fbpx
Wikipedia

Second Era of Northern Domination

March 05, 2023

See also: Vietnam under Chinese rule


The Second Era of Northern Domination refers to the second period of Chinese rule in Vietnamese history, from the 1st century to 6th century AD, during which present-day northern Vietnam (Jiaozhi) was governed by various Chinese dynasties.This period began when the Han dynasty reconquered Giao Chỉ (Jiaozhi) from the Trưng Sisters and ended in 544 AD when Lý Bí revolted against the Liang dynasty and established the Early Lý dynasty.[citation needed] This period lasted about 500 years.

Second Era of Northern Domination
Bắc thuộc lần thứ hai
北屬吝次𠄩
43–544
Map of the Liang dynasty in 502
StatusCommanderies of the Eastern Han dynasty, Eastern Wu dynasty, Western Jin dynasty, Eastern Jin dynasty, Liu Song dynasty, Southern Qi dynasty, Liang dynasty
CapitalLong Biên
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 43–57
Emperor Guangwu of Han (First)
• 229–252
Emperor Da of Eastern Wu
• 266–290
Emperor Wu of Jin
• 420–422
Emperor Wu of Liu Song
• 479–482
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
• 502–544
Emperor Wu of Liang (Last)
History 
43
• Jiaozhi under Eastern Wu
222
• Jin dynasty unified China
265
420
• Jiaozhi under Southern Qi
479
502
• Lý Bí's rebellion
544
Currencycash coins
Today part ofVietnam
China

History

Eastern Han dynasty

After suppressed the Trưng sisters in 44 AD, Ma Yuan continued his crackdown on the Lac Viet resistance and their society. Lac lords who had joined the Trung sisters, who had submitted or surrendered to Ma Yuan would be spared, those who disobeyed were beheaded.[1] Direct imperial government now was imposed on the region for the first time.[2] Some of 20,000 Chinese soldiers had settled in northern Vietnam to help rebuild the Han administration, living along with around 900,000 local people.[3][4] By the second and third century, local sites and artifacts often contain both Viet and Han styles, include Han-style tomb bricks and Dong Son artifacts such as bronze drums.[5] Chopsticks, paper, writing brushes, the concept of household, tomb,... were introduced into indigenous society (presumably included Vietic speakers) during the Western Han or Eastern Han period.[6] Although had adjusted local cultures, the Chinese didn't force the locals to adopt Chinese life style. From the Han to the Tang, Imperial Chinese had supported for the political alliances with the locally based elite–the local chiefs–which were powerful and wealthy. The Chinese court often gave them official positions in order to obtain profits from them.[7]

In 157, local leader Chu Đạt in Jiuzhen attacked and killed the Chinese magistrate, then marched north with an army of four to five thousand. The governor of Jiuzhen, Ni Shi, was killed. The Han general of Jiuzhen, Wei Lang, gathered an army and defeated Chu Đạt, beheading 2,000 rebels.[8][9]

In 159 and 161, Indian merchants arrived Jiaozhi and paid tribute to the Han government.[10]

In 166, a Roman trade mission arrived Jiaozhi, bringing "tribute" (from the Chinese perspective) to the Han,[11] which "were likely bought from local markets" of Rinan and Jiaozhi.[12]

In 178, Wuhu people (烏滸) under Liang Long sparked a revolt against the Han in Hepu and Jiaozhi. Liang Long spread his revolt to all northern Vietnam, Guangxi and central Vietnam as well, attracting all non-Chinese ethnic groups in Jiaozhi to join. In 181, the Han empire sent general Zhu Juan to deal with the revolt. In June 181 Liang Long was captured and beheaded, and his rebellion was suppressed.[13]

Introduced by Indian merchants via sea, by late Han period, Buddhism quickly became the most predominant religion in Northern Vietnam,[14] whereas the Dâu Temple (circa. 2nd century AD) was the first Buddhist temple in Vietnam.[15] In 177, Shi Xie became the prefect of Jiaozhi province.[16]

