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Synchronization

March 31, 2023

For other uses, see Synchronization (disambiguation).

Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. For example, the conductor of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or in time. Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync—and those that are not are asynchronous.

Synchronized dancers

Today, time synchronization can occur between systems around the world through satellite navigation signals and other time and frequency transfer techniques.

Navigation and railways

Time-keeping and synchronization of clocks is a critical problem in long-distance ocean navigation. Before radio navigation and satellite-based navigation, navigators required accurate time in conjunction with astronomical observations to determine how far east or west their vessel traveled. The invention of an accurate marine chronometer revolutionized marine navigation. By the end of the 19th century, important ports provided time signals in the form of a signal gun, flag, or dropping time ball so that mariners could check and correct their chronometers for error.

Synchronization was important in the operation of 19th-century railways, these being the first major means of transport fast enough for differences in local mean time between nearby towns to be noticeable. Each line handled the problem by synchronizing all its stations to headquarters as a standard railway time. In some territories, companies shared a single railroad track and needed to avoid collisions. The need for strict timekeeping led the companies to settle on one standard, and civil authorities eventually abandoned local mean time in favor of railway time.

Communication

Further information: Synchronization in telecommunications

In electrical engineering terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a synchronous circuit requires a clock signal. A clock signal simply signals the start or end of some time period, often measured in microseconds or nanoseconds, that has an arbitrary relationship to any other system of measurement of the passage of minutes, hours, and days.

In a different sense, electronic systems are sometimes synchronized to make events at points far apart appear simultaneous or near-simultaneous from a certain perspective.[a] Timekeeping technologies such as the GPS satellites and Network Time Protocol (NTP) provide real-time access to a close approximation to the UTC timescale and are used for many terrestrial synchronization applications of this kind.

In computer science (especially parallel computing), synchronization is the coordination of simultaneous threads or processes to complete a task with correct runtime order and no unexpected race conditions; see synchronization (computer science) for details.

Synchronization is also an important concept in the following fields:

Dynamical systems

A mechanical demonstration of synchronization of oscillators: metronomes, initially out of phase, synchronize through small motions of the base on which they are placed
See also: Synchronization of chaos

Synchronization of multiple interacting dynamical systems can occur when the systems are autonomous oscillators. Poincaré phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks.[1] In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the Kuramoto model phase transition.[2] Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.

Applications

Neuroscience

In cognitive neuroscience, (stimulus-dependent) (phase-)synchronous oscillations of neuron populations serve to solve the general "binding problem". According to the so-called "Binding-By-Synchrony (BBS) Hypothesis"[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] a precise temporal correlation between the impulses of neurons ("cross-correlation analysis"[10]) and thus a stimulus-dependent temporal synchronization of the coherent activity of subpopulations of neurons emerges. Moreover, this synchronization mechanism circumvents the "superposition problem"[11] by more effectively identifying the signature of synchronous neuronal signals as belonging together for subsequent (sub-)cortical information processing areas.

Cognitive science

In cognitive science, integrative (phase) synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of modern connectionism that include coupled oscillators (e.g."Oscillatory Networks"[12]) are used to solve the binding problem of cognitive neuroscience in perceptual cognition ("feature binding") and in language cognition ("variable binding").[13][14][15][16]

Human movement

 
Troops use synchronization to learn teamwork

Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned.[17] This is different from mimicry, which occurs after a short delay.[18] Line dance and military step are examples.

Muscular bonding is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions.[19] This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion. In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity,[20] cooperation and trust.[21][failed verification]

In dyads, groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation,[22] self-esteem,[23] compassion and altruistic behaviour[24] and increase rapport.[25] During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors.[26] There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad.[22] This is known as interpersonal synchrony.

There has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone; however, many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, which leads to the pro-social effects of synchrony.[27] More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony.[28]

Uses

Synchronization is important in digital telephony, video and digital audio where streams of sampled data are manipulated. Synchronization of image and sound was an important technical problem in sound film. More sophisticated film, video, and audio applications use time code to synchronize audio and video.[citation needed] In movie and television production it is necessary to synchronize video frames from multiple cameras. In addition to enabling basic editing, synchronization can also be used for 3D reconstruction[29]

In electric power systems, alternator synchronization is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid.

Arbiters are needed in digital electronic systems such as microprocessors to deal with asynchronous inputs. There are also electronic digital circuits called synchronizers that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle. Synchronizers, unlike arbiters, are prone to failure. (See metastability in electronics).

