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Pan-African Women's Organization

May 03, 2024

The Pan-African Women's Organization (PAWO, Organisation Panafricaine des Femmes, (OPF)) was founded as the African Women's Union in 1962. In 1974, the organization changed its name to the Pan-African Women's Organization. It was originally formed as an organization to fight against colonialism and racial discrimination and allow women across Africa to unite in their efforts for gaining socio-economic equality. Independence and an end to Apartheid, shifted the organizational goals toward human rights and peace activism. It is currently headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Pan-African Women's Organization Organisation Panafricaine des Femmes
AbbreviationPAWO
PredecessorAfrican Women's Union
Successor31 July 1974; 49 years ago (1974-07-31)
Formation31 July 1962; 61 years ago (1962-07-31)
Founded atDar es Salaam, Tanganyika
TypeNGO
HeadquartersAddis Ababa, Ethiopia
Official language
Arabic, English, French, Portuguese
Secretary General
Grace Kabayo (Uganda)
President
Eunice Lipinge (Namibia)
PublicationAfrican Woman
Websitewww.opfpawo.com
Formerly called
African Women's Organization, All-Africa Women's Conference, Conference of African Women

History edit

Aoua Kéita, a French Sudanese midwife and trade unionist, and Jeanne Martin Cissé, a Guinean teacher, led a series of meetings to generate discussion on Pan-Africanism throughout Africa in 1961.[1] A conference was held in Guinea in July for women's associations to discuss organizing together in their struggles for national liberation. Women from Dahomey (now Benin) Egypt, Liberia, Morocco, Niger, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Togo, and Tunisia, met to plan an organizational conference to be held in Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika on the last day of July. The planning committee sent invitations to all known women's groups across the continent.[2] Delegates attended from, Algeria, Angola, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Northern Rhodesia, Republic of Congo, Senegal, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Tanganyika, Togo, Tunisia, and Zanzibar, who formed the African Women's Union,[3] sometimes referred to as the All-Africa Women's Conference,[4] or Conference of African Women.[5]

The organization names its founders as Putuse Apollos (1930–1986, Namibia),[6][7] Phoebe Asiyo (1932, Kenya), Nima Ba (1927–2021, Guinea), Fatoumata Agnès Diaroumeye Bembelo (Niger), Fathia Bettahar[6] (1936–2021, Algeria),[8] Angie Brooks (1928–2007, Liberia), Jeanne Martin Cissé (1926–2017, Guinea), Fatou Toure Conde (1929, Guinea), Jeanne Gervais (1922–2012, Ivory Coast), Radhia Haddad (1922–2003, Tunisia), Jeannette Haïdara (1924–2008), Yodit (Judith) Imru[6] (1931[9]-2007, Ethiopia), Betty Kaunda (1928–2012, Zambia), Aoua Keita (1912–1980, Mali), Margaret Wambui Kenyatta (1928–2017, Kenya), Pumla Ellen Ngozwana Kisosonkole[6] (1911–1997,[10] South Africa/Uganda), Muthoni Likimani[6] (born 1925,[11] Kenya), Bibi Titi Mohammed (1926–2000, Tanzania), Joyce Mpanga[6] (1934–2023, Uganda),[12], Rebecca Mulira[6] (1920–2002, Uganda),[13] Ruth Neto (Angola), Fathia Nkrumah (1932–2007,[14] Egypt/Ghana), Maria Nyerere (1930, Tanzania), Aïssata Sow-Coulibaly (1920–1971, Mali), Adelaide Tambo (1929–2007, South Africa), Jacqueline Tapsoba (Burkina Faso), Aïssata Berthe Traore (1927–2005, Mali), and Marguerite Adjoavi Thompson Trénou (1921–2008, Togo).[6]