In 100, Cham people in Xianglin (Tượng Lâm) county (near modern-day Huế) revolted against the Han rule due to high taxes. The Cham plundered and burned down the Han centers. The Han respond by putting down the rebellion, executed their leaders and granting Xianglin a two-year tax respite.[17] In 136 and 144, Cham people again launched another two rebellions which provoked mutinies in the imperial army from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen, then rebellion in Jiaozhi. The governor of Jiaozhi, according to Kiernan, "lured them to surrender" with "enticing words."[17]

In 192, Cham people in Tượng Lâm led by Khu Liên successful revolted against the Han dynasty. Khu Liên found the independent kingdom of Lâm Ấp.[18]

Three Kingdoms era

Sĩ Nhiếp (Shi Xie) was the governor of Jiaozhi at the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. When China plunged into civil war, Si Nhiep ruled Jiaozhi as an independent warlord from 187 to 226. He pledged allegiance to Sun Quan forces in 210 and later became a vassal of Eastern Wu, himself received the title "Marquis of Longbian". In 227, Eastern Wu forces killed his son Shi Hui (士徽), ending the Shi rule of Jiaozhi.

 
Han style funerary house model found in Bỉm Sơn, Thanh Hóa. 1st-3rd century AD

When the Eastern Han dynasty split into the Three Kingdoms in 220, Jiaozhi was under the control of the state of Wu. In 226 Sun Quan divided Jiaozhi into two separated provinces, Chiao-chou (included northern Vietnam and small portion of Hepu) and Kuangchou.[19] The Wu regime was harsh. Turmoil plagued the southern commanderies by the mid third century. In 231, people in Jiuzhen revolted but was "pacified" by a Wu general.[20] In 248, Lâm Ấp forces invaded from the south, seized most of Rinan, and marched on into Jiuzhen, provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi.[21] In Jiuzhen, a Lạc Việt woman named Triệu Ẩu (Lady Triệu) led a rebellion against the Wu in the same year, but was suppressed by Lu Yin.[22][23]

Jin-Wu war

 
Jin-Wu war 264-272

In 263, Lu Hung (呂興), a prefecture in Jiaozhou, gained supports from local people and soldiers, murdered Wu administrators Sun Hsu (孫諝) and Teng Hsun (鄧荀), then sent envoys to Cao Wei requesting military assistance. Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen and Rinan were transferred to Wei. In 265, Jin dynasty (266–420) replaced Cao Wei, immediately sent Yang Chi to annex Jiaozhou with local supports. In 268, Wu sent two generals, Liu Chun and Hsiu Tse to reconquer Jiaozhou, but were repelled by Jin armies.[24] In 270 Jin and Wu armies clashed in Hepu. The Wu general, Tao Huang contacted with Luong Ky, a local commander collaborating with the Jin and convinced him to side with the Wu, enabled the Wu army to recapture Jiaozhi's ports and main towns in 271. Fighting continued in the countryside until 280, when Jin destroyed Wu, reunifying China.[22] The war devastated the region as number of households in northern Vietnam fell from 64,700 in 140 AD to around 25,600 by the Western Jin dynasty period.[25][26]

Jin dynasty and Southern dynasties

In the early period of Jin dynasty, the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of Funan and Lâm Ấp. Along with this brief peacetime "boom" in the southern trade, Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China until the 320s.[22] In 312 rebels and imperial army fought each other with ferocity over Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen. Frustrated by the difficulty of trade, Lâm Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou.[22] Though defeated in 399, Lâm Ấp continued its raids on Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen for two decades.[27] A Chinese rebel army from Zhejiang briefly seized Jiaozhi's capital in 411.[27] In 432, Phạm Dương Mại II of Lâm Ấp sent an embassy to the court of Liu Song asking for the appointment of Prefect of Jiao, which was declined.[28]

During the Jin dynasty and Six dynasties period of China, the Li-Lao people extended their territories right along the south coast of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, in a swath of land to the east of the Red River Delta and south and west of the Pearl River Delta, occupied the overland roads between Guangzhou and Jiaozhou.[29] The people of Li-Lao country put anyone traveled through their territories in dangers.[30]

Rebellions broke out in Jiaozhou from 468 to 485, and in 506 and 515 under Liang dynasty.[27]

