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Brainwave entrainment

March 03, 2023

Brainwave entrainment, also referred to as brainwave synchronization or neural entrainment, refers to the observation that brainwaves (large-scale electrical oscillations in the brain) will naturally synchronize to the rhythm of periodic external stimuli, such as flickering lights,[1] speech,[2] music,[3] or tactile stimuli.

As different conscious states can be associated with different dominant brainwave frequencies,[4] it is hypothesized that brainwave entrainment might induce a desired state. Researchers have found, for instance, that acoustic entrainment of delta waves in slow wave sleep had the functional effect of improving memory in healthy subjects.[5]

Neural oscillation

Main article: Neural oscillation

Neural oscillations are rhythmic or repetitive electrochemical activity in the brain and central nervous system.[6] Such oscillations can be characterized by their frequency, amplitude and phase. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity driven by mechanisms within individual neurons, as well as by interactions between them. They may also adjust frequency to synchronize with the periodic vibration of external acoustic or visual stimuli.[7][8]

The activity of neurons generate electric currents; and the synchronous action of neural ensembles in the cerebral cortex, comprising large numbers of neurons, produce macroscopic oscillations. These phenomena can be monitored and graphically documented by an electroencephalogram (EEG). The electroencephalographic representations of those oscillations are typically denoted by the term 'brainwaves' in common parlance.[9][10]

The technique of recording neural electrical activity within the brain from electrochemical readings taken from the scalp originated with the experiments of Richard Caton in 1875, whose findings were developed into electroencephalography (EEG) by Hans Berger in the late 1920s.

Neural oscillation and cognitive functions

The functional role of neural oscillations is still not fully understood;[11] however they have been shown to correlate with emotional responses, motor control, and a number of cognitive functions including information transfer, perception, and memory.[12][13][14] Specifically, neural oscillations, in particular theta activity, are extensively linked to memory function, and coupling between theta and gamma activity is considered to be vital for memory functions, including episodic memory.[15][16][17]

Etymology

Entrainment is a term originally derived from complex systems theory. The theory explains the way that two or more independent, autonomous oscillators with differing rhythms or frequencies, when situated in proximity where they can interact for long enough, influence each other mutually, to a degree dependent on coupling force. They then adjust until both oscillate with the same frequency. Examples include the mechanical entrainment or cyclic synchronization of two electric clothes dryers placed in close proximity, and the biological entrainment evident in the synchronized illumination of fireflies.[18]

Entrainment is a concept first identified by the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens in 1665 who discovered the phenomenon during an experiment with pendulum clocks: He set them each in motion and found that when he returned the next day, the sway of their pendulums had all synchronized.[19]

Such entrainment occurs because small amounts of energy are transferred between the two systems when they are out of phase in such a way as to produce negative feedback. As they assume a more stable phase relationship, the amount of energy gradually reduces to zero, with systems of greater frequency slowing down, and the other speeding up.[20]

The term 'entrainment' has been used to describe a shared tendency of many physical and biological systems to synchronize their periodicity and rhythm through interaction. This tendency has been identified as specifically pertinent to the study of sound and music generally, and acoustic rhythms specifically. The most familiar examples of neuromotor entrainment to acoustic stimuli is observable in spontaneous foot or finger tapping to the rhythmic beat of a song.

Brainwaves, or neural oscillations, share the fundamental constituents with acoustic and optical waves, including frequency, amplitude and periodicity. Consequently, Huygens' discovery precipitated inquiry[citation needed] into whether or not the synchronous electrical activity of cortical neural ensembles might not only alter in response to external acoustic or optical stimuli but also entrain or synchronize their frequency to that of a specific stimulus.[21][22][23][24]

Brainwave entrainment is a colloquialism for 'neural entrainment',[25] which is a term used to denote the way in which the aggregate frequency of oscillations produced by the synchronous electrical activity in ensembles of cortical neurons can adjust to synchronize with the periodic vibration of external stimuli, such as a sustained acoustic frequency perceived as pitch, a regularly repeating pattern of intermittent sounds, perceived as rhythm, or of a regularly rhythmically intermittent flashing light.

