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2002 Commonwealth Games

The 2002 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XVII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Manchester 2002 were held in Manchester, England, from 25 July to 4 August, 2002. The 2002 Games were to be hosted in the United Kingdom to coincide with the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, head of the Commonwealth, and Manchester was selected for the 2002 Games ahead of London using a recycled part of the project, which lost the 2000 Summer Olympics and Paralympics to Sydney, Australia.[3] The 2002 Commonwealth Games were, prior to the 2012 Summer Olympics, the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in the UK, eclipsing the London 1948 Summer Olympics in terms of teams and athletes participating.[4][5] The 2002 Commonwealth Games had the largest number of events of any Commonwealth Games in history, featuring 281 events across 17 sports.

XVII Commonwealth Games
Host cityManchester, England
MottoThe Spirit of Friendship[1]
Nations participating72[2]
Athletes participating3,863
Events281 in 17 sports
Opening ceremony25 July 2002
Closing ceremony4 August 2002
Officially opened byElizabeth II
Officially closed byElizabeth II
Athlete's OathJames Hickman
Queen's Baton Final RunnerDavid Beckham and
Kirsty Howard
AnthemWhere My Heart Will Take Me by Russell Watson
Main venueCity of Manchester Stadium
← XVI
XVIII →

The Games were considered a success for the host city, providing an event to display how Manchester had changed following the 1996 bombing.[6] The Games formed the main catalyst for the widespread regeneration and heavy development of Manchester, and bolstered its reputation as a European and global city internationally. Rapid economic development and continued urban regeneration of the now post-industrial Manchester continued after the Games which helped cement its place as one of the principal cultural cities in the United Kingdom.[7]

The opening and closing ceremonies, the athletics and the rugby sevens events were held at the City of Manchester Stadium, which was purpose-built for the Games. Unusually for a Commomwealth Games, the only sport that was held outside the host city was shooting, which was held in the National Shooting Centre in Bisley, Surrey, some 200 miles (322 km) from Manchester. Seventy-two associations competed in 14 individual sports and 3 team sports events.

Sporting legacy includes the British Cycling team who inherited the Manchester Velodrome and went on to win eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympics and another eight gold medals at the 2012 Olympics, partly attributed to the availability of the velodrome. The stadium was leased long-term to Manchester City F.C. and, as a result, have since found themselves in a desirable investment opportunity in the age of foreign football investment. The club was taken over by the Abu Dhabi United Group led by Sheikh Mansour in 2008, a takeover that would have been far less certain without the stadium.[8][9] The Games were a formative moment for Manchester and Britain with then-IOC president Jacques Rogge viewing the games as an important litmus test as to whether Britain could host the Summer Olympics.[10][11] The success of the Games quickly encouraged some speculation of a city bid for the Olympics, but London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics with London going on to win the bid on 6 July 2005 and the games were successfully staged seven years later.[12]

Host city selection

 
Manchester was selected by the Commonwealth Games Council of England as the official bid city from England for the 2002 Commonwealth Games.

When England decided to bid for the 2002 Commonwealth Games, three English cities – London, Manchester and Sheffield -showed interest in hosting the Games. The Commonwealth Games Council of England (CGCE) had to choose one city to put forward to the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF). London had hosted the 1934 Commonwealth Games as well as the 1908 and 1948 Summer Olympics, while Sheffield had hosted the 1991 Summer Universiade. Manchester had unsuccessfully bid for the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics, and Bob Scott, chairman of the Olympic bid committees, led the bid for another big event.[13]

Sheffield withdrew from the bidding process when the city was unable to come to agreement over financial guarantees.[14] This left the 24 members of the CGCE to choose between Manchester and London, with Manchester winning 17-7.[3] Cities from no other countries submitted bids and so Manchester was announced as the host city of the 2002 Games on 6 November 1995.[15]

2002 Commonwealth Games bidding results
City Nation Votes
Manchester   England
London   England

Preparation and development

Venues

 
The City of Manchester Stadium hosted Athletics and Rugby Sevens events
 
Manchester Aquatics Centre hosted Diving and Swimming events
 
The Manchester Arena hosted the boxing and netball events
 
Manchester Velodrome hosted the track cycling programme

The venues were eclectic[citation needed] ranging from high-tech architecture in the newer City of Manchester Stadium to the 19th-century Manchester Central hall. The Games' main venue was the City of Manchester Stadium (now Etihad Stadium), which hosted all athletics events, the rugby sevens and the opening and closing ceremonies. The stadium was a smaller and downscaled version of that proposed during Manchester's bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Construction started in January 2000,[16] and was completed shortly before the Games. The cost was approximately £110 million, £77 million of which was provided by Sport England, with the remainder funded by Manchester City Council.[17] For the Commonwealth Games the stadium featured a single lower tier running around three sides of the athletics track, and second tiers to the two sides, with an open-air temporary stand at one end, giving an overall capacity of 41,000.[18] The stadium formed the centrepiece of an area known as Sportcity. Other venues in Sportcity include the Manchester Velodrome, which hosted cycling, and the £3.5m National Squash Centre, which was built specifically for the Games.[19]

Swimming and diving events took place at Manchester Aquatics Centre, another purpose-built venue, and until 2012,was the only one in the United Kingdom with two 50 m pools.[20]

The Manchester Arena built in 1994, at the time was the largest arena in Europe hosted netball finals and boxing preliminares.[21]

The shooting events were held at the National Shooting Centre, Bisley (located in Surrey). The NSC saw major redevelopment of all its ranges in order to host the fullbore rifle, smallbore rifle, pistol and clay target events.

The Games Village was located in the residential area of the University of Manchester Fallowfield Campus -in an area of 30 acres, being built specifically for the event and after the Games the buildings were donated to the University and turned a expansion of the housing complex.[22]

Queen's Jubilee Baton Relay

 
The Queen's Baton Relay passes through Wolverhampton before the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester.

The 2002 Queen's Jubilee Baton Relay, the continuation of a tradition that started with the 1958 Games, consisted of the relay of an electronic baton, containing a personal message from Elizabeth II across 23 Commonwealth nations. The relay culminated in the arrival of the baton at the City of Manchester Stadium, opening the Games. The speech was then removed electronically from the baton, and read by Her Majesty to open the Games.[23]

The 2002 Baton itself was designed by a company called IDEO, and was constructed of machined aluminium with the handle plated for conductivity. It weighed 1.69 kg, reached over 710 mm, and was 42.5 mm to 85 mm in diameter. The Queen's message itself was held in an aluminium capsule inserted into the top of the Baton. On either side of the Baton were two sterling silver coins, designed by Mappin and Webb, which celebrated the City of Manchester as host of the XVII Commonwealth Games.

The Baton was also equipped with sensors that detected and monitored the Runner's pulse rate. This information was then conveyed to a series of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), via a light behaviour module. The lens then transformed the LEDs into a shaft of bright blue pulsating light which synchronised with each new Runner. The hearts of the Runner and the Baton then beat as one until it was passed on, symbolising the journey of humanity and the essence of life.

The Queen's Jubilee Baton Relay passed through over 500 cities, towns and villages across the UK and the Baton was carried by 5,000 individuals, with each Runner carrying the Baton up to 500 yards, however on Saturday 15 June, the baton was snatched from a runners hand in the town of Connah's Quay, Deeside in north Wales.