In 541, Lý Bôn, a leader of the Li clan which had Sinitic ancestry, revolted against the Liang. In 544 he defeated the Liang and proclaimed himself Emperor of Nán Yuè with reign era Thiên-đức.[31] He named the new kingdom "Vạn Xuân" (萬春, "Eternal Spring"). Jiaozhou briefly became independence from the Chinese dynasties. In 545, Chen Baxian led the Liang army attack Jiaozhou, forced Lý Bôn fled west into the mountains above the Red River, where he was killed by Lao highlanders in 548.[32]

Culture

"...In the two districts of Me Linh in Jiaozhi and Do Long in Jiuzhen, when an elder brother dies, a younger brother marries his widow; this has been going on for generations, thereby becoming an established custom, so district officials give in and allow it, not being able to stop it. In Rinan Prefecture, men and women go naked without shame. In short, it can be said that these people are on the same level as bugs."[33]

Xue Zong, Custom of the South (231)

Due to the political instability of the Chinese empire from 3rd to 6th century, much of the Vietnamese countryside was indirectly ruled, and indigenous customs and relations between the sexes persisted.[34] Women played important roles in indigenous religious rites, including water rituals.[35] International trade through Maritime Silk Road from late AD 100s to 500s brought Dong Son bronze drums from northern Vietnam to far as eastern Indonesia, Papua and the Moluccas. Buddhists from India, known to the Chinese as Hu, had arrived in Vietnam in AD 100s. Buddhism flourished within the region under Shi Xie. In contrast to Confucianism, Buddhism had deep roots in the Vietnamese psyche.[36] Persian and Sogdian merchants also traveled to the Vietnamese coast;[37] the region was the home of Kang Senghui, a Sogdian Buddhist monk who translated Buddhist texts into Chinese.[38]

Uprisings

Local rebellions were organized by:

  • Chu Đạt 156–160
  • Lương Long 178–181
  • Khu Liên 192, who founded the Champa kingdom.
  • Triệu Chỉ 299–319
  • Lương Thạch 319–323
  • Lý Trường Nhân and Lý Thúc Hiến 468–485

See also

References

  1. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 47.
  2. ^ Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 157.
  3. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 49.
  4. ^ Alves 2016, p. 280.
  5. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 84.
  6. ^ Alves 2016, p. 282-286.
  7. ^ Li 2011, p. 46.
  8. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 64-66.
  9. ^ Loewe 1986, p. 316.
  10. ^ Li 2011, p. 48.
  11. ^ Yu 1986, p. 470.
  12. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 86.
  13. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 67-68.
  14. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 92-93.
  15. ^ Li 2011, p. 44.
  16. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 89.
  17. ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 85.
  18. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 69.
  19. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 92.
  20. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 89.
  21. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 97.
  22. ^ a b c d Kiernan 2019, p. 98.
  23. ^ Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 159.
  24. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 92-94.
  25. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 56.
  26. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 120.
  27. ^ a b c Kiernan 2019, p. 99.
  28. ^ Aymonier 1893, p. 7.
  29. ^ Churchman 2011, p. 67-68.
  30. ^ Churchman 2011, p. 71-74.
  31. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 102.
  32. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 103.
  33. ^ Dutton 2012, p. 26–27.
  34. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 92.
  35. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 93.
  36. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 94.
  37. ^ Beaujard 2019, p. 558.
  38. ^ Beaujard 2019, p. 511.

Bibliography

Articles

  • Alves, Mark J. (2016). "Identifying Early Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary via Linguistic, Historical, Archaeological, and Ethnological Data". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 9: 264–295. doi:10.1163/2405478X-00902007.
  • Lê, Thi Liên (2017). "Lung Khe and the Cultural Relationship between Northern and Southern Vietnam". Asian Review of World Histories. 5 (2): 53–69. doi:10.1163/22879811-12340005 – via Brill.
  • Masanari, Nishimura (2005). "Settlement patterns on the Red River plain from the late prehistoric period to the 10th century AD". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 25: 99–107. doi:10.7152/bippa.v25i0.11920.
  • Noriko, Nishino (2017). "An Introduction to Dr. Nishimura Masanari's Research on the Lung Khe Citadel". Asian Review of World Histories. 5 (2): 11–27. doi:10.1163/22879811-12340003 – via Brill.
  • Taylor, K. (2017). "What Lies Behind the Earliest Story of Buddhism in Ancient Vietnam?". The Journal of Asian Studies. 77 (1): 107–122. doi:10.1017/S0021911817000985 – via Cambridge University Press.