Organizational structure and goals edit

The initial goals of the organization were to create a platform where women could become politically active in the African nationalist movements and oppose colonialism and racist policies in their fight for equality,[15] in the socio-economic and cultural development of their nations.[16] The women's fight to improving their living conditions in the independence movements focused on both violence against women and the dual constraints placed upon women by colonial and traditional cultural power hierarchies.[17] The first secretary general of the organization was Jeanne Cissé,[4] and it was headquartered in Bamako, Mali until the 1968 coup d'état,[18] when the headquarters relocated to Guinea.[3] In honor of the founding congress, 31 July became recognized in 1970, as Pan-African Women's Day.[18] At the July 1974 Congress, the name of the organization was changed to the Pan-African Women's Organization (PAWO) / Organisation Panafricaine des Femmes (OPF),[16][19], the headquarters moved to Algiers and Fathia Bettahar was elected to succeed Cissé as secretary general.[20] At the 6th Congress of PAWO, held in March 1986, Bettahar stepped down when Ruth Neto was elected as general secretary and the organizational headquarters moved to Luanda, Angola.[21] Neto was succeeded by Assetou Koité of Senegal as secretary general in 1997.[22] Besides its headquarters, the organization has regional division offices in Equatorial Guinea, Niger, Tanzania and Tunisia, which work in conjunction with national organizations.[16][23] All national women's organizations of the members of the Organisation of African Unity, until its demise in 2002, were members of the Pan-African Women's Organization.[19][24] The Organisation of African Unity was founded in 1963 and from that date PAWO had observer status with the organization.[25]

The executive council of the organization meets biennially and congresses were initially held every four years for delegates of all member organizations.[24] The umbrella organization unites women from 54 countries and territories, and publishes African Woman quarterly in Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese. Congresses have been held in 1962 in Dar es Salaam, Tabganyika; in 1964 in Monrovia, Liberia; in 1968 in Algiers, Algeria; in 1974 in Dakar, Senegal; in 1980 in Tripoli, Libya; in 1986 in Angola; in 1992 in Ouagadougou, Burkino Faso; in 1997 in Harare, Zimbabwe; in 1999 in Windhoek, Namibia; in 2002 in Luanda, Angola; in 2003 and 2008 in Pretoria, South Africa;[26] and in 2020 in Windhoek, Namibia.[27]

With the independence of countries in the continent and the end of the Cold War and Apartheid, the focus of PAWO shifted toward peace activism and the human rights of women and girls.[15] Top priorities include cultural development and ending gender disparities, particularly in the areas of education, eradicating poverty, and improving opportunities.[28] Health and well-being programs, as well as political representation are also among the focuses of the organization.[29] It also provides a networking platform for the women of Africa to interact and coordinate activities with other international feminist organizations.[30] The headquarters moved from Angola to Pretoria, South Africa in 2008 when Koité was elected as PAWO president,[31] and later relocated to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Eunice Lipinge of Namibia was elected to succeed Koité as president in 2020 and Grace Kabayo (Uganda)[18][27] succeeded Yatima Nahara (South Africa),[32][33] and Pinky Kekana (South Africa) as secretary general.[34] PAWO has consultative status with the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the United Nations Economic and Social Council.[26] Since 2017, the organization has been an official specialized agency of the African Union.[35]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Adi 2018, p. 153.
  2. ^ Adi 2018, pp. 153–154.
  3. ^ a b Adi 2018, p. 154.
  4. ^ a b Snyder & Tadesse 1995, p. 28.
  5. ^ Campbell 2018, p. 1067.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h PAWO 2023.
  7. ^ Akawa 2014, p. 69.
  8. ^ Bencherif 2021, p. 10.
  9. ^ Amnesty International 1995.
  10. ^ Miller 2012.
  11. ^ Bekers 2012.
  12. ^ & Asiteza 2023.
  13. ^ Earle 2012.
  14. ^ Lundt 2020, p. 344.
  15. ^ a b Serbin & Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy 2015, p. 82.
  16. ^ a b c DeLancey & Mays 1994, p. 221.
  17. ^ Serbin & Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy 2015, p. 86.
  18. ^ a b c A-APRP 2021.
  19. ^ a b Snyder & Tadesse 1995, p. 76.
  20. ^ Année africaine 1975, p. 659.
  21. ^ Daily News Bulletin 1986, p. 51.
  22. ^ Serbin & Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy 2015, p. 124.
  23. ^ Wagner 2022.
  24. ^ a b DeLancey & Mays 1994, p. 222.
  25. ^ N'Daw 1974, p. 46.
  26. ^ a b Van Hulle 2014, p. 2290.
  27. ^ a b GEWE Newsletter 2020, p. 4.
  28. ^ Serbin & Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy 2015, pp. 90–91.
  29. ^ Serbin & Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy 2015, p. 92.
  30. ^ Serbin & Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy 2015, p. 83.
  31. ^ Naki 2008.
  32. ^ Nunuhe 2012.
  33. ^ Southern African Liaison Office 2016, p. 1.
  34. ^ Government of South Africa 2021.
  35. ^ Sheldon 2020, p. 335.