The UK Baton Runners were made up of people from all walks of life including athletes, celebrities and local heroes from all over the country. Around 2500 Jubilee Runners were nominated by the community to carry the Baton, because they made a special contribution to their community or achieved a personal goal against the odds.

The judging of the Jubilee Runners was conducted by a panel of judges under the supervision of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award in January 2002. The relay was sponsored by Cadbury Schweppes, a major UK confectionery and soft drinks manufacturer.

Budget

The cost of hosting the 2002 Commonwealth Games was estimated at £300 million.[24] Prior to the games, a £100 million was required to fill a financial black hole and the government agreed to provide the funding required,[25] despite some believing that £300 million was too much.[26]

Cultureshock and Festival Live

Cultureshock was the Commonwealth Games Cultural Programme which ran alongside the Games themselves. The events ranged from images of the athlete as hero in sculpture and photography (Go! Freeze, which ran at Turton Tower in Bolton) to a Zulu performance at The Lowry. There was an exhibition at the Whitworth Art Gallery called Tales of Power: West African Textiles, and a performance of the film Monsoon Wedding at Clwyd Theatr Cymru. The geographical range was from Cheshire in the south to Blackburn and Cumbria in the north, and included that year the various Melas that take place around the region.

Cultureshock also ensured that a wide range of cultural events and acts reached the "man on the street", with the city centre of Manchester filled with bands, performers, and artists of various forms entertaining the thousands of visitors to the Games. It also coincided with the BBC's 2002 Festival Live series of open-air concerts and celebrations around the country, held to celebrate the Queen's Golden Jubilee. Many of the cultural events were covered by the BBC 2002 radio station covering the games.

Opening ceremony

 
Opening Ceremony

The Project & Artistic Director for the Opening Ceremony was David Zolkwer. Five-time Olympic champion Sir Steve Redgrave opened the two-and-a-quarter-hour opening ceremony by banging a large drum, which initiated a co-ordinated dance and fireworks act. The champion rower was joined on the stage by sporting stars including yachtswoman Ellen MacArthur, heptathlete Denise Lewis, long-distance runner Moses Kiptanui, swimmer Susie O'Neill and sprinter Donovan Bailey. The Grenadier Guards shared the arena with pop band S Club and Salford-born opera singer Russell Watson sang the Games' theme, "Faith of the Heart", while the arrival of HM The Queen was greeted with a flypast by the Red Arrows. England football captain David Beckham helped chaperone Queen's Baton final runner Kirsty Howard, assisting the terminally ill six-year-old to hand the baton to The Queen. A 4,000-strong cast took part in the £12 million spectacular, which in theme and tone consisted of a mix of "pomp and pop", combining the ceremonial aspects of the Games with a party-style atmosphere, based on Manchester's reputation as the party city of "Madchester".[27] The ceremony was voiced by broadcaster Anthony Davis.

 
Athletes Parade at the Opening Ceremony

The traditional athletes' parade was led by previous hosts Malaysia, and England brought up the rear before The Queen as the Head of the Commonwealth, declared the Games open:

"All of us participating in this ceremony tonight, whether athletes or spectators, or those watching on television around the world, can share in the ideals of this unique association of nations,"

"We can all draw inspiration from what the Commonwealth stands for, our diversity as a source of strength, our tradition of tolerance ... our focus on young people, for they are our future."

"It is my pleasure in this my Golden Jubilee Year to declare the 17th Commonwealth Games open."[28]

Closing ceremony

The Project & Artistic Director for the Closing Ceremony was David Zolkwer. The Queen ended 11 days of competition at a rain-drenched closing ceremony in the City of Manchester Stadium. She declared the Games closed in front of a 38,000 sell-out crowd gathered in the stadium. She also called on the athletes to assemble again in four years in Melbourne and to continue displaying the "friendship" they had shown in Manchester. The ceremony, attended by Prime Minister Tony Blair and several other dignitaries, took place in pouring rain and like the opening ceremony, mixed "pomp with pop". Australian Ian Thorpe, the star of the Games with his six swimming golds, carried his national flag into the arena, along with athletes from each of the other competing countries. Around 40,000 balloons were released into the rainy Manchester sky as the ceremony concluded with a spectacular fireworks display.

Closing ceremony highlights included:[29]

  • Children covering themselves with red, blue and white paint to portray a giant British flag before unveiling a giant portrait of The Queen as a Golden Jubilee gift.
  • The athletes bringing their national flags into the stadium
  • South African swimmer Natalie du Toit being honoured as the outstanding athlete of the Games.[30]
  • The symbolic handover of the Commonwealth Games Ceremonial Flag to Melbourne, host city for the 2006 Games.
  • A spectacular presentation with over 1,700 lanterns, which ended with the message 'Seek Peace' lit up in vast letters on the floor of the arena.
  • Coronation Street stars Steve Arnold and Tracy Shaw (who played characters Ashley and Maxine Peacock) arriving in one of 40 Morris Minors which became the centre of a song-and-dance showpiece.
  • Hip-hop DJ Grandmaster Flash encouraging the massed ranks to "make some noise" as athletes and volunteers poured into the arena to music from the likes of Will Young, Dave Stewart, Heather Small, Jimmy Cliff and Toploader.
  • Australian singer Vanessa Amorosi sang her signature tune, Shine and a song about the city of Melbourne, "I'll always be a Melbourne girl" just as it began to pour with rain.

Participating teams

There were 73 participating countries, territories and Commonwealth regions at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The 2002 event marked the last time Zimbabwe has participated to date; Zimbabwe formally withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations the following year.[31]

 
Nations competed at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester
Participating Commonwealth Countries & Territories

Calendar

OC Opening ceremony Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony
July/August 2002 July August Events
25th
Thu
26th
Fri
27th
Sat
28th
Sun
29th
Mon
30th
Tue
31st
Wed
1st
Thu
2nd
Fri
3rd
Sat
4th
Sun
Ceremonies OC CC
  Athletics 2 5 12 9 7 13 48
  Badminton 1 5 6
  Boxing 12 12
  Cycling 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 17
  Diving 2 2 2 6
  Gymnastics 1 1 2 10 14
  Hockey 1 1 2
  Judo 4 5 5 14
  Lawn bowls 1 1 1 1 4 8
  Netball 1 1
  Rugby sevens 1 1
  Shooting 5 6 5 6 3 6 4 5 40
  Squash 2 3 5
  Swimming 5 5 9 5 11 7 42
  Synchronised swimming 1 1 2
  Triathlon 2 2
  Table tennis 2 2 4 8
  Weightlifting 9 9 9 9 10 46
  Wrestling 4 3 7
Daily medal events 2 6 16 22 26 36 40 33 21 48 31 281
Cumulative total 2 8 24 46 72 108 148 181 202 250 281
July/August 2002 25th
Thu
26th
Fri
27th
Sat
28th
Sun
29th
Mon
30th
Tue
31st
Wed
1st
Thu
2nd
Fri
3rd
Sat
4th
Sun
Total events
July August

Sports

There were the maximum of 17 sports included in the schedule for the 2002 Commonwealth Games.