Encryption systems usually require some synchronization mechanism to ensure that the receiving cipher is decoding the right bits at the right time.

Automotive transmissions contain synchronizers that bring the toothed rotating parts (gears and splined shaft) to the same rotational velocity before engaging the teeth.

Flash synchronization synchronizes the flash with the shutter.

Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the order of the event is important.[citation needed]

See also

Order synchronization and related topics
Video and audio engineering
Compare with

Notes

  1. ^ Albert Einstein proved in 1905 in his first relativity paper that there actually are no such things as absolutely simultaneous events.

References

  1. ^ Nolte, David (2015). Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time. Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ "The Surprising Secret of Synchronization". YouTube.
  3. ^ Singer, W. (1999). Neuronal synchrony: A versatile code for the definition of relations. Neuron, 24, 49-65.
  4. ^ Singer, W. (1999a). Binding by neural synchrony. In R. A. Wilson & F. C. Keil (eds.): The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences (pp. 81-84). Cambridge, MA, London: The MIT Press.
  5. ^ Singer, W. (2009a). Consciousness and neuronal synchronization. In S. Laureys & G. Tononi: The neurology of consciousness: Cognitive neuroscience and neuropathology (pp. 43-52). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  6. ^ Singer, W. (2009b). Neural synchrony and feature binding. In L.R. Squire (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Vol. 6 (pp. 253-259). Oxford: Academic Press.
  7. ^ Singer, W. (2013a). The neuronal correlate of consciousness: Unity in time rather than space? Neurosciences and the Human Person: New Perspectives on Human Activities Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Scripta Varia. Vol. 121. Vatican City. 2013. From: www.casinapioiv.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/sv121/sv121-singer.pdf
  8. ^ Singer, W. (2013b). Cortical dynamics revisited. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17, 616-626.
  9. ^ Singer, W. (2018). Neuronal oscillations: unavoidable and useful? European Journal of Neuroscience 48, 2389-2399.
  10. ^ Engel, A. K., König, P., Gray, C. M. & Singer, W. (1990). Stimulus-dependent neuronal oscillations in cat visual cortex: Intercolumnar interaction as determined by cross-correlation analysis. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2, 588-606.
  11. ^ Malsburg, C. von der (1999). The what and why of binding: The modeler's perspective. Neuron, 24, 95-104.
  12. ^ Werning, M. (2012). Non-symbolic compositional representation and its neuronal foundation: Towards an emulative semantics. In M. Werning, W. Hinzen & E. Machery (eds.), The Oxford handbook of compositionality (pp. 633-654). Oxford University Press. Oxford.
  13. ^ Maurer, H. (2021). Cognitive science: Integrative synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of the modern connectionism. CRC Press, Boca Raton/FL, ISBN 978-1-351-04352-6. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351043526
  14. ^ Maurer, H. (2016). „Integrative synchronization mechanisms in connectionist cognitive Neuroarchitectures“. Computational Cognitive Science. 2: 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40469-016-0010-8
  15. ^ Marcus, G.F. (2001). The algebraic mind. Integrating connectionism and cognitive science. Bradford Book, The MIT Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-262-13379-2. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1187.001.0001
  16. ^ Bechtel,W. & Abrahamsen, A.A. (2002). Connectionism and the Mind: Parallel Processing, Dynamics, and Evolution in Networks. 2nd Edition. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
  17. ^ Condon, W. S.; Ogston, W. D. (1 October 1966). "Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 143 (4): 338–347. doi:10.1097/00005053-196610000-00005. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 5958766. S2CID 19384588.
  18. ^ Richardson, Michael J.; Marsh, Kerry L.; Schmidt, R. C. (1 February 2005). "Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination". Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. 31 (1): 62–79. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.176.8093. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62. ISSN 0096-1523. PMID 15709863.
  19. ^ McNeill, William Hardy (30 September 1997). Keeping Together in Time. hdl:2027/heb.04002.0001.001. ISBN 978-0-674-50230-7.
  20. ^ Dong, Ping; Dai, Xianchi; Wyer, Robert S. (1 January 2015). "Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 108 (1): 60–75. doi:10.1037/pspi0000001. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 25437130.
  21. ^ "Synchrony and Cooperation – PubMed – Search Results". Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  22. ^ a b Hove, Michael J.; Risen, Jane L. (2009). "It's All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation". Social Cognition. 27 (6): 949. doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.949.
  23. ^ Lumsden, Joanne; Miles, Lynden K.; Macrae, C. Neil (1 January 2014). "Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem". Frontiers in Psychology. 5: 1064. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064. PMC 4168669. PMID 25285090.
  24. ^ Valdesolo, Piercarlo; Desteno, David (1 April 2011). "Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion". Emotion. 11 (2): 262–266. doi:10.1037/a0021302. ISSN 1931-1516. PMID 21500895.
  25. ^ Vacharkulksemsuk, Tanya; Fredrickson, Barbara L. (1 January 2012). "Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 48 (1): 399–402. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015. ISSN 0022-1031. PMC 3290409. PMID 22389521.
  26. ^ Paxton, Alexandra; Dale, Rick (1 January 2013). "Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 66 (11): 2092–2102. doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.853089. ISSN 1747-0226. PMID 24303888. S2CID 9565508.
  27. ^ Reddish, Paul; Fischer, Ronald; Bulbulia, Joseph (1 January 2013). "Let's dance together: synchrony, shared intentionality and cooperation". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e71182. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871182R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071182. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3737148. PMID 23951106.
  28. ^ Ellamil, Melissa; Berson, Josh; Margulies, Daniel S. (1 January 2016). "Influences on and Measures of Unintentional Group Synchrony". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1744. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01744. PMC 5101201. PMID 27881968.
  29. ^ Moore, Carl, et al. "Synchronization of images from multiple cameras to reconstruct a moving human." 2010 IEEE/ACM 14th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications. IEEE, 2010.

