2016 Kumamoto earthquakes
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The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes (Japanese: 平成28年熊本地震, Hepburn: Heisei 28-nen Kumamoto jishin) were a series of earthquakes,[2] including a magnitude 7.0 mainshock which struck at 01:25 JST on April 16, 2016 (16:25 UTC on April 15) beneath Kumamoto City of Kumamoto Prefecture in Kyushu Region, Japan, at a depth of about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi),[10] and a foreshock earthquake with a magnitude 6.2 at 21:26 JST (12:26 UTC) on April 14, 2016, at a depth of about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi).[4]
A destroyed house in Kumamoto | |
United States Geological Survey shake map for the April 16 earthquake; a maximum Mercalli intensity scale value of 8.8 was observed just east of Kumamoto City.[1] | |
| UTC time | 2016-04-15 16:25:06 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 610289055 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | April 16, 2016[2] |
| Local time | 01:25 JST (UTC+9) |
| Magnitude | 7.0 Mw[2] 7.3 MJMA |
| Depth | 10 km[3] |
| Epicenter | 32°46′55.2″N 130°43′33.6″E / 32.782000°N 130.726000°E[2] |
| Fault | Futagawa-Hinagu fault zone |
| Type | Strike-slip |
| Areas affected | Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan[4] |
| Max. intensity | JMA 7 (MMI IX) |
| Peak acceleration | 1.61 g (foreshock) 1580 Gal (foreshock) 1.83 g (mainshock) 1791 Gal (mainshock) |
| Foreshocks | 6.2 Mw, April 14, 2016 12:26:36 (UTC), 21:26:36 (JST)[4][5][6] |
| Casualties | 273 dead, 2,809 injured(including indirect deaths)[7][a] |
In total, the two earthquakes killed 273 people and injured 2,809 others, a majority of them indirectly,[7][11] making this the deadliest earthquake sequence in Japan since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[12] Severe damage occurred in Kumamoto and Ōita Prefectures, with numerous structures collapsing and catching fire. More than 44,000 people were evacuated from their homes due to the disaster.
Earthquakes edit
April 14 foreshock edit
Although the focus of the foreshock earthquake was 12.0 kilometres (7.5 mi) beneath Mount Kinpo to the north-northwest of Kumamoto's city center, the worst-hit area was in the eastern Kumamoto suburb of Mashiki, where the foreshock earthquake's victims perished.[13] The earthquake was strongly felt as far north as Shimonoseki on southwestern Honshu, and as far south as the city of Kirishima in Kagoshima Prefecture.[14] In the following hours, there were at least 11 aftershocks of at least 4.5 magnitude, one of which was a magnitude 6;[15] more than 140 aftershocks were registered within two days.[8] It was the first earthquake to occur on the island of Kyushu to register as a 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale.[16][17] On April 15, the JMA officially labelled it Heisei 28-nen Kumamoto jishin (平成28年熊本地震, "Heisei 28 Kumamoto Earthquake")–Heisei 28 being the year 2016 on the Japanese calendar.[18]
| Intensity | Prefecture | Location |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | Kumamoto | Mashiki |
| 6- | Kumamoto | Kumamoto (Higashi-ku, Nishi-ku, Minami-ku), Tamana, Uki, Nishihara |
April 16 mainshock edit
At 01:25 JST on April 16 (16:25 UTC, April 15), a 7.0 magnitude earthquake, under Higashi Ward of Kumamoto City in the Kyushu Region in southwest Japan, occurred as the result of strike-slip faulting at shallow depth.[2] Significant additional damage occurred in those areas of Kumamoto Prefecture recovering from the April 14 earthquake, with strong tremors and damage also recorded as far east as the city of Beppu in Ōita Prefecture.[21] It was also felt as far away as Busan, South Korea, with an intensity of MMI III.[2][22] A tsunami advisory was issued at 01:27 JST for areas along the Ariake Sea and Yatsushiro Sea, with the wave height forecast at 0.2 to 1 m (0.7 to 3.3 ft),[23] but was lifted less than an hour later at 02:14 JST.[24]
| Intensity | Prefecture | Location |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | Kumamoto | Nishihara, Mashiki |
| 6+ | Kumamoto | Minamiaso, Kumamoto (Chūō-ku, Higashi-ku, Nishi-ku), Kikuchi, Uto, Uki, Koshi, Ozu, Kashima |
| 6- | Kumamoto | Aso, Kumamoto (Minami-ku, Kita-ku), Yatsushiro, Tamana, Misato, Nagomi, Kikuyo, Mifune, Yamato, Hikawa, Kamiamakusa, Amakusa |
| Oita | Beppu, Yufu |
Aftershocks edit
The following is a list of major aftershocks that have occurred in Kumamoto Prefecture since April 14, 2016.