Sport Venue Number of medal events
Aquatics Manchester Aquatics Centre 50
Athletics City of Manchester Stadium (Track and field, Marathon), Salford Quays (race walking) 48
Badminton Bolton Arena 6
Boxing Wythenshawe Forum, Manchester Arena 12
Cycling Manchester Velodrome (track events), Rivington (road races) 17
Gymnastics Manchester Central Convention Complex 15
Hockey Belle Vue Complex 2
Judo Manchester Central Convention Complex 14
Lawn bowls Heaton Park 6
Netball Manchester Arena 1
Rugby Sevens City of Manchester Stadium 1
Shooting Bisley Shooting Centre 40
Squash National Squash Centre 5
Table tennis Table Tennis Centre, Sportcity 8
Triathlon Salford Quays 2
Weightlifting Manchester Central Convention Complex 46
Wrestling Manchester Central Convention Complex 7

After experimenting with it on a smaller scale at the 1994 Commonwealth Games and dropping it at the 1998 Games, disabled competitions were held in swimming, athletics, bowls, table tennis and weightlifting (powerlifting). The medals were added to the final tally for each nation.

Highlights

 
The City of Manchester Stadium during the Games
  • Australian Ian Thorpe set a world record in the 400-metre freestyle swimming.[32]
  • English swimmer Zoë Baker set a world record in the 50-metre breaststroke.[33]
  • English track athlete Paula Radcliffe won her first major gold medal in the 5,000 metres,[34] to record a time of 14:31.42, over 20 seconds ahead of silver medallist Edith Masai of Kenya and 1 minute 21 seconds faster than the inaugural running of the event four years earlier.
  • In the final of the 100 m for men (athletics), the two English favourites (Dwain Chambers & Mark Lewis-Francis) both pulled up with injuries. The race was won by Kim Collins of Saint Kitts and Nevis, winning the country's first Commonwealth title.
  • Simon Whitfield of Canada, the 2000 Olympic champion and the 2008 Olympic silver medallist, won gold in the triathlon.
  • On the last day of track competition, England won gold in both the men's 4×100 and 4×400 relays by tiny margins, recording the same time (38.62) as the Jamaican quartet in sprint relay and holding off a fast finishing Welsh team by 1/100th of a second in the longer race, with a winning time of 3:00.40.
  • The women's 4×400 relay was won by Australia after the favoured Jamaican team dropped the baton.
  • In winning the triple jump England's Jonathan Edwards simultaneously held the World, Olympic, European and Commonwealth championships and the World record. He would lose the European title a week later in Munich.
  • Another world record was set in the 4000-metre team pursuit at the track cycling by the Australian team. Scot Chris Hoy took the individual time trial and 19-year-old Nicole Cooke of Wales won the women's cycling road race.
  • South African swimmer Natalie du Toit created history. As well as winning her events in the newly included disabled swimming event, the 18-year-old, missing the lower section of her left leg, made the final of the 800-metre able-bodied freestyle event in one of a small number of disabled sporting events integrated into the games.
  • In gymnastics England's Beth Tweddle and Kanukai Jackson took gold in the asymmetric bars and all around events respectively. Herodotos Giorgallas also won the first gymnastics gold ever for Cyprus when tying with Scotland's Steve Frew.
  • The host broadcaster of the games was the BBC and the International Broadcast Centre was located at the Manchester College of Arts and Technology.

Medal table

  *   Host nation (Host nation (England))

RankCGAGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  Australia826263207
2  England*545160165
3  Canada314144116
4  India30221769
5  New Zealand11132145
6  South Africa9201746
7  Cameroon91212
8  Malaysia791834
9  Wales6131231
10  Scotland681630
11  Nigeria531119
12  Kenya48416
13  Jamaica46717
14  Singapore42713
15  Bahamas4048
16  Nauru25815
17  Northern Ireland2215
18  Cyprus2114
19  Pakistan1348
20  Fiji1113
  Zambia1113
22  Zimbabwe1102
23  Namibia1045
24  Tanzania1012
25  Bangladesh1001
  Guyana1001
  Mozambique1001
  Saint Kitts and Nevis1001
29  Botswana0213
30  Uganda0202
31  Samoa0123
32  Trinidad and Tobago0101
33  Barbados0011
  Cayman Islands0011
  Ghana0011
  Lesotho0011
  Malta0011
  Mauritius0011
  Saint Lucia0011
Totals (39 entries)282279334895

Legacy host city and nation

In terms of infrastructure, the Games were the catalyst for the widespread redevelopment of the east of the city, an area which had remained derelict since the departure of heavy industry some decades before. The 2002 Commonwealth Games set a new benchmark for hosting the Commonwealth Games and for cities wishing to bid for them with a heavy emphasis on legacy.[35][36]

The venue and financial policy of the 2002 Commonwealth Games has influenced future sporting events, including the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.

In comparison to other sporting events, the 2002 games were marked by financial discipline. The cost of the 2010 Commonwealth Games were estimated at $4.1 billion,[37] the London 2012 Summer Olympics are estimated to cost £9 billion, while the 2014 Commonwealth Games could cost as much as £500 million.[38]

Sporting legacy included the City of Manchester Stadium which was turned over to Manchester City Football Club, to replace the ageing Maine Road. It is possible that this provided an incentive which led to the eventual 2008 take over by the Abu Dhabi United group led by Sheikh Mansour.[citation needed] Consequently, they have seen a considerable upturn in their success, with a series of transfers which has increased the profile of Manchester further, as Manchester City have become title challengers. Indeed, journalists[who?] have stated Mansour would not had bought the city had the club not had the 50,000 stadium. The Manchester Velodrome was built in 1994 in preparation for an Olympic bid, but subsequently hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Since opening in 1994, it has been cited as a catalyst for Britain's successes in track cycling since 2002.[39][40] At the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, the Great British cycling claimed 8 of the 18 gold medals on offer, including 14 of the 54 medals available altogether. This unprecedented achievement was partly attributed[by whom?] the availability of a velodrome.

Local communities benefited from facilities built for the game such as the Manchester Aquatics Centre, the Northern Regional Tennis Centre and the National Squash Centre. There were comprehensive upgrades of Belle Vue and Moss Side leisure centres serve their local communities.[41]

Olympic president Jacques Rogge said the Games had gone a long way to restoring Britain's credibility in terms of hosting big sporting events.[42] It has since been said that the success of the games was a major factor in reassuring the UK's sporting authorities and the government that the country could successfully stage major successful international sporting events and that, without them, London's successful bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics would not have come about.[43][44] Public houses and restaurants in Manchester reported a threefold increase in takings during the Games, and local tourism board Marketing Manchester estimate some 300,000 more visitors will come to the city each year as a result of its increased profile.[29] It is estimated that by 2008 £600m has been invested in the region as a result of the Games and that about 20,000 jobs had been created.[45]

Marketing

The 2002 Commonwealth Games' logo is an image of three figures standing on a podium with their arms uplifted in the jubilation of winning or in celebration, which represents the three core themes of the Games: sport, culture and friendship and the types of medalist in the games: gold, silver and bronze. The figures are captured in three colours which are red, blue and green. The red represents performance, passion and success; the blue symbolises intelligence, confidence and reliability, while the green represents loyalty, balance and generosity. The yellow background behind the figures represents the competitive, powerful and cheerful elements of the Games, while the black games' name letters representing solidarity and strength. The figures in the logo joining hands to resemble the letter 'M', which is the initial for the host city, Manchester and also a crown of the queen to represent the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II's reign as the monarch of The United Kingdom. The logo overall represents a celebration of sharing and friendship and the pride of participating in the Games, cheerful atmosphere, sportsmanship and confidence of Manchester as the games host city.[46]