Bibliography edit

  • Adi, Hakim (2018). Pan-Africanism: A History. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-5428-1.
  • Akawa, Martha (2014). The Gender Politics of the Namibian Liberation Struggle (PDF). Basel Namibia Studies Series 13. Basel, Switzerland: Namibia Resource Centre & Southern Africa Library. ISBN 978-3-905758-50-4. (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2022.
  • Année africaine, 1974 [African Year, 1974] (in French). Paris, France: Éditions A. Pedone. 1975. p. 659. ISSN 0570-1937. L'Algérienne Fathia Bettahar succède à la Guinéenne Jeanne Martin Cisse au secrétariat gènéral.
  • Asiteza, Remmy (18 November 2023). "Former Minister Joyce Mpanga Dies at 89". Daily Express. Kampala, Uganda. from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  • Bekers, Elisabeth (2012). "Likimani, Muthoni Gachanja (1925– )". In Gates, Henry Louis; Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Niven, Steven J. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  • Bencherif, Amira (30 August 2021). "Retour sur le parcours académique d'une pionnière et d'une lutteuse" [A Look Back at the Academic Journey of a Pioneer and a Fighter] (PDF). Le Quotidien d'Oran (in French). Oran, Algeria. p. 10. (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  • Campbell, Horace G. (2018). "41. The Pan-African Experience: From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union". In Shanguhyia, Martin Shidende; Falola, Toyin (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History. New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1031–1088. ISBN 978-1-137-59425-9.
  • "Congress Report". Daily News Bulletin. Luanda, Angola: Agência Angola Press. 1986. p. 51. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  • DeLancey, Mark; Mays, Terry M. (1994). "Pan African Women's Organization (PAWO) / Organisation Panafricaine des Femmes (OPF)". Historical Dictionary of International Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. pp. 221–222. ISBN 978-0-8108-2751-6.
  • "Deputy Minister Pinky Kekana". The Presidency. Pretoria, South Africa: Government of South Africa. 2021. from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  • Earle, Jonathon L. (2012). "Mulira, Rebecca (1920–2002)". In Gates, Henry Louis; Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Niven, Steven J. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  • Ethiopia: Accountability Past and Present: Human Rights in Transition (Report). London, UK: Amnesty International. 1 April 1995. Report #AFR 25/006/1995. from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  • "Founding Mothers of the Pan African Women's Organization (Tanzania 1962)". PAWO Women. Pretoria, South Africa: Pan-African Women's Organization. 2023. from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  • "Gender, Peace and Security and the 2030 Agenda: A Way Forward for the South Africa" (PDF). Salo.org. Cape Town, South Africa: Southern African Liaison Office. March 2016. (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  • Lundt, Bea (2020). "Polygamy in Ghana". In Kah, Henry Kam; Lundt, Bea (eds.). Polygamous Ways of Life Past and Present in Africa and Europe: Polygame Lebensweisen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart in Afrika und Europa. Münster, Germany: LIT Verlag. pp. 341–372. ISBN 978-3-643-91142-1.
  • Miller, Kim (2012). "Kisosonkole, Pumla (1911–1997)". In Gates, Henry Louis; Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Niven, Steven J. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  • Naki, Eric (19 February 2008). "South Africa to Lead Powerful Pawo". The Sowetan. Johannesburg, South Africa. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  • N'Daw, Aly Kheury (31 August 1974). "Vers de nouveaux horizons" [Towards New Horizons]. Jeune Afrique (in French) (712). Paris, France: Presse Africaine Associée: 46–48. ISSN 0021-6089.
  • Nunuhe, Magreth (8 October 2012). "Namibia: Women's Emancipation Still a Long Way Off". New Era. Windhoek, Namibia. Retrieved 26 December 2023 – via AllAfrica.
  • "Origins and Objectives of Pan-African Women's Day". A-APRP. Conakry, Guinea: All-African People's Revolutionary Party. 21 July 2021. from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  • "Other High-Level Events" (PDF). GEWE Newsletter (1). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: African Union Commission: 4. October 2020. (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  • Serbin, Sylvia; Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy, Ravaomalala (2015). Afonso Santana, Ana Elisa; Kim, Hyeon Ju; Plouin, Jacques (eds.). African Women, Pan-Africanism and African Renaissance. Paris, France: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100130-7.