| Japan Time | Magnitude | Intensity | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-04-14 21:26 | Mj6.5, Mw6.2 | 7 | Foreshocks |
| 2016-04-14 22:07 | Mj5.8 | 6- | |
| 2016-04-15 00:03 | Mj6.4 | 6+ | |
| 2016-04-16 01:25 | Mj7.3, Mw7.0 | 7 | Mainshock |
| 2016-04-16 01:45 | Mj5.9 | 6- | Aftershocks |
| 2016-04-16 03:03 | Mj5.9 | 5+ | |
| 2016-04-16 03:55 | Mj5.8 | 6+ | |
| 2016-04-18 20:41 | Mj5.8 | 5+ | |
| 2016-04-19 17:52 | Mj5.5 | 5+ |
Damage and casualties edit
As a result of the tremors, the entirety of Kumamoto city was left without water.[27] All residents of Nishihara Village in Kumamoto Prefecture were evacuated over fears that a nearby dam could collapse.[27] Kumamoto Airport was also closed to all but emergency flights, and service on the Kyushu Shinkansen was suspended after a train derailed due to the earthquake.[28] Numerous structures collapsed or caught fire as a result of the earthquake. Government officials estimated more than 1,000 buildings had been seriously damaged, with 90 destroyed.[29] A 500-bed hospital in Kumamoto City was knocked off its foundations, forcing the evacuation of all patients,[8] and a natural gas leak prompted Saibu Gas to turn off supplies to multiple homes in the city.[17]
Numerous landslides took place across the mountains of Kyushu, rendering roads impassable,[23][30] The Great Aso Bridge of the Japan National Route 325 in Minamiaso collapsed into the Kurokawa river.[31] A rockslide blocked the entirety of the four-lane expressway close to the fallen bridge, leaving a large scar that ran almost completely up the hill that suffered the rockslide.[citation needed]
The Aso Shrine was also heavily damaged in the earthquake. The shrine's rōmon (tower gate), officially classified as an Important Cultural Property by the Japanese government, and the haiden (worshiping hall) both completely collapsed.[32] Kumamoto Castle, another Important Cultural Property sustained damage to its roof and exterior buildings and walls because of the earthquakes and associated aftershocks.[33] Several of the castle's shachihoko ornaments were destroyed,[34] and a large number of kawara tiles also fell from the roof. Other historical buildings such as Janes' Residence, the first western-style house built in Kumamoto (dating from 1871)[35] were also totally destroyed.[36] The former registered Cultural Asset was initially located in the grounds of Kumamoto Castle, but was later relocated near Suizen-ji Jōju-en.