Mascot

The official mascot of the 2002 Commonwealth Games is a cat named Kit. The adoption of the cat as the games' mascot is to represent the young, vibrant, friendly, dynamic personality of Manchester as the games' host city.[47]

Sponsors

Numerous companies ranging from international to local, sponsored the 2002 Games.[48][49] International sponsors included Microsoft and Xerox and also companies with local links to Manchester including Guardian Media Group, PZ Cussons and United Utilities.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Spirit of Friendship Festival". Manchester 2002 Ltd. Summer 2002. from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  2. ^ The four Home Nations of the United Kingdom – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland – send separate teams to the Commonwealth Games, as do the three Crown dependenciesJersey, the Isle of Man and Guernsey – and 9 of the 14 British Overseas Territories. The Cook Islands and Niue, non-sovereign territories in free association with New Zealand, and Norfolk Island, an external territory of Australia, also compete separately. There are thus 53 members of the Commonwealth of Nations, but 72 competing teams at the Commonwealth Games.
  3. ^ a b Rowbottom, Mike (3 February 1994). "Commonwealth Games: Manchester celebrates capital conquest: London loses out to Olympic rival in fight for the right to present England's bid". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  4. ^ Hubbard, Alan (12 December 1999). "City of Manchester Stadium: The Wembley rescuers". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  5. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  6. ^ Schaffer, David (23 July 2002). "Golden future for Games city". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  7. ^ "Manchester's boom shows what can be achieved when councils work together". The Guardian. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  8. ^ Hayward, Paul (11 November 2010). "Sheikh Mansour needs his money to be spent on flair not caution". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  9. ^ Conn, David (8 October 2008). "Abu Dhabi empire building reaches east Manchester". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  10. ^ "Rogge rules out joint Olympic bid". BBC News. 3 August 2002. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  11. ^ "Rogge rules out joint Olympic bid". BBC News. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  12. ^ "Can Britain stage the Olympics?". BBC News. 5 August 2002. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  13. ^ "Commonwealth Games: Manchester plans bid". The Independent. 11 November 1993. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  14. ^ . The Independent. 26 March 2000. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  15. ^ "MANCHESTER WINS COMMONWEALTH GAMES BID". Local Government Chronicle (LGC). 6 November 1995. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  16. ^ . Centre for Accessible Environments. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2006.
  17. ^ . Commonwealth Games Legacy. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
  18. ^ Taylor, David (16 May 2002). "a question of sport". The Architects Journal. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  19. ^ "National Squash Centre". BBC. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  20. ^ "Venue Guide: Manchester Aquatics Centre". BBC. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  21. ^ "Venue Guide: Manchester Evening News Arena". BBC Sport. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  22. ^ "Athlete's Village". m2002.thecgf.com.
  23. ^ "Southport Reporter". www.southportreporter.com. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  24. ^ "Commonwealth Games: Corruption, chaos & a race to avert a crisis". The Independent. 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  25. ^ Hetherington, Peter (2 July 2001). "Manchester gets £100m lifeline to fund games". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  26. ^ Chaudhary, Vivek (25 July 2001). "Why Manchester may rue the day it won the Commonwealth Games". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  27. ^ Swettenham, Lee (15 July 2014). "WATCH: Relive the 2002 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony in full". men. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  28. ^ Ciara.Berry (25 July 2002). "Opening ceremony of the 17th Commonwealth Games, Manchester, 25 July 2002". The Royal Family. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  29. ^ a b "Manchester games hailed a success" (http). BBC Sport. 3 August 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  30. ^ Anon (4 August 2002). "Du Toit voted top athlete". BBC sport. BBC. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  31. ^ "Editorial: CHOGM 2003, Abuja, Nigeria". The Round Table. 93 (373): 3–6. January 2004. doi:10.1080/0035853042000188139. S2CID 219624427.
  32. ^ Anon (2 August 2002). "Thorpe's six of the best". BBC. pp. BBC sport. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  33. ^ Anon (31 July 2002). "Baker charges to gold". BBC sport. BBC. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  34. ^ Anon (28 July 2002). "Radcliffe roars to elusive gold". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  35. ^ "What the London Olympics could learn from the Manchester Games". The Guardian. 24 July 2002. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  36. ^ "Glasgow 2014: What will the legacy of the Commonwealth Games legacy be?". BBC News. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  37. ^ Magnay, Jacquelin (5 August 2011). "Commonwealth Games 2010 costs ballooned to over $4bn". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  38. ^ Johnson, Simon (15 November 2009). "Alex Salmond told to explain £80 million Commonwealth Games budget 'black hole'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  39. ^ Andrews, Guy (1 April 2008). "How did Britain get so good at cycling?". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 July 2012. As well as bringing in the finest equipment and the best coaches available, British Cycling based everything on one oval track in Manchester, built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games.
  40. ^ "British pedal power or Queally over-rated?". BBC News. 20 September 2000. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  41. ^ "Commonwealth venues' legacies". 26 July 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  42. ^ "Rogge rules out joint Olympic bid" (http). BBC Sport. 3 August 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  43. ^ "London 2012 Olympics" (http). politics.co.uk. 24 April 2008. from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  44. ^ . Liverpool is European capital of culture. North west Development Agency. 13 January 2006. Archived from the original (http) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  45. ^ "London 2012- what's in it for us?" (http). Inside Out North West. BBC. 4 February 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  46. ^ "2002 Games logo".
  47. ^ "Meet the Games mascot". m2002.thecgf.com.
  48. ^ "Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games Official Sponsors". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  49. ^ "Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games Official Partners". BBC News. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  50. ^ Day, Julia (2 April 2001). "Microsoft to sponsor 2002 Commonwealth Games". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

External links

Official sites

  • "Manchester 2002". Thecgf.com. Commonwealth Games Federation.
  • "Results and Medalists—2002 Commonwealth Games". Thecgf.com. Commonwealth Games Federation.
  • "Official Website". M2002.thecgf.com. Manchester 2002.
  • Post Games Report—2002 Commonwealth Games
    • Executive Summary
    • Sport
    • Operations
    • Communications

Other sites

  • Manchester 2002 at BBC Online
  • Manchester 2002 at BBC Sport
  • – 2002 Australian radio programme (with transcript) on the history and future of the "friendly games".
  • Trans-urban networks of learning, mega-events and policy tourism: The case of Manchester's Commonwealth and Olympic Games projects 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine An account of how Manchester officials learnt from other host cities in order to bid for and host for the Games.
Preceded by
Kuala Lumpur
Commonwealth Games
Manchester
XVII Commonwealth Games
Succeeded by
Melbourne

