Haiti in 20 years amid political Miami Herald a b c Haiti Thousands protest against corruption Deutsche Welle 8 February 2019 Retrieved 13 February 2019 a b Lemaire Sandra Vilme Matiado 12 February 2019 Angry Haitians Demand Regime Change Voice of America Retrieved 13 February 2019 Haiti s Protests Images Reflect Latest Power Struggle Council of Foreign Relations 3 March 2021 Delaney Rose 15 February 2021 Dispute over Haiti presidential term triggers unrest BBC News Retrieved 31 July 2021 Haiti protests continue despite police crackdown Africanews 9 February 2021 Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b Gonzalez Oriana 7 July 2021 Police arrest presumed assassins of Haitian president Axios Archived from the original on 8 July 2021 Retrieved 20 October 2022 a b Merancourt Wildmore Faiola Anthony Boburg Shawn 9 July 2021 Assassination of Haitian president becomes complex international web The Washington Post Archived from the original on 9 July 2021 Retrieved 20 October 2022 Nichols Michelle Garcia David Alire 21 October 2022 U N unanimously passes Haiti sanctions targets gang leader Reuters Retrieved 21 October 2022 Kelemen Michele 21 October 2022 The U N imposes sanctions against Haiti s gang members NPR Retrieved 21 October 2022 Falk Pamela 21 October 2022 World powers at U N unanimously adopt arms embargo travel ban and sanctions aimed at Haiti criminal gangs CBS News Retrieved 21 October 2022 Charles Jacqueline 15 November 2017 Haiti owes Venezuela 2 billion and much of it was embezzled Senate report says Miami Herald a b Clesca Monique 20 May 2021 Haiti s Critical Weeks Ahead Americas Quarterly Retrieved 31 July 2021 Keston K Perry 30 September 2019 What is really behind the crisis in Haiti Al Jazeera Charles Jacqueline 7 July 2018 As violent protests continue over gas prices U S airlines cancel all flights to Haiti Saturday Miami Herald Danticat Edwidge 19 October 2018 Haitians Want to Know What the Government Has Done with Missing Oil Money The New Yorker Charles Jacqueline 15 July 2018 Haiti s latest government falls after six months as lawmakers fire prime minister Miami Herald a b Jacqueline Charles 23 August 2018 Where did the money go Haitians denounce corruption in social media campaign Miami Herald Retrieved 5 October 2019 Delisca Alain 8 June 2019 Les meneurs du dossier PetroCaribe www balistrad com in French Retrieved 5 October 2019 Frantz Duval Roberson Alphonse Robenson Geffrard 18 October 2019 17 octobre des dizaines de milliers d Haitiens manifestent contre la corruption et pour la demission de Jovenel Moise Le Nouvelliste in French Semple Kirk 23 November 2018 Haitians Furious at Their Government Protest in a Week of Unrest The New York Times It was the latest manifestation of a campaign that has flourished on social media and that focuses on allegations that Haiti s government misappropriated billions of dollars earmarked for reconstruction after a devastating earthquake in 2010 a b c Inmates escape from Haiti prison BBC News 12 February 2019 Retrieved 13 February 2019 a b c d e f Jacqueline Charles 8 February 2019 As protests and deaths escalate in Haiti mayors cancel pre Carnival parties The Miami Herald Retrieved 13 February 2019 Protesters Stone Haitian President s Home Battle Police Voice of America 9 February 2019 Retrieved 13 February 2019 a b Charles Jacqueline 13 February 2019 Haiti president recalls top envoy amid ongoing violent protests calls for resignation The Miami Herald Retrieved 13 February 2019 a b Lemaire Sandra 12 February 2019 US Deplores Haiti Violence Voice of America Retrieved 13 February 2019 Haiti FLASH 6th day of paralysis the country sinks into chaos Haiti Libre 13 February 2019 Retrieved 17 February 2019 Sanon Robenson 15 February 2019 Haiti s president defies violent protests will not step down Reuters Retrieved 15 February 2019 a b Esposito Anthony 23 February 2019 Haiti police fire rubber pellets at mourners as protests resume Reuters Retrieved 26 February 2019 Haitian lawmakers censure prime minister EFE 18 March 2019 Archived from the original on 10 December 2019 En Haiti Jean Michel Lapin devient Premier ministre par interim France 24 in French 22 March 2019 a b Marsh Sarah Paultre Andre 17 November 2019 Haiti s president warns of humanitarian crisis calls for support The Globe and Mail a b Journalist shot to death in Haiti amid escalating attacks CBC Associated Press 11 June 2019 Retrieved 22 June 2019 a b Radio Sans Fin host Petion Rospide killed in Port au Prince Haiti Committee to Protect