External links

 
Look up synchronization in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  •   Media related to Synchronization at Wikimedia Commons
  • J. Domański "Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film" 12 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine

March 31, 2023
synchronization, other, uses, disambiguation, coordination, events, operate, system, unison, example, conductor, orchestra, keeps, orchestra, synchronized, time, systems, that, operate, with, parts, synchrony, said, synchronous, sync, those, that, asynchronous. For other uses see Synchronization disambiguation Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison For example the conductor of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or in time Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync and those that are not are asynchronous Synchronized dancers Today time synchronization can occur between systems around the world through satellite navigation signals and other time and frequency transfer techniques Contents 1 Navigation and railways 2 Communication 3 Dynamical systems 4 Applications 4 1 Neuroscience 4 2 Cognitive science 5 Human movement 6 Uses 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksNavigation and railways EditTime keeping and synchronization of clocks is a critical problem in long distance ocean navigation Before radio navigation and satellite based navigation navigators required accurate time in conjunction with astronomical observations to determine how far east or west their vessel traveled The invention of an accurate marine chronometer revolutionized marine navigation By the end of the 19th century important ports provided time signals in the form of a signal gun flag or dropping time ball so that mariners could check and correct their chronometers for error Synchronization was important in the operation of 19th century railways these being the first major means of transport fast enough for differences in local mean time between nearby towns to be noticeable Each line handled the problem by synchronizing all its stations to headquarters as a standard railway time In some territories companies shared a single railroad track and needed to avoid collisions The need for strict timekeeping led the companies to settle on one standard and civil authorities eventually abandoned local mean time in favor of railway time Communication EditFurther information Synchronization in telecommunications In electrical engineering terms for digital logic and data transfer a synchronous circuit requires a clock signal A clock signal simply signals the start or end of some time period often measured in microseconds or nanoseconds that has an arbitrary relationship to any other system of measurement of the passage of minutes hours and days In a different sense electronic systems are sometimes synchronized to make events at points far apart appear simultaneous or near simultaneous from a certain perspective a Timekeeping technologies such as the GPS satellites and Network Time Protocol NTP provide real time access to a close approximation to the UTC timescale and are used for many terrestrial synchronization applications of this kind In computer science especially parallel computing synchronization is the coordination of simultaneous threads or processes to complete a task with correct runtime order and no unexpected race conditions see synchronization computer science for details Synchronization is also an important concept in the following fields Cryptography Lip sync Multimedia Rhythm Neuroscience Photography Physics The idea of simultaneity has many difficulties both in practice and theory Synthesizers Telecommunication Frame synchronization Synchronization video Dynamical systems Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source A mechanical demonstration of synchronization of oscillators metronomes initially out of phase synchronize through small motions of the base on which they are placed See also Synchronization of chaos Synchronization of multiple interacting dynamical systems can occur when the systems are autonomous oscillators Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks 1 In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold This is known as the Kuramoto model phase transition 2 Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems including neural signaling the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire fly light waves Applications EditNeuroscience Edit In cognitive neuroscience stimulus dependent phase synchronous oscillations of neuron populations serve to solve the general binding problem According to the so called Binding By Synchrony BBS Hypothesis 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a precise temporal correlation between the impulses of neurons cross correlation analysis 10 and thus a stimulus dependent temporal synchronization of the coherent activity of subpopulations of neurons emerges Moreover this