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This section may require copy editing August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The 2002 Commonwealth Games officially known as the XVII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Manchester 2002 were held in Manchester England from 25 July to 4 August 2002 The 2002 Games were to be hosted in the United Kingdom to coincide with the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II head of the Commonwealth and Manchester was selected for the 2002 Games ahead of London using a recycled part of the project which lost the 2000 Summer Olympics and Paralympics to Sydney Australia 3 The 2002 Commonwealth Games were prior to the 2012 Summer Olympics the largest multi sport event ever to be held in the UK eclipsing the London 1948 Summer Olympics in terms of teams and athletes participating 4 5 The 2002 Commonwealth Games had the largest number of events of any Commonwealth Games in history featuring 281 events across 17 sports XVII Commonwealth GamesHost cityManchester EnglandMottoThe Spirit of Friendship 1 Nations participating72 2 Athletes participating3 863Events281 in 17 sportsOpening ceremony25 July 2002Closing ceremony4 August 2002Officially opened byElizabeth IIOfficially closed byElizabeth IIAthlete s OathJames HickmanQueen s Baton Final RunnerDavid Beckham andKirsty HowardAnthemWhere My Heart Will Take Me by Russell WatsonMain venueCity of Manchester Stadium XVIXVIII The Games were considered a success for the host city providing an event to display how Manchester had changed following the 1996 bombing 6 The Games formed the main catalyst for the widespread regeneration and heavy development of Manchester and bolstered its reputation as a European and global city internationally Rapid economic development and continued urban regeneration of the now post industrial Manchester continued after the Games which helped cement its place as one of the principal cultural cities in the United Kingdom 7 The opening and closing ceremonies the athletics and the rugby sevens events were held at the City of Manchester Stadium which was purpose built for the Games Unusually for a Commomwealth Games the only sport that was held outside the host city was shooting which was held in the National Shooting Centre in Bisley Surrey some 200 miles 322 km from Manchester Seventy two associations competed in 14 individual sports and 3 team sports events Sporting legacy includes the British Cycling team who inherited the Manchester Velodrome and went on to win eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympics and another eight gold medals at the 2012 Olympics partly attributed to the availability of the velodrome The stadium was leased long term to Manchester City F C and as a result have since found themselves in a desirable investment opportunity in the age of foreign football investment The club was taken over by the Abu Dhabi United Group led by Sheikh Mansour in 2008 a takeover that would have been far less certain without the stadium 8 9 The Games were a formative moment for Manchester and Britain with then IOC president Jacques Rogge viewing the games as an important litmus test as to whether Britain could host the Summer Olympics 10 11 The success of the Games quickly encouraged some speculation of a city bid for the Olympics but London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics with London going on to win the bid on 6 July 2005 and the games were successfully staged seven years later 12 Contents 1 Host city selection 2 Preparation and development 2 1 Venues 2 2 Queen s Jubilee Baton Relay 2 3 Budget 2 4 Cultureshock and Festival Live 2 5 Opening ceremony 2 6 Closing ceremony 3 Participating teams 4 Calendar 5 Sports 6 Highlights 7 Legacy host city and nation 8 Marketing 8 1 Logo 8 2 Mascot 8 3 Sponsors 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksHost city selection Edit Manchester was selected by the Commonwealth Games Council of England as the official bid city from England for the 2002 Commonwealth Games When England decided to bid for the 2002 Commonwealth Games three English cities London Manchester and Sheffield showed interest in hosting the Games The Commonwealth Games Council of England CGCE had to choose one city to put forward to the Commonwealth Games Federation CGF London had hosted the 1934 Commonwealth Games as well as the 1908 and 1948 Summer Olympics while Sheffield had hosted the 1991 Summer Universiade Manchester had unsuccessfully bid for the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics and Bob Scott chairman of the Olympic bid committees led the bid for another big event 13 Sheffield withdrew from the bidding process when the city was unable to come to agreement over financial guarantees 14 This left the 24 members of the CGCE to choose between Manchester and London with Manchester winning 17 7 3 Cities from no other countries submitted bids and so Manchester was announced as the host city of the 2002 Games on 6 November 1995 15 2002 Commonwealth Games bidding results City Nation VotesManchester EnglandLondon EnglandPreparation and development EditVenues Edit The City of Manchester Stadium hosted Athletics and Rugby Sevens events Manchester Aquatics Centre hosted Diving and Swimming events The Manchester Arena hosted the boxing and netball events Manchester Velodrome hosted the track cycling programme The venues were eclectic citation needed ranging from high tech architecture in the newer City of Manchester Stadium to the 19th century Manchester Central hall The Games main venue was the City of Manchester Stadium now Etihad Stadium which hosted all athletics events the rugby sevens and the opening and closing ceremonies The stadium was a smaller and downscaled version of that proposed during Manchester s bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics Construction started in January 2000 16 and was completed shortly before the Games The cost was approximately 110 million 77 million of which was provided by Sport England with the remainder funded by Manchester City Council 17 For the Commonwealth Games the stadium featured a single lower tier running around three sides of the athletics track and second tiers to the two sides with an open air temporary stand at one end giving an overall capacity of 41 000 18 The stadium formed the centrepiece of an area known as Sportcity Other venues in Sportcity include the Manchester Velodrome which hosted cycling and the 3 5m National Squash Centre which was built specifically for the Games 19 Swimming and diving events took place at Manchester Aquatics Centre another purpose built venue and until 2012 was the only one in the United Kingdom with two 50 m pools 20 The Manchester Arena built in 1994 at the time was the largest arena in Europe hosted netball finals and boxing preliminares 21 The shooting events were held at the National Shooting Centre Bisley located in Surrey The NSC saw major redevelopment of all its ranges in order to host the fullbore rifle smallbore rifle pistol and clay target events The Games Village was located in the residential area of the University of Manchester Fallowfield Campus in an area of 30 acres being built specifically for the event and after the Games the buildings were donated to the University and turned a expansion of the housing complex 22 Queen s Jubilee Baton Relay Edit The Queen s Baton Relay passes through Wolverhampton before the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester The 2002 Queen s Jubilee Baton Relay the continuation of a tradition that started with the 1958 Games consisted of the relay of an electronic baton containing a personal message from Elizabeth II across 23 Commonwealth nations The relay culminated in the arrival of the baton at the City of Manchester Stadium opening the Games The speech was then removed electronically from the baton and read by Her Majesty to open the Games 23 The 2002 Baton itself was designed by a company called IDEO and was constructed of machined aluminium with the handle plated for conductivity It weighed 1 69 kg reached over 710 mm and was 42 5 mm to 85 mm in diameter The Queen s message itself was held in an aluminium capsule inserted into the top of the Baton On either side of the Baton were two sterling silver coins designed by Mappin and Webb which celebrated the City of Manchester as host of the XVII Commonwealth Games The Baton was also equipped with sensors that detected and monitored the Runner s pulse rate This information was then conveyed to a series of light emitting diodes LEDs via a light behaviour module The lens then transformed the LEDs into a shaft of bright blue pulsating light which synchronised with