Books

  • Aymonier, Etienne (1893). The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China). Oriental University Institute.
  • Beaujard, Philippe (2019), The Worlds of the Indian Ocean: Volume 1, From the Fourth Millennium BCE to the Sixth Century CE: A Global History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-10864-332-0
  • Churchman, Michael (2011), ""The People in Between": The Li and the Lao from the Han to the Sui", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.), The Tongking Gulf Through History, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 67–86, ISBN 978-0-812-20502-2
  • Churchman, Catherine (2016). The People Between the Rivers: The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture, 200–750 CE. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-442-25861-7.
  • Clark, Hugh R. (2015). The Sinitic Encounter in Southeast China Through the First Millennium CE. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-824-85718-9.
  • Dutton, George, ed. (2012). Sources of Vietnamese Tradition. Introduction to Asian Civilizations. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13862-8.
  • Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press.
  • Li, Tana (2011), "Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han Period Tongking Gulf", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.), The Tongking Gulf Through History, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 39–53, ISBN 978-0-812-20502-2
  • Loewe, Michael (1986), "The conduct of government and the issues at stake (A.D. 57-167)", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 291–316
  • Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Routledge.
  • Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South, Los Angeles: University of California Press
  • Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of the Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0.
  • Yu, Ying-shih (1986), "Han foreign relations", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–463