synchronization mechanism circumvents the superposition problem 11 by more effectively identifying the signature of synchronous neuronal signals as belonging together for subsequent sub cortical information processing areas Cognitive science Edit In cognitive science integrative phase synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of modern connectionism that include coupled oscillators e g Oscillatory Networks 12 are used to solve the binding problem of cognitive neuroscience in perceptual cognition feature binding and in language cognition variable binding 13 14 15 16 Human movement EditThis section relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Synchronization body movement news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Troops use synchronization to learn teamwork Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned 17 This is different from mimicry which occurs after a short delay 18 Line dance and military step are examples Muscular bonding is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions 19 This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion In groups synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity 20 cooperation and trust 21 failed verification In dyads groups of two people synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation 22 self esteem 23 compassion and altruistic behaviour 24 and increase rapport 25 During arguments synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors 26 There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad 22 This is known as interpersonal synchrony There has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony have attributed this to synchrony alone however many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony Indeed the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring which leads to the pro social effects of synchrony 27 More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony 28 Uses EditSynchronization is important in digital telephony video and digital audio where streams of sampled data are manipulated Synchronization of image and sound was an important technical problem in sound film More sophisticated film video and audio applications use time code to synchronize audio and video citation needed In movie and television production it is necessary to synchronize video frames from multiple cameras In addition to enabling basic editing synchronization can also be used for 3D reconstruction 29 In electric power systems alternator synchronization is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid Arbiters are needed in digital electronic systems such as microprocessors to deal with asynchronous inputs There are also electronic digital circuits called synchronizers that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle Synchronizers unlike arbiters are prone to failure See metastability in electronics Encryption systems usually require some synchronization mechanism to ensure that the receiving cipher is decoding the right bits at the right time Automotive transmissions contain synchronizers that bring the toothed rotating parts gears and splined shaft to the same rotational velocity before engaging the teeth Flash synchronization synchronizes the flash with the shutter Some systems may be only approximately synchronized or plesiochronous Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined For others only the order of the event is important citation needed See also EditAtomic clock Clock synchronization Data synchronization Double ended synchronization Einstein synchronisation Entrainment physics Eskimo yo yo Homochronous Mutual exclusion Phase locked loop Phase synchronization Reciprocal socialization Synchronism disambiguation Synchronization alternating current Synchronization of chaos Synchronization rights Synchronizer disambiguation Synchronous conferencing Timing synchronization function TSF Order synchronization and related topicsConcurrency control Interlocking Rendezvous problem Room synchronization Synchronization gearVideo and audio engineeringGenlock Jam sync SMPTE timecode Timecode Word syncCompare withAsynchrony disambiguation Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling Synchronicity an alternative organizing principle to causality conceived by Carl Jung Notes Edit Albert Einstein proved in 1905 in his first relativity paper that there actually are no such things as absolutely simultaneous events References Edit Nolte David 2015 Introduction to Modern Dynamics Chaos Networks Space and Time Oxford University Press The Surprising Secret of Synchronization YouTube Singer W 1999 Neuronal synchrony A versatile code for the definition of relations Neuron 24 49 65 Singer W 1999a Binding by neural synchrony In R A Wilson amp F C Keil eds The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences pp 81 84 Cambridge MA London The MIT Press Singer W 2009a Consciousness and neuronal synchronization In S Laureys amp G Tononi The neurology of