each new Runner The hearts of the Runner and the Baton then beat as one until it was passed on symbolising the journey of humanity and the essence of life The Queen s Jubilee Baton Relay passed through over 500 cities towns and villages across the UK and the Baton was carried by 5 000 individuals with each Runner carrying the Baton up to 500 yards however on Saturday 15 June the baton was snatched from a runners hand in the town of Connah s Quay Deeside in north Wales The UK Baton Runners were made up of people from all walks of life including athletes celebrities and local heroes from all over the country Around 2500 Jubilee Runners were nominated by the community to carry the Baton because they made a special contribution to their community or achieved a personal goal against the odds The judging of the Jubilee Runners was conducted by a panel of judges under the supervision of The Duke of Edinburgh s Award in January 2002 The relay was sponsored by Cadbury Schweppes a major UK confectionery and soft drinks manufacturer Budget Edit The cost of hosting the 2002 Commonwealth Games was estimated at 300 million 24 Prior to the games a 100 million was required to fill a financial black hole and the government agreed to provide the funding required 25 despite some believing that 300 million was too much 26 Cultureshock and Festival Live Edit See also Cultureshock at the 2002 Commonwealth Games Cultureshock was the Commonwealth Games Cultural Programme which ran alongside the Games themselves The events ranged from images of the athlete as hero in sculpture and photography Go Freeze which ran at Turton Tower in Bolton to a Zulu performance at The Lowry There was an exhibition at the Whitworth Art Gallery called Tales of Power West African Textiles and a performance of the film Monsoon Wedding at Clwyd Theatr Cymru The geographical range was from Cheshire in the south to Blackburn and Cumbria in the north and included that year the various Melas that take place around the region Cultureshock also ensured that a wide range of cultural events and acts reached the man on the street with the city centre of Manchester filled with bands performers and artists of various forms entertaining the thousands of visitors to the Games It also coincided with the BBC s 2002 Festival Live series of open air concerts and celebrations around the country held to celebrate the Queen s Golden Jubilee Many of the cultural events were covered by the BBC 2002 radio station covering the games Opening ceremony Edit Opening Ceremony The Project amp Artistic Director for the Opening Ceremony was David Zolkwer Five time Olympic champion Sir Steve Redgrave opened the two and a quarter hour opening ceremony by banging a large drum which initiated a co ordinated dance and fireworks act The champion rower was joined on the stage by sporting stars including yachtswoman Ellen MacArthur heptathlete Denise Lewis long distance runner Moses Kiptanui swimmer Susie O Neill and sprinter Donovan Bailey The Grenadier Guards shared the arena with pop band S Club and Salford born opera singer Russell Watson sang the Games theme Faith of the Heart while the arrival of HM The Queen was greeted with a flypast by the Red Arrows England football captain David Beckham helped chaperone Queen s Baton final runner Kirsty Howard assisting the terminally ill six year old to hand the baton to The Queen A 4 000 strong cast took part in the 12 million spectacular which in theme and tone consisted of a mix of pomp and pop combining the ceremonial aspects of the Games with a party style atmosphere based on Manchester s reputation as the party city of Madchester 27 The ceremony was voiced by broadcaster Anthony Davis Athletes Parade at the Opening Ceremony The traditional athletes parade was led by previous hosts Malaysia and England brought up the rear before The Queen as the Head of the Commonwealth declared the Games open All of us participating in this ceremony tonight whether athletes or spectators or those watching on television around the world can share in the ideals of this unique association of nations We can all draw inspiration from what the Commonwealth stands for our diversity as a source of strength our tradition of tolerance our focus on young people for they are our future It is my pleasure in this my Golden Jubilee Year to declare the 17th Commonwealth Games open 28 Closing ceremony Edit The Project amp Artistic Director for the Closing Ceremony was David Zolkwer The Queen ended 11 days of competition at a rain drenched closing ceremony in the City of Manchester Stadium She declared the Games closed in front of a 38 000 sell out crowd gathered in the stadium She also called on the athletes to assemble again in four years in Melbourne and to continue displaying the friendship they had shown in Manchester The ceremony attended by Prime Minister Tony Blair and several other dignitaries took place in pouring rain and like the opening ceremony mixed pomp with pop Australian Ian Thorpe the star of the Games with his six swimming golds carried his national flag into the arena along with athletes from each of the other competing countries Around 40 000 balloons were released into the rainy Manchester sky as the ceremony concluded with a spectacular fireworks display Closing ceremony highlights included 29 Children covering themselves with red blue and white paint to portray a giant British flag before unveiling a giant portrait of The Queen as a Golden Jubilee gift The athletes bringing their national flags into the stadium South African swimmer Natalie du Toit being honoured as the outstanding athlete of the Games 30 The symbolic handover of the Commonwealth Games Ceremonial Flag to Melbourne host city for the 2006 Games A spectacular presentation with over 1 700 lanterns which ended with the message Seek Peace lit up in vast letters on the floor of the arena Coronation Street stars Steve Arnold and Tracy Shaw who played characters Ashley and Maxine Peacock arriving in one of 40 Morris Minors which became the centre of a song and dance showpiece Hip hop DJ Grandmaster Flash encouraging the massed ranks to make some noise as athletes and volunteers poured into the arena to music from the likes of Will Young Dave Stewart Heather Small Jimmy Cliff and Toploader Australian singer Vanessa Amorosi sang her signature tune Shine and a song about the city of Melbourne I ll always be a Melbourne girl just as it began to pour with rain Participating teams EditThere were 73 participating countries territories and Commonwealth regions at the 2002 Commonwealth Games The 2002 event marked the last time Zimbabwe has participated to date Zimbabwe formally withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations the following year 31 Nations competed at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester Participating Commonwealth Countries amp Territories Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Bermuda Botswana British Virgin Islands Brunei Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Cook Islands Cyprus Dominica England host Falkland Islands Fiji Gambia Ghana Gibraltar Grenada Guernsey Guyana Hong Kong India Isle of Man Jamaica Jersey Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Maldives Malta Mauritius Montserrat Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island Northern Ireland Pakistan Papua New Guinea Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Scotland Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Wales Zambia ZimbabweCalendar EditOC Opening ceremony Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremonyJuly August 2002 July August Events25thThu 26thFri 27thSat 28thSun 29thMon 30thTue 31stWed 1stThu 2ndFri 3rdSat 4thSunCeremonies OC CC Athletics 2 5 12 9 7 13 48 Badminton 1 5 6 Boxing 12 12 Cycling 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 17 Diving 2 2 2 6 Gymnastics 1 1 2 10 14 Hockey 1 1 2 Judo 4 5 5 14 Lawn bowls 1 1 1 1 4 8 Netball 1 1 Rugby sevens 1 1 Shooting 5 6 5 6 3 6 4 5 40 Squash 2 3 5 Swimming 5 5 9 5 11 7 42 Synchronised swimming 1 1 2 Triathlon 2 2 Table tennis 2 2 4 8 Weightlifting 9 9 9 9 10 46 Wrestling 4 3 7Daily medal events 2 6 16 22 26 36 40 33 21 48 31 281Cumulative total 2 8 24 46 72 108 148 181 202 250 281July August 2002 25thThu 26thFri 27thSat 28thSun 29thMon 30thTue 31stWed 1stThu 2ndFri 3rdSat 4thSun Total eventsJuly AugustSports EditMain article 2002 Commonwealth Games results There were the maximum of 17 sports included in the schedule for the 2002 Commonwealth Games Sport Venue Number of medal eventsAquatics Manchester Aquatics Centre 50Athletics City of Manchester Stadium Track and field Marathon Salford Quays race walking 48Badminton Bolton Arena 6Boxing