Journalists 13 June 2019 Retrieved 23 June 2019 Charles Jacqueline 4 October 2019 Haiti protesters ask international community to stop supporting their president Miami Herald They provided an exhaustive list of issues from a massacre in La Saline last year in which two government officials were implicated to a Haitian court s audit of misuse of Venezuela s PetroCaribe oil program which implicated the president Paultre Andre 4 October 2019 Haitian protesters clash with police in new push for president s ouster Reuters Les manifestations en Haiti ou la solitude des morts sans importance France Culture in French 11 October 2019 Sans verser dans la theorie du complot ecrit il il y a quelque chose d inquietant dans le silence de la communaute internationale sur la situation haitienne Trouillot Lyonel 2 October 2019 Lyonel Trouillot Silence complice sur Haiti solitude des morts sans importance Humanite in French a b Nouvel assassinat de journaliste en Haiti in French Reporters Without Broders 11 October 2019 a b Anderson Jon 24 October 2019 As Protests Again Sweep Haiti How Can the Nation Move Forward The New Yorker a b c Erikson Daniel P 11 December 2019 Congressional Testimony Haiti on the Brink Assessing US Policy Toward a Country in Crisis The Dialogue Charles Jacqueline 22 October 2019 Aftershock of Haiti protests Best Western shutting down other hotels temporarily closing Miami Herald Baron Amelie 28 October 2019 Haiti la colere ne faiblit pas la police defile a son tour RFI in French En Haiti au moins 42 personnes sont mortes depuis la nouvelle vague de contestation mi septembre Le Monde in French 1 November 2019 Bourcier Nicolas 18 November 2019 La vie nous a quittes Haiti paralyse par la contestation Le Monde Paultre Andre Marsh Sarah 4 December 2019 In Haiti Protests Wane Some Schools Open but Crisis Far From Over Reuters Herlinger Chris 2 December 2019 Haiti s civil unrest reaches chaotic disruptive point Global Sisters Report Senat Jean Daniel 5 December 2019 Les diplomates americains se bousculent a Port au Prince Le Nouvelliste in French il y aura le 10 decembre 2019 a Washington une audition au Congres des Etats Unis sur la situation en Haiti Geffrard Robensen 6 December 2019 David Hale a rencontre Jovenel Moise et l opposition les lignes n ont toujours pas bouge Le Nouvelliste in French a b In Pictures Rubber bullets tear gas at Haiti protests Al Jazeera 18 November 2020 Retrieved 20 November 2020 Coto Danica Sanon Evens 14 January 2021 Haiti braces for unrest as opposition demands new president Yahoo News Associated Press Retrieved 15 January 2021 Hundreds in Haiti protest to demand leader s resignation ABC News ABC News 20 January 2021 Archived from the original on 2 August 2022 Lemaire Sandra Vilme Matiado 28 January 2021 Haitian Journalists Protest Police Brutality VOA News Many arrested as Haiti president alleges coup conspiracy assassination attempt CBC News Associated Press 7 February 2021 Retrieved 8 February 2021 a b Beaumont Peter Borger Julian 10 February 2021 Haiti in fresh crisis amid coup claims and dispute over president s term The Guardian Retrieved 27 February 2021 Tensions Run High in Haiti Amid New Anti Government Protest Calling for President to Step Down Voice of America 9 February 2021 Haiti president alleges attempted coup amid dispute over term Al Jazeera 7 February 2021 Haiti political turmoil Judge and police officer among 23 arrested for coup attempt BBC News 7 February 2021 Retrieved 27 February 2021 Paultre Andre 10 February 2021 Haitian protesters police clash after president moves against top judges news yahoo com Reuters Retrieved 11 February 2021 Down with the dictatorship Protests continue in Haiti Al Jazeera 15 February 2021 Hu Caitlin Dupain Etant 22 February 2021 Protests in Haiti as political standoff continues CNN Sanon Evens 25 February 2021 7 dead 1 injured after prison outbreak in Haiti s capital ABC News AP Archived from the original on 26 February 2021 Retrieved 25 February 2021 Several dead as gang leader escapes in Haiti prison break Al Jazeera English 26 February 2021 One of Haiti s most powerful gang leaders Arnel Joseph escaped from a prison in the outskirts of the capital Port au Prince during a riot that left several people dead authorities told local media Prison director and gang leader among 25 killed in Haitian jailbreak The Guardian 27 February 2021 Sanon Evens 26 February 2021 Police Infamous gang leader killed after prison breakout yahoo com AP Retrieved 26 February 2021 Joseph Ralph Thomassaint 