consciousness Cognitive neuroscience and neuropathology pp 43 52 Amsterdam Elsevier Singer W 2009b Neural synchrony and feature binding In L R Squire Ed Encyclopedia of Neuroscience Vol 6 pp 253 259 Oxford Academic Press Singer W 2013a The neuronal correlate of consciousness Unity in time rather than space Neurosciences and the Human Person New Perspectives on Human Activities Pontifical Academy of Sciences Scripta Varia Vol 121 Vatican City 2013 From www casinapioiv va content dam accademia pdf sv121 sv121 singer pdf Singer W 2013b Cortical dynamics revisited Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17 616 626 Singer W 2018 Neuronal oscillations unavoidable and useful European Journal of Neuroscience 48 2389 2399 Engel A K Konig P Gray C M amp Singer W 1990 Stimulus dependent neuronal oscillations in cat visual cortex Intercolumnar interaction as determined by cross correlation analysis European Journal of Neuroscience 2 588 606 Malsburg C von der 1999 The what and why of binding The modeler s perspective Neuron 24 95 104 Werning M 2012 Non symbolic compositional representation and its neuronal foundation Towards an emulative semantics In M Werning W Hinzen amp E Machery eds The Oxford handbook of compositionality pp 633 654 Oxford University Press Oxford Maurer H 2021 Cognitive science Integrative synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of the modern connectionism CRC Press Boca Raton FL ISBN 978 1 351 04352 6 https doi org 10 1201 9781351043526 Maurer H 2016 Integrative synchronization mechanisms in connectionist cognitive Neuroarchitectures Computational Cognitive Science 2 3 https doi org 10 1186 s40469 016 0010 8 Marcus G F 2001 The algebraic mind Integrating connectionism and cognitive science Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge ISBN 0 262 13379 2 https doi org 10 7551 mitpress 1187 001 0001 Bechtel W amp Abrahamsen A A 2002 Connectionism and the Mind Parallel Processing Dynamics and Evolution in Networks 2nd Edition Blackwell Publishers Oxford Condon W S Ogston W D 1 October 1966 Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 143 4 338 347 doi 10 1097 00005053 196610000 00005 ISSN 0022 3018 PMID 5958766 S2CID 19384588 Richardson Michael J Marsh Kerry L Schmidt R C 1 February 2005 Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance 31 1 62 79 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 176 8093 doi 10 1037 0096 1523 31 1 62 ISSN 0096 1523 PMID 15709863 McNeill William Hardy 30 September 1997 Keeping Together in Time hdl 2027 heb 04002 0001 001 ISBN 978 0 674 50230 7 Dong Ping Dai Xianchi Wyer Robert S 1 January 2015 Actors conform observers react the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108 1 60 75 doi 10 1037 pspi0000001 ISSN 1939 1315 PMID 25437130 Synchrony and Cooperation PubMed Search Results Retrieved 2 February 2017 a b Hove Michael J Risen Jane L 2009 It s All in the Timing Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation Social Cognition 27 6 949 doi 10 1521 soco 2009 27 6 949 Lumsden Joanne Miles Lynden K Macrae C Neil 1 January 2014 Sync or sink Interpersonal synchrony impacts self esteem Frontiers in Psychology 5 1064 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2014 01064 PMC 4168669 PMID 25285090 Valdesolo Piercarlo Desteno David 1 April 2011 Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion Emotion 11 2 262 266 doi 10 1037 a0021302 ISSN 1931 1516 PMID 21500895 Vacharkulksemsuk Tanya Fredrickson Barbara L 1 January 2012 Strangers in sync Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 1 399 402 doi 10 1016 j jesp 2011 07 015 ISSN 0022 1031 PMC 3290409 PMID 22389521 Paxton Alexandra Dale Rick 1 January 2013 Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 66 11 2092 2102 doi 10 1080 17470218 2013 853089 ISSN 1747 0226 PMID 24303888 S2CID 9565508 Reddish Paul Fischer Ronald Bulbulia Joseph 1 January 2013 Let s dance together synchrony shared intentionality and cooperation PLOS ONE 8 8 e71182 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 871182R doi 10 1371 journal pone 0071182 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3737148 PMID 23951106 Ellamil Melissa Berson Josh Margulies Daniel S 1 January 2016 Influences on and Measures of Unintentional Group Synchrony Frontiers in Psychology 7 1744 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2016 01744 PMC 5101201 PMID 27881968 Moore Carl et al Synchronization of images from multiple cameras to reconstruct a moving human 2010 IEEE ACM 14th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications IEEE 2010 External links Edit Look up synchronization in Wiktionary the free dictionary Media related to Synchronization at Wikimedia Commons J Domanski Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film Archived 12 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Synchronization amp oldid 1142280752, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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