Early estimates of the economic costs of the damage range from $5.5 billion to $7.5 billion, with insured property losses estimated to be between $800 million to $1.2 billion, according to Risk Management Solutions or between $1.7 billion to $2.9 billion, according to Guy Carpenter.[37] Through the first half of 2016, about $3.2 billion of claims for damage to residential dwellings were paid out by insurance companies, according to data from the General Insurance Association of Japan.[38]
At least nine people lost their lives and approximately 1,000 more were injured by the April 14 foreshock.[8] By April 16, more than 44,000 people were evacuated from the hardest-hit areas.[23] Prime Minister Shinzō Abe mobilized 3,000 personnel of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to assist local authorities with search and rescue and recovery efforts.[23]
At least 273 people were killed and 2,809 others were injured by the mainshock, including many indirectly.[7][39] Kumamoto Prefectural Police got more than 300 calls and also Ōita Prefectural Police took 100 calls, some reporting people trapped or buried under debris.[40] More than 91,700 people were evacuated. An additional 15,000 soldiers from the Japan Self-Defense Forces joined relief efforts following the earthquake.[41] By April 18, the number of people seeking shelter had risen to 180,000, while at least eight people remained missing in a landslide caused by the earthquake.
- The Great Aso Bridge in Minamiaso collapsed into the Kurokawa River due to a landslide
- The north-west Inui Turret and wall of Kumamoto Castle.[42]
- The ruins of the historic Janes' Residence
- The damaged Sunlive Kengun in the pedestrian arcade in downtown Kumamoto.
Geology edit
Kumamoto Prefecture lies at the southern end of the Japan Median Tectonic Line, Japan's longest, where a system of active faults forks in two directions at the Beppu-Haneyama Fault Zone.[43] Specifically, the series of quakes ruptured the 81-km-long Hinagu Fault and 64-km-long Futagawa Fault to its north, as well as lesser but discernable interaction with the farther flung Beppu-Haneyama Fault Zone.[44][45] A 27-km section of the Futagawa Fault Zone slid 3.5 meters.[45] The earthquakes are occurring along the Beppu–Shimabara graben,[46] with epicentres moving from west to east over time.[47]
Around 08:30 local time on 16 April, Mount Aso saw a small-scale eruption with ash billowing 100 m (330 ft) into the air; the eruption was not related to the earthquake.[48][49] Mount Aso had already been active since before the earthquakes,[50] being under a Level 2 warning from the JMA since November 24, 2015.[51][52]
See also edit
References edit
Notes edit
Citations edit
- ^ "M7.0 – 1km WSW of Kumamoto-shi, Japan: Shake Map". United States Geological Survey. April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f "M7.0 – 1km WSW of Kumamoto-shi, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ "M7.0 – 1km WSW of Kumamoto-shi, Japan". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ a b c 平成２８年４月１４日２１時２６分頃の熊本県熊本地方の地震について [About the earthquake in the Kumamoto area of Kumamoto Prefecture, around 21:26, April 14, 2016]. Japan Meteorological Agency (in Japanese). April 14, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ =緊急地震速報の内容 [The contents of the Earthquake Early Warning]. Japan Meteorological Agency (in Japanese). April 14, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ "M6.2 – 7km SW of Ueki, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ a b c Achour, N.; Miyajima, M. (2020). "Post-earthquake hospital functionality evaluation: The case of Kumamoto Earthquake 2016". Earthquake Spectra. 36 (4): 1670–1694. Bibcode:2020EarSp..36.1670A. doi:10.1177/8755293020926180.
- ^ a b c d Doug Stanglin (April 16, 2016). "Hospital evacuated after major quake rocks Japanese island". USA Today. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ . Asahi.com. May 1, 2016. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
- ^ "M7.0 – 1km WSW of Kumamoto-shi, Japan". USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ Fire and Disaster Management Agency (April 12, 2019). "熊本県熊本地方を震源とする地震（第１２１報）" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency (in Japanese). Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ Lawson, Hugh (January 2, 2024). Lisa Shumaker (ed.). "Japan's major earthquakes since the 1995 Kobe disaster". Reuters. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
- ^ "At Least 10 Dead, More Than 800 Injured in Japan 6.5-Magnitude Earthquake". ABC News. April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ [Earthquake Information: Information on the Seismic Activity in Affected Areas] (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. April 14, 2016. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ "6.2 Magnitude Earthquake Hits Southern Japan, Killing 2; Homes Collapse, 45 Injured".