See also

References

  1. ^ Notbohm, Annika; Kurths, Jürgen; Herrmann, Christoph S. (2016). "Modification of Brain Oscillations via Rhythmic Light Stimulation Provides Evidence for Entrainment but Not for Superposition of Event-Related Responses". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 10: 10. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00010. ISSN 1662-5161. PMC 4737907. PMID 26869898.
  2. ^ Ding, Nai; Simon, Jonathan Z. (2014). "Cortical entrainment to continuous speech: functional roles and interpretations". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 8: 311. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00311. ISSN 1662-5161. PMC 4036061. PMID 24904354.
  3. ^ Thaut, Michael H. (2015-01-01), Altenmüller, Eckart; Finger, Stanley; Boller, François (eds.), "Chapter 13 - The discovery of human auditory–motor entrainment and its role in the development of neurologic music therapy", Progress in Brain Research, Music, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Evolution, the Musical Brain, Medical Conditions, and Therapies, Elsevier, 217: 253–266, doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.030, ISBN 9780444635518, PMID 25725919, retrieved 2021-12-01
  4. ^ Cantor, David S.; Evans, James R. (2013-10-18). Clinical Neurotherapy: Application of Techniques for Treatment. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123972910.
  5. ^ Diep, Charmaine; Ftouni, Suzanne; Manousakis, Jessica E; Nicholas, Christian L; Drummond, Sean P A; Anderson, Clare (2019-11-06). "Acoustic slow wave sleep enhancement via a novel, automated device improves executive function in middle-aged men". Sleep. 43 (1). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz197. ISSN 0161-8105. PMID 31691831.
  6. ^ Buzsáki, György. "neural oscillation | Definition, Types, & Synchronization". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  7. ^ Niedermeyer E. and da Silva F.L., Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.
  8. ^ "Capital District Neurofeedback". Saturday, 30 July 2022
  9. ^ da Silva FL (1991). "Neural mechanisms underlying brain waves: from neural membranes to networks". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 79 (2): 81–93. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(91)90044-5. PMID 1713832.
  10. ^ Cooper R, Winter A, Crow H, Walter WG (1965). "Comparison of subcortical, cortical, and scalp activity using chronically indwelling electrodes in man". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 18 (3): 217–230. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(65)90088-x. PMID 14255050.
  11. ^ Llinas, R. R. (2014). "Intrinsic electrical properties of mammalian neurons and CNS function: a historical perspective". Front Cell Neurosci. 8: 320. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00320. PMC 4219458. PMID 25408634.
  12. ^ Fries P (2005). "A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 9 (10): 474–480. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.011. PMID 16150631. S2CID 6275292.
  13. ^ Fell J, Axmacher N (2011). "The role of phase synchronization in memory processes". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 12 (2): 105–118. doi:10.1038/nrn2979. PMID 21248789. S2CID 7422401.
  14. ^ Schnitzler A, Gross J (2005). "Normal and pathological oscillatory communication in the brain". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 6 (4): 285–296. doi:10.1038/nrn1650. PMID 15803160. S2CID 2749709.
  15. ^ Buszaki G (2006). Rhythms of the brain. Oxford University Press.
  16. ^ Nyhus, E; Curran T (June 2010). "Functional role of gamma and theta oscillations in episodic memory". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 34 (7): 1023–1035. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.014. PMC 2856712. PMID 20060015.
  17. ^ Rutishauser U, Ross IB, Mamelak AN, Schuman EM (2010). "Human memory strength is predicted by theta-frequency phase-locking of single neurons" (PDF). Nature. 464 (7290): 903–907. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..903R. doi:10.1038/nature08860. PMID 20336071. S2CID 4417989.
  18. ^ Néda Z, Ravasz E, Brechet Y, Vicsek T, Barabsi AL (2000). "Self-organizing process: The sound of many hands clapping". Nature. 403 (6772): 849–850. arXiv:cond-mat/0003001. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..849N. doi:10.1038/35002660. PMID 10706271. S2CID 4354385.
  19. ^ Pantaleone J (2002). "Synchronization of Metronomes". American Journal of Physics. 70 (10): 992–1000. Bibcode:2002AmJPh..70..992P. doi:10.1119/1.1501118.
  20. ^ Bennett, M., Schatz, M. F., Rockwood, H., and Wiesenfeld, K., Huygens's clocks. Proceedings: Mathematics, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2002, pp563-579.
  21. ^ Will, U., and Berg, E., "Brainwave synchronization and entrainment to periodic stimuli" Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 424, 2007, pp 55–60.
  22. ^ Cade, G. M. and Coxhead, F., The awakened mind, biofeedback and the development of higher states of awareness. New York, NY: Delacorte Press, 1979.
  23. ^ Neher, A., "Auditory driving observed with scalp electrodes in normal subjects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 13, 1961, pp 449–451.
  24. ^ Zakharova, N. N., and Avdeev, V. M., "Functional changes in the central nervous system during music perception. Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni IP Pavlova Vol. 32, No. 5, 1981, pp 915-924.
  25. ^ Obleser, J., Kayser, C., "Neural Entrainment and Attentional Selection in the Listening Brain, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 11, 913-926