Further reading

Preceded by Dynasty of Vietnam
43–544 		Succeeded by

March 05, 2023
second, northern, domination, also, vietnam, under, chinese, rule, refers, second, period, chinese, rule, vietnamese, history, from, century, century, during, which, present, northern, vietnam, jiaozhi, governed, various, chinese, dynasties, this, period, bega. See also Vietnam under Chinese rule The Second Era of Northern Domination refers to the second period of Chinese rule in Vietnamese history from the 1st century to 6th century AD during which present day northern Vietnam Jiaozhi was governed by various Chinese dynasties This period began when the Han dynasty reconquered Giao Chỉ Jiaozhi from the Trưng Sisters and ended in 544 AD when Ly Bi revolted against the Liang dynasty and established the Early Ly dynasty citation needed This period lasted about 500 years Second Era of Northern DominationBắc thuộc lần thứ hai 北屬吝次𠄩43 544Map of the Liang dynasty in 502StatusCommanderies of the Eastern Han dynasty Eastern Wu dynasty Western Jin dynasty Eastern Jin dynasty Liu Song dynasty Southern Qi dynasty Liang dynastyCapitalLong BienGovernmentMonarchyEmperor 43 57Emperor Guangwu of Han First 229 252Emperor Da of Eastern Wu 266 290Emperor Wu of Jin 420 422Emperor Wu of Liu Song 479 482Emperor Gao of Southern Qi 502 544Emperor Wu of Liang Last History End of Trung sisters rebellion43 Jiaozhi under Eastern Wu222 Jin dynasty unified China265 Jiaozhi under Liu Song dynasty420 Jiaozhi under Southern Qi479 Jiaozhi under Liang dynasty502 Ly Bi s rebellion544Currencycash coinsPreceded by Succeeded byTrưng sistersFirst Era of Northern Domination Early Ly dynastyToday part ofVietnamChina Contents 1 History 1 1 Eastern Han dynasty 1 2 Three Kingdoms era 1 3 Jin Wu war 1 4 Jin dynasty and Southern dynasties 2 Culture 3 Uprisings 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Bibliography 5 1 1 Articles 5 1 2 Books 6 Further readingHistory EditEastern Han dynasty Edit After suppressed the Trưng sisters in 44 AD Ma Yuan continued his crackdown on the Lac Viet resistance and their society Lac lords who had joined the Trung sisters who had submitted or surrendered to Ma Yuan would be spared those who disobeyed were beheaded 1 Direct imperial government now was imposed on the region for the first time 2 Some of 20 000 Chinese soldiers had settled in northern Vietnam to help rebuild the Han administration living along with around 900 000 local people 3 4 By the second and third century local sites and artifacts often contain both Viet and Han styles include Han style tomb bricks and Dong Son artifacts such as bronze drums 5 Chopsticks paper writing brushes the concept of household tomb were introduced into indigenous society presumably included Vietic speakers during the Western Han or Eastern Han period 6 Although had adjusted local cultures the Chinese didn t force the locals to adopt Chinese life style From the Han to the Tang Imperial Chinese had supported for the political alliances with the locally based elite the local chiefs which were powerful and wealthy The Chinese court often gave them official positions in order to obtain profits from them 7 In 157 local leader Chu Đạt in Jiuzhen attacked and killed the Chinese magistrate then marched north with an army of four to five thousand The governor of Jiuzhen Ni Shi was killed The Han general of Jiuzhen Wei Lang gathered an army and defeated Chu Đạt beheading 2 000 rebels 8 9 In 159 and 161 Indian merchants arrived Jiaozhi and paid tribute to the Han government 10 In 166 a Roman trade mission arrived Jiaozhi bringing tribute from the Chinese perspective to the Han 11 which were likely bought from local markets of Rinan and Jiaozhi 12 In 178 Wuhu people 烏滸 under Liang Long sparked a revolt against the Han in Hepu and Jiaozhi Liang Long spread his revolt to all northern Vietnam Guangxi and central Vietnam as well attracting all non Chinese ethnic groups in Jiaozhi to join In 181 the Han empire sent general Zhu Juan to deal with the revolt In June 181 Liang Long was captured and beheaded and his rebellion was suppressed 13 Introduced by Indian merchants via sea by late Han period Buddhism quickly became the most predominant religion in Northern Vietnam 14 whereas the Dau Temple circa 2nd century AD was the first Buddhist temple in Vietnam 15 In 177 Shi Xie became the prefect of Jiaozhi province 16 In 100 Cham people in Xianglin Tượng Lam county near modern day Huế revolted against the Han rule due to high taxes The Cham plundered and burned down the Han centers The Han respond by putting down the rebellion executed their leaders and granting Xianglin a two year tax respite 17 In 136 and 144 Cham people again launched another two rebellions which provoked mutinies in the imperial army from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen then rebellion in Jiaozhi The governor of Jiaozhi according to Kiernan lured them to surrender with enticing words 17 In 192 Cham people in Tượng Lam led by Khu Lien successful