  • Sheldon, Kathleen (2020). "22. Women in Africa and Pan-Africanism". In Rabaka, Reiland (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 330–342. doi:10.4324/9780429020193-22. ISBN 978-0-429-02019-3. S2CID 219063144.
  • Snyder, Margaret C.; Tadesse, Mary (1995). African Women and Development: A History – The Story of the African Training and Research Centre for Women of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. London, UK: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-299-7.
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May 03, 2024
african, women, organization, pawo, organisation, panafricaine, femmes, founded, african, women, union, 1962, 1974, organization, changed, name, originally, formed, organization, fight, against, colonialism, racial, discrimination, allow, women, across, africa. The Pan African Women s Organization PAWO Organisation Panafricaine des Femmes OPF was founded as the African Women s Union in 1962 In 1974 the organization changed its name to the Pan African Women s Organization It was originally formed as an organization to fight against colonialism and racial discrimination and allow women across Africa to unite in their efforts for gaining socio economic equality Independence and an end to Apartheid shifted the organizational goals toward human rights and peace activism It is currently headquartered in Addis Ababa Ethiopia Pan African Women s Organization Organisation Panafricaine des FemmesAbbreviationPAWOPredecessorAfrican Women s UnionSuccessor31 July 1974 49 years ago 1974 07 31 Formation31 July 1962 61 years ago 1962 07 31 Founded atDar es Salaam TanganyikaTypeNGOHeadquartersAddis Ababa EthiopiaOfficial languageArabic English French PortugueseSecretary GeneralGrace Kabayo Uganda PresidentEunice Lipinge Namibia PublicationAfrican WomanWebsitewww opfpawo comFormerly calledAfrican Women s Organization All Africa Women s Conference Conference of African Women Contents 1 History 2 Organizational structure and goals 3 References 3 1 Citations 3 2 BibliographyHistory editAoua Keita a French Sudanese midwife and trade unionist and Jeanne Martin Cisse a Guinean teacher led a series of meetings to generate discussion on Pan Africanism throughout Africa in 1961 1 A conference was held in Guinea in July for women s associations to discuss organizing together in their struggles for national liberation Women from Dahomey now Benin Egypt Liberia Morocco Niger Sierra Leone Senegal Togo and Tunisia met to plan an organizational conference to be held in Dar es Salaam Tanganyika on the last day of July The planning committee sent invitations to all known women s groups across the continent 2 Delegates attended from Algeria Angola Cape Verde Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Liberia Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Northern Rhodesia Republic of Congo Senegal South Africa Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe Tanganyika Togo Tunisia and Zanzibar who formed the African Women s Union 3 sometimes referred to as the All Africa Women s Conference 4 or Conference of African Women 5 The organization names its founders as Putuse Apollos 1930 1986 Namibia 6 7 Phoebe Asiyo 1932 Kenya Nima Ba 1927 2021 Guinea Fatoumata Agnes Diaroumeye Bembelo Niger Fathia Bettahar 6 1936 2021 Algeria 8 Angie Brooks 1928 2007 Liberia Jeanne Martin Cisse 1926 2017 Guinea Fatou Toure Conde 1929 Guinea Jeanne Gervais 1922 2012 Ivory Coast Radhia Haddad 1922 2003 Tunisia Jeannette Haidara 1924 2008 Yodit Judith Imru 6 1931 9 2007 Ethiopia Betty Kaunda 1928 2012 Zambia Aoua Keita 1912 1980 Mali Margaret Wambui Kenyatta 1928 2017 Kenya Pumla Ellen Ngozwana Kisosonkole 6 1911 1997 10 South Africa Uganda Muthoni Likimani 6 born 1925 11 Kenya Bibi Titi Mohammed 1926 2000 Tanzania Joyce Mpanga 6 1934 2023 Uganda 12 Rebecca Mulira 6 1920 2002 Uganda 13 Ruth Neto Angola Fathia Nkrumah 1932 2007 14 Egypt Ghana Maria Nyerere 1930 Tanzania Aissata Sow Coulibaly 1920 1971 Mali Adelaide Tambo 1929 2007 South Africa Jacqueline Tapsoba Burkina Faso Aissata Berthe Traore 1927 2005 Mali and Marguerite Adjoavi Thompson Trenou 1921 2008 Togo 6 Organizational structure and goals editThe initial goals of the organization were to create a platform where women could become politically active in the African nationalist movements and oppose colonialism