Further reading

  • Will U, Berg E (31 August 2007). "Brain wave synchronization and entrainment to periodic acoustic stimuli". Neuroscience Letters. 424 (1): 55–60. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.07.036. PMID 17709189. S2CID 18461549.
  • Kitajo, K.; Hanakawa, T.; Ilmoniemi, R.J.; Miniussi, C. (2015). Manipulative approaches to human brain dynamics. Frontiers Research Topics. Frontiers Media SA. p. 165. ISBN 978-2-88919-479-7.
  • Thaut, M. H., Rhythm, Music, and the Brain: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Applications (Studies on New Music Research). New York, NY: Routledge, 2005.
  • Berger, J. and Turow, G. (Eds.), Music, Science, and the Rhythmic Brain : Cultural and Clinical Implications. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011.

External links

  • This is your brain on communication | Uri Hasson (TEDtalk)

March 03, 2023
brainwave, entrainment, also, referred, brainwave, synchronization, neural, entrainment, refers, observation, that, brainwaves, large, scale, electrical, oscillations, brain, will, naturally, synchronize, rhythm, periodic, external, stimuli, such, flickering, . Brainwave entrainment also referred to as brainwave synchronization or neural entrainment refers to the observation that brainwaves large scale electrical oscillations in the brain will naturally synchronize to the rhythm of periodic external stimuli such as flickering lights 1 speech 2 music 3 or tactile stimuli As different conscious states can be associated with different dominant brainwave frequencies 4 it is hypothesized that brainwave entrainment might induce a desired state Researchers have found for instance that acoustic entrainment of delta waves in slow wave sleep had the functional effect of improving memory in healthy subjects 5 Contents 1 Neural oscillation 2 Neural oscillation and cognitive functions 3 Etymology 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksNeural oscillation EditMain article Neural oscillation Neural oscillations are rhythmic or repetitive electrochemical activity in the brain and central nervous system 6 Such oscillations can be characterized by their frequency amplitude and phase Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity driven by mechanisms within individual neurons as well as by interactions between them They may also adjust frequency to synchronize with the periodic vibration of external acoustic or visual stimuli 7 8 The activity of neurons generate electric currents and the synchronous action of neural ensembles in the cerebral cortex comprising large numbers of neurons produce macroscopic oscillations These phenomena can be monitored and graphically documented by an electroencephalogram EEG The electroencephalographic representations of those oscillations are typically denoted by the term brainwaves in common parlance 9 10 The technique of recording neural electrical activity within the brain from electrochemical readings taken from the scalp originated with the experiments of Richard Caton in 1875 whose findings were developed into electroencephalography EEG by Hans Berger in the late 1920s Neural oscillation and cognitive functions EditThe functional role of neural oscillations is still not fully understood 11 however they have been shown to correlate with emotional responses motor control and a number of cognitive functions including information transfer perception and memory 12 13 14 Specifically neural oscillations in particular theta activity are extensively linked to memory function and coupling between theta and gamma activity is considered to be vital for memory functions including episodic memory 15 16 17 Etymology EditEntrainment is a term originally derived from complex systems theory The theory explains the way that two or more independent autonomous oscillators with differing rhythms or frequencies when situated in proximity where they can interact for long enough influence each other mutually to a degree dependent on coupling force They then adjust until both oscillate with