revolted against the Han dynasty Khu Lien found the independent kingdom of Lam Ấp 18 Three Kingdoms era Edit Sĩ Nhiếp Shi Xie was the governor of Jiaozhi at the end of the Eastern Han dynasty When China plunged into civil war Si Nhiep ruled Jiaozhi as an independent warlord from 187 to 226 He pledged allegiance to Sun Quan forces in 210 and later became a vassal of Eastern Wu himself received the title Marquis of Longbian In 227 Eastern Wu forces killed his son Shi Hui 士徽 ending the Shi rule of Jiaozhi Han style funerary house model found in Bỉm Sơn Thanh Hoa 1st 3rd century AD When the Eastern Han dynasty split into the Three Kingdoms in 220 Jiaozhi was under the control of the state of Wu In 226 Sun Quan divided Jiaozhi into two separated provinces Chiao chou included northern Vietnam and small portion of Hepu and Kuangchou 19 The Wu regime was harsh Turmoil plagued the southern commanderies by the mid third century In 231 people in Jiuzhen revolted but was pacified by a Wu general 20 In 248 Lam Ấp forces invaded from the south seized most of Rinan and marched on into Jiuzhen provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi 21 In Jiuzhen a Lạc Việt woman named Triệu Ẩu Lady Triệu led a rebellion against the Wu in the same year but was suppressed by Lu Yin 22 23 Jin Wu war Edit Jin Wu war 264 272 In 263 Lu Hung 呂興 a prefecture in Jiaozhou gained supports from local people and soldiers murdered Wu administrators Sun Hsu 孫諝 and Teng Hsun 鄧荀 then sent envoys to Cao Wei requesting military assistance Jiaozhi Jiuzhen and Rinan were transferred to Wei In 265 Jin dynasty 266 420 replaced Cao Wei immediately sent Yang Chi to annex Jiaozhou with local supports In 268 Wu sent two generals Liu Chun and Hsiu Tse to reconquer Jiaozhou but were repelled by Jin armies 24 In 270 Jin and Wu armies clashed in Hepu The Wu general Tao Huang contacted with Luong Ky a local commander collaborating with the Jin and convinced him to side with the Wu enabled the Wu army to recapture Jiaozhi s ports and main towns in 271 Fighting continued in the countryside until 280 when Jin destroyed Wu reunifying China 22 The war devastated the region as number of households in northern Vietnam fell from 64 700 in 140 AD to around 25 600 by the Western Jin dynasty period 25 26 Jin dynasty and Southern dynasties Edit Li Lao drum 4th century AD Honolulu Museum of Art In the early period of Jin dynasty the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of Funan and Lam Ấp Along with this brief peacetime boom in the southern trade Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China until the 320s 22 In 312 rebels and imperial army fought each other with ferocity over Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen Frustrated by the difficulty of trade Lam Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou 22 Though defeated in 399 Lam Ấp continued its raids on Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen for two decades 27 A Chinese rebel army from Zhejiang briefly seized Jiaozhi s capital in 411 27 In 432 Phạm Dương Mại II of Lam Ấp sent an embassy to the court of Liu Song asking for the appointment of Prefect of Jiao which was declined 28 During the Jin dynasty and Six dynasties period of China the Li Lao people extended their territories right along the south coast of modern Guangdong and Guangxi in a swath of land to the east of the Red River Delta and south and west of the Pearl River Delta occupied the overland roads between Guangzhou and Jiaozhou 29 The people of Li Lao country put anyone traveled through their territories in dangers 30 Rebellions broke out in Jiaozhou from 468 to 485 and in 506 and 515 under Liang dynasty 27 In 541 Ly Bon a leader of the Li clan which had Sinitic ancestry revolted against the Liang In 544 he defeated the Liang and proclaimed himself Emperor of Nan Yue with reign era Thien đức 31 He named the new kingdom Vạn Xuan 萬春 Eternal Spring Jiaozhou briefly became independence from the Chinese dynasties In 545 Chen Baxian led the Liang army attack Jiaozhou forced Ly Bon fled west into the mountains above the Red River where he was killed by Lao highlanders in 548 32 Culture Edit In the two districts of Me Linh in Jiaozhi and Do Long in Jiuzhen when an elder brother dies a younger brother marries his widow this has been going on for generations thereby becoming an established custom so district officials give in and allow it not being able to stop it In Rinan Prefecture men and women go naked without shame In short it can be said that these people are on the same level as bugs 33 Xue Zong Custom of the South 231 Due to the political instability of the Chinese empire from 3rd to 6th century much of the Vietnamese countryside was indirectly ruled and indigenous customs and relations between the sexes persisted 34 Women played important roles in indigenous religious rites including water rituals 35 International trade through Maritime Silk Road from late AD 100s to 500s brought Dong Son bronze drums