and racist policies in their fight for equality 15 in the socio economic and cultural development of their nations 16 The women s fight to improving their living conditions in the independence movements focused on both violence against women and the dual constraints placed upon women by colonial and traditional cultural power hierarchies 17 The first secretary general of the organization was Jeanne Cisse 4 and it was headquartered in Bamako Mali until the 1968 coup d etat 18 when the headquarters relocated to Guinea 3 In honor of the founding congress 31 July became recognized in 1970 as Pan African Women s Day 18 At the July 1974 Congress the name of the organization was changed to the Pan African Women s Organization PAWO Organisation Panafricaine des Femmes OPF 16 19 the headquarters moved to Algiers and Fathia Bettahar was elected to succeed Cisse as secretary general 20 At the 6th Congress of PAWO held in March 1986 Bettahar stepped down when Ruth Neto was elected as general secretary and the organizational headquarters moved to Luanda Angola 21 Neto was succeeded by Assetou Koite of Senegal as secretary general in 1997 22 Besides its headquarters the organization has regional division offices in Equatorial Guinea Niger Tanzania and Tunisia which work in conjunction with national organizations 16 23 All national women s organizations of the members of the Organisation of African Unity until its demise in 2002 were members of the Pan African Women s Organization 19 24 The Organisation of African Unity was founded in 1963 and from that date PAWO had observer status with the organization 25 The executive council of the organization meets biennially and congresses were initially held every four years for delegates of all member organizations 24 The umbrella organization unites women from 54 countries and territories and publishes African Woman quarterly in Arabic English French and Portuguese Congresses have been held in 1962 in Dar es Salaam Tabganyika in 1964 in Monrovia Liberia in 1968 in Algiers Algeria in 1974 in Dakar Senegal in 1980 in Tripoli Libya in 1986 in Angola in 1992 in Ouagadougou Burkino Faso in 1997 in Harare Zimbabwe in 1999 in Windhoek Namibia in 2002 in Luanda Angola in 2003 and 2008 in Pretoria South Africa 26 and in 2020 in Windhoek Namibia 27 With the independence of countries in the continent and the end of the Cold War and Apartheid the focus of PAWO shifted toward peace activism and the human rights of women and girls 15 Top priorities include cultural development and ending gender disparities particularly in the areas of education eradicating poverty and improving opportunities 28 Health and well being programs as well as political representation are also among the focuses of the organization 29 It also provides a networking platform for the women of Africa to interact and coordinate activities with other international feminist organizations 30 The headquarters moved from Angola to Pretoria South Africa in 2008 when Koite was elected as PAWO president 31 and later relocated to Addis Ababa Ethiopia Eunice Lipinge of Namibia was elected to succeed Koite as president in 2020 and Grace Kabayo Uganda 18 27 succeeded Yatima Nahara South Africa 32 33 and Pinky Kekana South Africa as secretary general 34 PAWO has consultative status with the International Labour Organization the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization and the United Nations Economic and Social Council 26 Since 2017 the organization has been an official specialized agency of the African Union 35 nbsp Pan Africanism portalReferences editCitations edit Adi 2018 p 153 Adi 2018 pp 153 154 a b Adi 2018 p 154 a b Snyder amp Tadesse 1995 p 28 Campbell 2018 p 1067 a b c d e f g h PAWO 2023 Akawa 2014 p 69 Bencherif 2021 p 10 Amnesty International 1995 Miller 2012 Bekers 2012 amp Asiteza 2023 Earle 2012 Lundt 2020 p 344 a b Serbin amp Rasoanaivo Randriamamonjy 2015 p 82 a b c DeLancey amp Mays 1994 p 221 Serbin amp Rasoanaivo Randriamamonjy 2015 p 86 a b c A APRP 2021 a b Snyder amp Tadesse 1995 p 76 Annee africaine 1975 p 659 Daily News Bulletin 1986 p 51 Serbin amp Rasoanaivo Randriamamonjy 2015 p 124 Wagner 2022 a b DeLancey amp Mays 1994 p 222 N Daw 1974 p 46 a b Van Hulle 2014 p 2290 a b GEWE Newsletter 2020 p 4 Serbin amp Rasoanaivo Randriamamonjy 2015 pp 90 91 Serbin amp Rasoanaivo Randriamamonjy 2015 p 92 Serbin amp Rasoanaivo Randriamamonjy 2015 p 83 Naki 2008 Nunuhe 2012 Southern African Liaison Office 2016 p 1 Government of South Africa 2021 Sheldon 2020 p 335 Bibliography edit Adi Hakim 