the same frequency Examples include the mechanical entrainment or cyclic synchronization of two electric clothes dryers placed in close proximity and the biological entrainment evident in the synchronized illumination of fireflies 18 Entrainment is a concept first identified by the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens in 1665 who discovered the phenomenon during an experiment with pendulum clocks He set them each in motion and found that when he returned the next day the sway of their pendulums had all synchronized 19 Such entrainment occurs because small amounts of energy are transferred between the two systems when they are out of phase in such a way as to produce negative feedback As they assume a more stable phase relationship the amount of energy gradually reduces to zero with systems of greater frequency slowing down and the other speeding up 20 The term entrainment has been used to describe a shared tendency of many physical and biological systems to synchronize their periodicity and rhythm through interaction This tendency has been identified as specifically pertinent to the study of sound and music generally and acoustic rhythms specifically The most familiar examples of neuromotor entrainment to acoustic stimuli is observable in spontaneous foot or finger tapping to the rhythmic beat of a song Brainwaves or neural oscillations share the fundamental constituents with acoustic and optical waves including frequency amplitude and periodicity Consequently Huygens discovery precipitated inquiry citation needed into whether or not the synchronous electrical activity of cortical neural ensembles might not only alter in response to external acoustic or optical stimuli but also entrain or synchronize their frequency to that of a specific stimulus 21 22 23 24 Brainwave entrainment is a colloquialism for neural entrainment 25 which is a term used to denote the way in which the aggregate frequency of oscillations produced by the synchronous electrical activity in ensembles of cortical neurons can adjust to synchronize with the periodic vibration of external stimuli such as a sustained acoustic frequency perceived as pitch a regularly repeating pattern of intermittent sounds perceived as rhythm or of a regularly rhythmically intermittent flashing light See also EditBeat acoustics Electroencephalography Neural oscillationReferences Edit Notbohm Annika Kurths Jurgen Herrmann Christoph S 2016 Modification of Brain Oscillations via Rhythmic Light Stimulation Provides Evidence for Entrainment but Not for Superposition of Event Related Responses Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10 10 doi 10 3389 fnhum 2016 00010 ISSN 1662 5161 PMC 4737907 PMID 26869898 Ding Nai Simon Jonathan Z 2014 Cortical entrainment to continuous speech functional roles and interpretations Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 311 doi 10 3389 fnhum 2014 00311 ISSN 1662 5161 PMC 4036061 PMID 24904354 Thaut Michael H 2015 01 01 Altenmuller Eckart Finger Stanley Boller Francois eds Chapter 13 The discovery of human auditory motor entrainment and its role in the development of neurologic music therapy Progress in Brain Research Music Neurology and Neuroscience Evolution the Musical Brain Medical Conditions and Therapies Elsevier 217 253 266 doi 10 1016 bs pbr 2014 11 030 ISBN 9780444635518 PMID 25725919 retrieved 2021 12 01 Cantor David S Evans James R 2013 10 18 Clinical Neurotherapy Application of Techniques for Treatment Academic Press ISBN 9780123972910 Diep Charmaine Ftouni Suzanne Manousakis Jessica E Nicholas Christian L Drummond Sean P A Anderson Clare 2019 11 06 Acoustic slow wave sleep enhancement via a novel automated device improves executive function in middle aged men Sleep 43 1 doi 10 1093 sleep zsz197 ISSN 0161 8105 PMID 31691831 Buzsaki Gyorgy neural oscillation Definition Types amp Synchronization Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 7 January 2021 Niedermeyer E and da Silva F L Electroencephalography Basic Principles Clinical Applications and