28 February 2021 What is happening in Haiti where political crisis persists Al Jazeera Lemaire Sandra Toussaint Renan Vilme Matiado 9 March 2021 Haiti s Doctors Lawyers and Handicapped Join Pro Democracy Anti Kidnapping Protest Voice of America Haitians Barricade Streets to Protest Insecurity After Gang Murders of Police USNews 15 March 2021 Paultre Andre Marsh Sarah 17 March 2021 Pullin Richard ed Protesters stage jail break as demonstrations rack Haitian capital Reuters Retrieved 31 July 2021 Thousands take to streets in Haiti to protest against kidnappings president France24 1 March 2021 Haitians march in favor of constitution as it turns 34 and president seeks overhaul Miami Herald Miami Herald News 28 March 2021 Spectre of unrest violent repression looming over Haiti warns UN rights office UN News 19 January 2021 Retrieved 31 January 2021 Lemaire Sandra Toussaint Renan 22 April 2021 Haitian Protesters Use Vodou to Persuade the President to Step Down VOA of America Retrieved 31 July 2021 Hauteville Jean Michel 17 September 2022 Haiti suffers deadly demonstrations against rise in fuel prices Le Monde Sanon Evens Coto Danica 4 October 2022 Haiti reaches a breaking point as the economy tanks and violence soars PBS U S considering request for international intervention in Haiti as fuel crisis spirals Miami Herald 8 October 2022 Chery Onz 18 November 2022 Bwa kale Protests still draw people fed up in Haiti despite risks The Haitian Times Retrieved 29 March 2023 Panic Grips Haiti as Police Attack PM s Residence Storm Airport NPR 18 January 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 https www voanews com a panic grips haiti as police attack pm s residence storm airport 6936237 html VOA 26 January 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a External link in code class cs1 code title code help Canada sends military aircraft to monitor dire situation in Haiti caribbean national weekly 6 February 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 Leaked documents Russian Wagner Group mercenaries look for business close to U S NBC news 12 April 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 UN calls for foreign intervention in Haiti as violence surges the guardian 21 March 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 Haiti April 2023 Soon There Will Be No One Left to Kidnap The Nation 17 April 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 American couple held for ransom in Haiti released nearly a month later ABC news 13 April 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 Haiti TV channel general manager was kidnapped Knight Center 14 April 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 Harold Marzouka Vice Consul of Saint Kitts and Nevis and CEO of Haiti Plastics kidnapped times caribbean online 17 April 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 Haiti gang ambushes kills 3 policemen as violence soars associated press 9 April 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 Haiti crisis Mob burns suspected gang members to death BBC 25 April 2023 Retrieved 26 April 2023 a b c d Sanchez Ray Humayun Hira Gigova Radina 15 February 2019 Haiti President Jovenel Moise defiant amid deadly protests and calls for his resignation CNN Retrieved 16 February 2019 Daniel Frank Jack 18 February 2019 Americans arrested in Haiti with weapons media Reuters Retrieved 18 February 2019 Marquez Miguel 18 February 2019 5 Americans arrested in Haiti CNN Retrieved 18 February 2019 Cole Matthew Ives Kim 20 March 2019 U S Mercenaries Arrested in Haiti Were Part of a Half Baked Scheme to Move 80 Million For Embattled President The Intercept Retrieved 22 March 2019 A Haitian Senate investigation found that the fund s nearly 2 billion had been largely misappropriated embezzled and stolen primarily under Haitian President Michel Martelly s leadership between 2011 and 2016 Vladjimir Legagneur Committee to Protect Journalists 14 March 2018 Retrieved 31 July 2021 U S looks to send food aid to Haiti as violence brews humanitarian crisis The Miami Herald 15 February 2019 Retrieved 16 February 2019 CARICOM head condemns violence in Haiti Nation News Retrieved 13 February 2019 Press Release of the Core Group 10 February 2019 United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti 10 February 2019 Retrieved 13 February 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2018 2023 Haitian crisis amp oldid 1157284003, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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