Wythenshawe Forum Manchester Arena 12Cycling Manchester Velodrome track events Rivington road races 17Gymnastics Manchester Central Convention Complex 15Hockey Belle Vue Complex 2Judo Manchester Central Convention Complex 14Lawn bowls Heaton Park 6Netball Manchester Arena 1Rugby Sevens City of Manchester Stadium 1Shooting Bisley Shooting Centre 40Squash National Squash Centre 5Table tennis Table Tennis Centre Sportcity 8Triathlon Salford Quays 2Weightlifting Manchester Central Convention Complex 46Wrestling Manchester Central Convention Complex 7After experimenting with it on a smaller scale at the 1994 Commonwealth Games and dropping it at the 1998 Games disabled competitions were held in swimming athletics bowls table tennis and weightlifting powerlifting The medals were added to the final tally for each nation Highlights Edit The City of Manchester Stadium during the Games Australian Ian Thorpe set a world record in the 400 metre freestyle swimming 32 English swimmer Zoe Baker set a world record in the 50 metre breaststroke 33 English track athlete Paula Radcliffe won her first major gold medal in the 5 000 metres 34 to record a time of 14 31 42 over 20 seconds ahead of silver medallist Edith Masai of Kenya and 1 minute 21 seconds faster than the inaugural running of the event four years earlier In the final of the 100 m for men athletics the two English favourites Dwain Chambers amp Mark Lewis Francis both pulled up with injuries The race was won by Kim Collins of Saint Kitts and Nevis winning the country s first Commonwealth title Simon Whitfield of Canada the 2000 Olympic champion and the 2008 Olympic silver medallist won gold in the triathlon On the last day of track competition England won gold in both the men s 4 100 and 4 400 relays by tiny margins recording the same time 38 62 as the Jamaican quartet in sprint relay and holding off a fast finishing Welsh team by 1 100th of a second in the longer race with a winning time of 3 00 40 The women s 4 400 relay was won by Australia after the favoured Jamaican team dropped the baton In winning the triple jump England s Jonathan Edwards simultaneously held the World Olympic European and Commonwealth championships and the World record He would lose the European title a week later in Munich Another world record was set in the 4000 metre team pursuit at the track cycling by the Australian team Scot Chris Hoy took the individual time trial and 19 year old Nicole Cooke of Wales won the women s cycling road race South African swimmer Natalie du Toit created history As well as winning her events in the newly included disabled swimming event the 18 year old missing the lower section of her left leg made the final of the 800 metre able bodied freestyle event in one of a small number of disabled sporting events integrated into the games In gymnastics England s Beth Tweddle and Kanukai Jackson took gold in the asymmetric bars and all around events respectively Herodotos Giorgallas also won the first gymnastics gold ever for Cyprus when tying with Scotland s Steve Frew The host broadcaster of the games was the BBC and the International Broadcast Centre was located at the Manchester College of Arts and Technology Medal table Host nation Host nation England RankCGAGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Australia8262632072 England 5451601653 Canada3141441164 India302217695 New Zealand111321456 South Africa92017467 Cameroon912128 Malaysia7918349 Wales613123110 Scotland68163011 Nigeria53111912 Kenya4841613 Jamaica4671714 Singapore4271315 Bahamas404816 Nauru2581517 Northern Ireland221518 Cyprus211419 Pakistan134820 Fiji1113 Zambia111322 Zimbabwe110223 Namibia104524 Tanzania101225 Bangladesh1001 Guyana1001 Mozambique1001 Saint Kitts and Nevis100129 Botswana021330 Uganda020231 Samoa012332 Trinidad and Tobago010133 Barbados0011 Cayman Islands0011 Ghana0011 Lesotho0011 Malta0011 Mauritius0011 Saint Lucia0011Totals 39 entries 282279334895Legacy host city and nation EditIn terms of infrastructure the Games were the catalyst for the widespread redevelopment of the east of the city an area which had remained derelict since the departure of heavy industry some decades before The 2002 Commonwealth Games set a new benchmark for hosting the Commonwealth Games and for cities wishing to bid for them with a heavy emphasis on legacy 35 36 The venue and financial policy of the 2002 Commonwealth Games has influenced future sporting events including the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow In comparison to other sporting events the 2002 games were marked by financial discipline The cost of the 2010 Commonwealth Games were estimated at 4 1 billion 37 the London 2012 Summer Olympics are estimated to cost 9 billion while the 2014 Commonwealth Games could cost as much as 500 million 38 Sporting legacy included the City of Manchester Stadium which was turned over to Manchester City Football Club to replace the ageing Maine Road It is possible that this provided an incentive which led to the eventual 2008 take over by the Abu Dhabi United group led by Sheikh Mansour citation needed Consequently they have seen a considerable upturn in their success with a series of transfers which has increased the profile of Manchester further as Manchester City have become title challengers Indeed journalists who have stated Mansour would not had bought the city had the club not had the 50 000 stadium The Manchester Velodrome was built in 1994 in preparation for an Olympic bid but subsequently hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games Since opening in 1994 it has been cited as a catalyst for Britain s successes in track cycling since 2002 39 40 At the 2008 Olympics in Beijing the Great British cycling claimed 8 of the 18 gold medals on offer including 14 of the 54 medals available altogether This unprecedented achievement was partly attributed by whom the availability of a velodrome Local communities benefited from facilities built for the game such as the Manchester Aquatics Centre the Northern Regional Tennis Centre and the National Squash Centre There were comprehensive upgrades of Belle Vue and Moss Side leisure centres serve their local communities 41 Olympic president Jacques Rogge said the Games had gone a long way to restoring Britain s credibility in terms of hosting big sporting events 42 It has since been said that the success of the games was a major factor in reassuring the UK s sporting authorities and the government that the country could successfully stage major successful international sporting events and that without them London s successful bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics would not have come about 43 44 Public houses and restaurants in Manchester reported a threefold increase in takings during the Games and local tourism board Marketing Manchester estimate some 300 000 more visitors will come to the city each year as a result of its increased profile 29 It is estimated that by 2008 600m has been invested in the region as a result of the Games and that about 20 000 jobs had been created 45 Marketing EditLogo Edit The 2002 Commonwealth Games logo is an image of three figures standing on a podium with their arms uplifted in the jubilation of winning or in celebration which represents the three core themes of the Games sport culture and friendship and the types of medalist in the games gold silver and bronze The figures are captured in three colours which are red blue and green The red represents performance passion and success the blue symbolises intelligence confidence and reliability while the green represents loyalty balance and generosity The yellow background behind the figures represents the competitive powerful and cheerful elements of the Games while the black games name letters representing solidarity and strength The figures in the logo joining hands to resemble the letter M which is the initial for the host city Manchester and also a crown of the queen to represent the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II s reign as the monarch of The United Kingdom The logo overall represents a celebration of sharing and friendship and the pride of participating in the Games cheerful atmosphere sportsmanship and confidence of Manchester as the games host city 46 Mascot Edit The official mascot of the 2002 Commonwealth Games is a cat named Kit The adoption of the cat as the games mascot is to represent the young vibrant friendly dynamic personality of Manchester as the games host city 47 Sponsors Edit Numerous companies ranging from international to local sponsored the 2002 Games 48 49 International sponsors included Microsoft and Xerox and also companies with local links to Manchester including