- ^ . Nikkei Asian Review. April 15, 2016. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ a b Daisuke Kikuchi (April 15, 2016). "Kumamoto residents pick up the pieces following Kyushu's strongest quake". The Japan Times. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake –Portal –Earthquake Summary Retrieved 17 April 2016 ()
- ^ "震度データベース検索 (Foreshock)". www.data.jma.go.jp. from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ^ "地震情報 04月14日 21時26分頃発生 最大震度：7". tenki.jp (in Japanese). April 14, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ^ "M 5.1 – 11km WSW of Beppu, Japan". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ . Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Don Melvin; Greg Botelho; Ray Sanchez (April 16, 2016). "7.0 quake strikes Japan; rescuers try to free residents". CNN. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ "Japan Meteorological Agency Tsunami Warnings/Advisories, Tsunami Information". www.jma.go.jp. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ "震度データベース検索 (Mainshock)". www.data.jma.go.jp. from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ^ "地震情報 04月16日 01時25分頃発生 最大震度：7". tenki.jp (in Japanese). April 16, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ^ a b "2nd Japanese earthquake leaves at least 3 dead, 400 injured". CBC News. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "Aftershocks rattle southwestern Japan after quake kills nine". Reuters. April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ "Eleven people remain missing in southern Japan from two powerful earthquakes that killed 41 people". US News. April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ "Photos: Second Devastating Earthquake Hits Japan Triggering Landslides". NBC News. April 16, 2016.
- ^ . Asahi Shimbun. April 16, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ "Designated national cultural asset at Aso Shrine collapses in Kumamoto quake". Mainichi Shimbun. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ . Asahi Shimbun. April 15, 2016. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ [Kumamoto Castle: The Earthquake Destroys the Castle's 'Sachihako'"] (in Japanese). NHK. April 15, 2016. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ "The Janes' Residence Kumamoto". www.japanvisitor.com. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ^ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ^ Hoffman, Mark (May 12, 2016). "April's Japan earthquake insured damage could top $1 billion". Business Insurance. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
- ^ "Kumamoto quake residential insurance claims paid hits $3.2bn". Artemis. Steve Evans Ltd. June 30, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
- ^ "Japanese Quake Death Toll Rises, U.S. Helps Deliver Aid". USN. April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
- ^ "Japan hit by 7.3-magnitude earthquake". The Guardian. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ Caroline Mortimer (April 16, 2016). "Japan earthquake: Tsunami alert after 7.3 tremor his south of country – 24 hours after 10 died in separate quake". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ "Japan earthquakes breach walls of 400-year-old Kumamoto castle". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
- ^ . asia.nikkei.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
- ^ . Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
- ^ a b asia.nikkei.com/Features/Kyushu-earthquakes/Unusual-quake-cluster-worries-Japan
- ^ . Introduction to the Landforms and Geology of Japan. GLGArcs. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ "Seismic activity could move east, trigger quakes in active faults". The Asahi Shimbun. The Asahi Shimbun Company. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ "Small eruption seen on Mount Aso after latest quakes". The Japan Times. Reuters. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ Otake, Tomoko; Aoki, Mizuho; Yoshida, Reiji (April 18, 2016). "Questions and answers: The Kumamoto earthquakes". The Japan Times Online. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ^ "Small-scale eruption at Mt. Aso in Kumamoto not related to quakes: volcanologist". The Mainichi Newspapers. Mainichi, Japan. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ "Volcanic Warnings". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ "Aso Volcanic Warning Level Lowered to Level 2, Entry Allowed Up to Mt. Aso Rope Way Asosan-Nishi Station". Kumamoto Prefectural Tourist Board. 熊本県観光課. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
External links edit
- The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake –Portal – Japan Meteorological Agency
- – United States Geological Survey
- – United States Geological Survey
- Earthquake and Volcano Information – 15th April, 2016 Earthquake in Kumamoto prefecture – Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.