Related Fields Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins 2004 Capital District Neurofeedback Saturday 30 July 2022 da Silva FL 1991 Neural mechanisms underlying brain waves from neural membranes to networks Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 79 2 81 93 doi 10 1016 0013 4694 91 90044 5 PMID 1713832 Cooper R Winter A Crow H Walter WG 1965 Comparison of subcortical cortical and scalp activity using chronically indwelling electrodes in man Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 18 3 217 230 doi 10 1016 0013 4694 65 90088 x PMID 14255050 Llinas R R 2014 Intrinsic electrical properties of mammalian neurons and CNS function a historical perspective Front Cell Neurosci 8 320 doi 10 3389 fncel 2014 00320 PMC 4219458 PMID 25408634 Fries P 2005 A mechanism for cognitive dynamics neuronal communication through neuronal coherence Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 10 474 480 doi 10 1016 j tics 2005 08 011 PMID 16150631 S2CID 6275292 Fell J Axmacher N 2011 The role of phase synchronization in memory processes Nature Reviews Neuroscience 12 2 105 118 doi 10 1038 nrn2979 PMID 21248789 S2CID 7422401 Schnitzler A Gross J 2005 Normal and pathological oscillatory communication in the brain Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 4 285 296 doi 10 1038 nrn1650 PMID 15803160 S2CID 2749709 Buszaki G 2006 Rhythms of the brain Oxford University Press Nyhus E Curran T June 2010 Functional role of gamma and theta oscillations in episodic memory Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 34 7 1023 1035 doi 10 1016 j neubiorev 2009 12 014 PMC 2856712 PMID 20060015 Rutishauser U Ross IB Mamelak AN Schuman EM 2010 Human memory strength is predicted by theta frequency phase locking of single neurons PDF Nature 464 7290 903 907 Bibcode 2010Natur 464 903R doi 10 1038 nature08860 PMID 20336071 S2CID 4417989 Neda Z Ravasz E Brechet Y Vicsek T Barabsi AL 2000 Self organizing process The sound of many hands clapping Nature 403 6772 849 850 arXiv cond mat 0003001 Bibcode 2000Natur 403 849N doi 10 1038 35002660 PMID 10706271 S2CID 4354385 Pantaleone J 2002 Synchronization of Metronomes American Journal of Physics 70 10 992 1000 Bibcode 2002AmJPh 70 992P doi 10 1119 1 1501118 Bennett M Schatz M F Rockwood H and Wiesenfeld K Huygens s clocks Proceedings Mathematics Physical and Engineering Sciences 2002 pp563 579 Will U and Berg E Brainwave synchronization and entrainment to periodic stimuli Neuroscience Letters Vol 424 2007 pp 55 60 Cade G M and Coxhead F The awakened mind biofeedback and the development of higher states of awareness New York NY Delacorte Press 1979 Neher A Auditory driving observed with scalp electrodes in normal subjects Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 13 1961 pp 449 451 Zakharova N N and Avdeev V M Functional changes in the central nervous system during music perception Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni IP Pavlova Vol 32 No 5 1981 pp 915 924 Obleser J Kayser C Neural Entrainment and Attentional Selection in the Listening Brain Trends in Cognitive Sciences Vol 23 No 11 913 926Further reading EditWill U Berg E 31 August 2007 Brain wave synchronization and entrainment to periodic acoustic stimuli Neuroscience Letters 424 1 55 60 doi 10 1016 j neulet 2007 07 036 PMID 17709189 S2CID 18461549 Kitajo K Hanakawa T Ilmoniemi R J Miniussi C 2015 Manipulative approaches to human brain dynamics Frontiers Research Topics Frontiers Media SA p 165 ISBN 978 2 88919 479 7 Thaut M H Rhythm Music and the Brain Scientific Foundations and Clinical Applications Studies on New Music Research New York NY Routledge 2005 Berger J and Turow G Eds Music Science and the Rhythmic Brain Cultural and Clinical Implications New York NY Routledge 2011 External links EditThis is your brain on communication Uri Hasson TEDtalk Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brainwave entrainment amp oldid 1139626438, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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