Guardian Media Group PZ Cussons and United Utilities Addleshaw Booth amp Co Adecco Asda Boddingtons Brewery Bruntwood Bupa Cadbury s FirstGroup Guardian Media Group Lloyds TSB Manchester Airports Group McDonald s MG Rover Group Microsoft 50 The National Lottery PZ Cussons United Utilities Virgin Rail Group XeroxSee also EditCommonwealth Games celebrated in England 1934 Commonwealth Games London 2022 Commonwealth Games Birmingham Commonwealth Games celebrated in United Kingdom 1958 Commonwealth Games Cardiff Wales 1970 Commonwealth Games Edinburgh Scotland 1986 Commonwealth Games Edinburgh Scotland 2014 Commonwealth Games Glasgow Scotland Commonwealth Youth Games celebrated in United Kingdom 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games Edinburgh Scotland Olympic Games celebrated in Great Britain 1908 Summer Olympics London 1948 Summer Olympics London 2012 Summer Olympics London Paralympic Games celebrated in Great Britain 1984 Summer Paralympics Stoke Mandeville 2012 Summer Paralympics London Universiade celebrated in Great Britain 1991 Summer Universiade Sheffield European Championships celebrated in Great Britain 2018 European Championships GlasgowReferences Edit Spirit of Friendship Festival Manchester 2002 Ltd Summer 2002 Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 Retrieved 2 May 2008 The four Home Nations of the United Kingdom England Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland send separate teams to the Commonwealth Games as do the three Crown dependencies Jersey the Isle of Man and Guernsey and 9 of the 14 British Overseas Territories The Cook Islands and Niue non sovereign territories in free association with New Zealand and Norfolk Island an external territory of Australia also compete separately There are thus 53 members of the Commonwealth of Nations but 72 competing teams at the Commonwealth Games a b Rowbottom Mike 3 February 1994 Commonwealth Games Manchester celebrates capital conquest London loses out to Olympic rival in fight for the right to present England s bid The Independent Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 Retrieved 20 July 2012 Hubbard Alan 12 December 1999 City of Manchester Stadium The Wembley rescuers The Independent Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 Retrieved 12 July 2012 Cook I R and Ward K 2011 Trans urban networks of learning mega events and policy tourism The case of Manchester s Commonwealth and Olympic Games projects Urban Studies 48 12 2519 2535 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 18 May 2014 Retrieved 6 April 2012 Schaffer David 23 July 2002 Golden future for Games city BBC News Retrieved 9 June 2012 Manchester s boom shows what can be achieved when councils work together The Guardian 15 October 2013 Retrieved 27 July 2014 Hayward Paul 11 November 2010 Sheikh Mansour needs his money to be spent on flair not caution The Guardian Retrieved 4 September 2011 Conn David 8 October 2008 Abu Dhabi empire building reaches east Manchester The Guardian Retrieved 4 September 2011 Rogge rules out joint Olympic bid BBC News 3 August 2002 Retrieved 23 July 2014 Rogge rules out joint Olympic bid BBC News 23 July 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2014 Can Britain stage the Olympics BBC News 5 August 2002 Retrieved 9 June 2012 Commonwealth Games Manchester plans bid The Independent 11 November 1993 Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 Retrieved 21 January 2020 The lost sporting city of Sheffield The Independent 26 March 2000 Archived from the original on 10 November 2020 Retrieved 22 January 2020 MANCHESTER WINS COMMONWEALTH GAMES BID Local Government Chronicle LGC 6 November 1995 Retrieved 21 January 2020 City of Manchester Stadium Centre for Accessible Environments Archived from the original on 19 July 2006 Retrieved 22 July 2006 City of Manchester Stadium Commonwealth Games Legacy Archived from the original on 3 January 2007 Retrieved 27 August 2006 Taylor David 16 May 2002 a question of sport The Architects Journal Retrieved 11 June 2012 National Squash Centre BBC Retrieved 2 May 2008 Venue Guide Manchester Aquatics Centre BBC Retrieved 2 May 2008 Venue Guide Manchester Evening News Arena BBC Sport 23 July 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2014 Athlete s Village m2002 thecgf com Southport Reporter www southportreporter com Retrieved 28 November 2022 Commonwealth Games Corruption chaos amp a race to avert a crisis The Independent 20 August 2010 Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 Retrieved 25 July 2012 Hetherington Peter 2 July 2001 Manchester gets 100m lifeline to fund games The Guardian Retrieved 25 July 2012 Chaudhary Vivek 25 July 2001 Why Manchester may rue the day it won the Commonwealth Games The Guardian Retrieved 25 July 2012 Swettenham Lee 15 July 2014 WATCH Relive the 2002 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony in full men Retrieved 11 January 2020 Ciara Berry 25 July 2002 Opening ceremony of the 17th Commonwealth Games Manchester 25 July 2002 The Royal Family Retrieved 11 January 2020 a b Manchester games hailed a success http BBC Sport 3 August 2002 Retrieved 2 May 2008 Anon 4 August 2002 Du Toit voted top athlete BBC sport BBC Retrieved 6 October 2010 Editorial CHOGM 2003 Abuja Nigeria The Round Table 93 373 3 6 January 2004 doi 10 1080 0035853042000188139 S2CID 219624427 Anon 2 August 2002 Thorpe s six of the best BBC pp BBC sport Retrieved 6 October 2010 Anon 31 July 2002 Baker charges to gold BBC sport BBC Retrieved 6 October 2010 Anon 28 July 2002 Radcliffe roars to elusive gold BBC Sport BBC Retrieved 6 October 2010 What the London Olympics could learn from the Manchester Games The Guardian 24 July 2002 Retrieved 27 July 2014 Glasgow 2014 What will the legacy of the Commonwealth Games legacy be BBC News 27 March 2014 Retrieved 27 July 2014 Magnay Jacquelin 5 August 2011 Commonwealth Games 2010 costs ballooned to over 4bn The Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 25 July 2012 Johnson Simon 15 November 2009 Alex Salmond told to explain 80 million Commonwealth Games budget black hole The Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 25 July 2012 Andrews Guy 1 April 2008 How did Britain get so good at cycling The Guardian Retrieved 13 July 2012 As well as bringing in the finest equipment and the best coaches available British Cycling based everything on one oval track in Manchester built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games British pedal power or Queally over rated BBC News 20 September 2000 Retrieved 13 July 2012 Commonwealth venues legacies 26 July 2012 Retrieved 11 January 2020 Rogge rules out joint Olympic bid http BBC Sport 3 August 2002 Retrieved 1 May 2008 London 2012 Olympics http politics co uk 24 April 2008 Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 Retrieved 2 May 2008 England s Northwest set to reap rewards of 2012 Liverpool is European capital of culture North west Development Agency 13 January 2006 Archived from the original http on 26 February 2009 Retrieved 2 May 2008 London 2012 what s in it for us http Inside Out North West BBC 4 February 2008 Retrieved 2 May 2008 2002 Games logo Meet the Games mascot m2002 thecgf com Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games Official Sponsors BBC Sport Retrieved 25 July 2012 Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games Official Partners BBC News Retrieved 25 July 2012 Day Julia 2 April 2001 Microsoft to sponsor 2002 Commonwealth Games The Guardian Retrieved 25 July 2012 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2002 Commonwealth Games Official sites Manchester 2002 Thecgf com Commonwealth Games Federation Results and Medalists 2002 Commonwealth Games Thecgf com Commonwealth Games Federation Official Website M2002 thecgf com Manchester 2002 Post Games Report 2002 Commonwealth Games Executive Summary Sport Operations CommunicationsOther sites Manchester 2002 at BBC Online Manchester 2002 at BBC Sport The Empire Strikes Back 2002 Australian radio programme with transcript on the history and future of the friendly games Trans urban networks of learning mega events and policy tourism The case of Manchester s Commonwealth and Olympic Games projects Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine An account of how Manchester officials learnt from other host cities in order to bid for and host for the Games Preceded byKuala Lumpur Commonwealth GamesManchesterXVII Commonwealth Games Succeeded byMelbourne Portals Sports England Manchester Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2002 Commonwealth Games amp oldid 1130918614, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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