from northern Vietnam to far as eastern Indonesia Papua and the Moluccas Buddhists from India known to the Chinese as Hu had arrived in Vietnam in AD 100s Buddhism flourished within the region under Shi Xie In contrast to Confucianism Buddhism had deep roots in the Vietnamese psyche 36 Persian and Sogdian merchants also traveled to the Vietnamese coast 37 the region was the home of Kang Senghui a Sogdian Buddhist monk who translated Buddhist texts into Chinese 38 Uprisings EditLocal rebellions were organized by Chu Đạt 156 160 Lương Long 178 181 Khu Lien 192 who founded the Champa kingdom Triệu Chỉ 299 319 Lương Thạch 319 323 Ly Trường Nhan and Ly Thuc Hiến 468 485See also EditTimeline of Vietnam under Chinese ruleReferences Edit Taylor 1983 p 47 Miksic amp Yian 2016 p 157 Taylor 1983 p 49 Alves 2016 p 280 Kiernan 2019 p 84 Alves 2016 p 282 286 Li 2011 p 46 Taylor 1983 p 64 66 Loewe 1986 p 316 Li 2011 p 48 Yu 1986 p 470 Kiernan 2019 p 86 Taylor 1983 p 67 68 Kiernan 2019 p 92 93 Li 2011 p 44 Kiernan 2019 p 89 a b Kiernan 2019 p 85 Taylor 1983 p 69 Taylor 1983 p 92 Taylor 1983 p 89 Kiernan 2019 p 97 a b c d Kiernan 2019 p 98 Miksic amp Yian 2016 p 159 Taylor 1983 p 92 94 Taylor 1983 p 56 Taylor 1983 p 120 a b c Kiernan 2019 p 99 Aymonier 1893 p 7 Churchman 2011 p 67 68 Churchman 2011 p 71 74 Kiernan 2019 p 102 Kiernan 2019 p 103 Dutton 2012 p 26 27 Kiernan 2019 p 92 Kiernan 2019 p 93 Kiernan 2019 p 94 Beaujard 2019 p 558 Beaujard 2019 p 511 Bibliography Edit Articles Edit Alves Mark J 2016 Identifying Early Sino Vietnamese Vocabulary via Linguistic Historical Archaeological and Ethnological Data Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 9 264 295 doi 10 1163 2405478X 00902007 Le Thi Lien 2017 Lung Khe and the Cultural Relationship between Northern and Southern Vietnam Asian Review of World Histories 5 2 53 69 doi 10 1163 22879811 12340005 via Brill Masanari Nishimura 2005 Settlement patterns on the Red River plain from the late prehistoric period to the 10th century AD Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association 25 99 107 doi 10 7152 bippa v25i0 11920 Noriko Nishino 2017 An Introduction to Dr Nishimura Masanari s Research on the Lung Khe Citadel Asian Review of World Histories 5 2 11 27 doi 10 1163 22879811 12340003 via Brill Taylor K 2017 What Lies Behind the Earliest Story of Buddhism in Ancient Vietnam The Journal of Asian Studies 77 1 107 122 doi 10 1017 S0021911817000985 via Cambridge University Press Books Edit Aymonier Etienne 1893 The History of Tchampa the Cyamba of Marco Polo Now Annam Or Cochin China Oriental University Institute Beaujard Philippe 2019 The Worlds of the Indian Ocean Volume 1 From the Fourth Millennium BCE to the Sixth Century CE A Global History Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 10864 332 0 Churchman Michael 2011 The People in Between The Li and the Lao from the Han to the Sui in Li Tana Anderson James A eds The Tongking Gulf Through History Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Press pp 67 86 ISBN 978 0 812 20502 2 Churchman Catherine 2016 The People Between the Rivers The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture 200 750 CE Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 978 1 442 25861 7 Clark Hugh R 2015 The Sinitic Encounter in Southeast China Through the First Millennium CE University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 824 85718 9 Dutton George ed 2012 Sources of Vietnamese Tradition Introduction to Asian Civilizations Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 13862 8 Kiernan Ben 2019 Việt Nam a history from earliest time to the present Oxford University Press Li Tana 2011 Jiaozhi Giao Chỉ in the Han Period Tongking Gulf in Li Tana Anderson James A eds The Tongking Gulf Through History Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Press pp 39 53 ISBN 978 0 812 20502 2 Loewe Michael 1986 The conduct of government and the issues at stake A D 57 167 in Twitchett Denis C Fairbank John King eds The Cambridge History of China Volume 1 The Ch in and Han Empires 221 BC AD 220 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 291 316 Miksic John Norman Yian Goh Geok 2016 Ancient Southeast Asia Routledge Schafer Edward Hetzel 1967 The Vermilion Bird T ang Images of the South Los Angeles University of California Press Taylor Keith Weller 1983 The Birth of the Vietnam University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 07417 0 Yu Ying shih 1986 Han foreign relations in Twitchett Denis C Fairbank John King eds The Cambridge History of China Volume 1 The Ch in and Han Empires 221 BC AD 220 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 377 463Further reading EditTucker Spencer 1999 Vietnam University of Kentucky Press ISBN 978 0813121215 Preceded byTrưng Sisters Dynasty of Vietnam43 544 Succeeded byAnterior Ly dynasty Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Second Era of Northern Domination amp oldid 1140668477, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.