2018 Pan Africanism A History London UK Bloomsbury Academic ISBN 978 1 4742 5428 1 Akawa Martha 2014 The Gender Politics of the Namibian Liberation Struggle PDF Basel Namibia Studies Series 13 Basel Switzerland Namibia Resource Centre amp Southern Africa Library ISBN 978 3 905758 50 4 Archived PDF from the original on 26 April 2022 Annee africaine 1974 African Year 1974 in French Paris France Editions A Pedone 1975 p 659 ISSN 0570 1937 L Algerienne Fathia Bettahar succede a la Guineenne Jeanne Martin Cisse au secretariat general Asiteza Remmy 18 November 2023 Former Minister Joyce Mpanga Dies at 89 Daily Express Kampala Uganda Archived from the original on 18 November 2023 Retrieved 24 December 2023 Bekers Elisabeth 2012 Likimani Muthoni Gachanja 1925 In Gates Henry Louis Akyeampong Emmanuel Niven Steven J eds Dictionary of African Biography Oxford UK Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780195382075 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 538207 5 Bencherif Amira 30 August 2021 Retour sur le parcours academique d une pionniere et d une lutteuse A Look Back at the Academic Journey of a Pioneer and a Fighter PDF Le Quotidien d Oran in French Oran Algeria p 10 Archived PDF from the original on 25 December 2023 Retrieved 25 December 2023 Campbell Horace G 2018 41 The Pan African Experience From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union In Shanguhyia Martin Shidende Falola Toyin eds The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History New York New York Palgrave Macmillan pp 1031 1088 ISBN 978 1 137 59425 9 Congress Report Daily News Bulletin Luanda Angola Agencia Angola Press 1986 p 51 Retrieved 24 December 2023 DeLancey Mark Mays Terry M 1994 Pan African Women s Organization PAWO Organisation Panafricaine des Femmes OPF Historical Dictionary of International Organizations in Sub Saharan Africa Metuchen New Jersey Scarecrow Press pp 221 222 ISBN 978 0 8108 2751 6 Deputy Minister Pinky Kekana The Presidency Pretoria South Africa Government of South Africa 2021 Archived from the original on 26 December 2023 Retrieved 26 December 2023 Earle Jonathon L 2012 Mulira Rebecca 1920 2002 In Gates Henry Louis Akyeampong Emmanuel Niven Steven J eds Dictionary of African Biography Oxford UK Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780195382075 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 538207 5 Ethiopia Accountability Past and Present Human Rights in Transition Report London UK Amnesty International 1 April 1995 Report AFR 25 006 1995 Archived from the original on 15 September 2023 Retrieved 24 December 2023 Founding Mothers of the Pan African Women s Organization Tanzania 1962 PAWO Women Pretoria South Africa Pan African Women s Organization 2023 Archived from the original on 25 December 2023 Retrieved 25 December 2023 Gender Peace and Security and the 2030 Agenda A Way Forward for the South Africa PDF Salo org Cape Town South Africa Southern African Liaison Office March 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 26 December 2023 Retrieved 26 December 2023 Lundt Bea 2020 Polygamy in Ghana In Kah Henry Kam Lundt Bea eds Polygamous Ways of Life Past and Present in Africa and Europe Polygame Lebensweisen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart in Afrika und Europa Munster Germany LIT Verlag pp 341 372 ISBN 978 3 643 91142 1 Miller Kim 2012 Kisosonkole Pumla 1911 1997 In Gates Henry Louis Akyeampong Emmanuel Niven Steven J eds Dictionary of African Biography Oxford UK Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780195382075 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 538207 5 Naki Eric 19 February 2008 South Africa to Lead Powerful Pawo The Sowetan Johannesburg South Africa Archived from the original on 25 December 2023 Retrieved 25 December 2023 N Daw Aly Kheury 31 August 1974 Vers de nouveaux horizons Towards New Horizons Jeune Afrique in French 712 Paris France Presse Africaine Associee 46 48 ISSN 0021 6089 Nunuhe Magreth 8 October 2012 Namibia Women s Emancipation Still a Long Way Off New Era Windhoek Namibia Retrieved 26 December 2023 via AllAfrica Origins and Objectives of Pan African Women s Day A APRP Conakry Guinea All African People s Revolutionary Party 21 July 2021 Archived from the original on 28 May 2023 Retrieved 25 December 2023 Other High Level Events PDF GEWE Newsletter 1 Addis Ababa Ethiopia African Union Commission 4 October 2020 Archived PDF from the original on 24 September 2023 Retrieved 26 December 2023 Serbin Sylvia Rasoanaivo Randriamamonjy Ravaomalala 2015 Afonso Santana Ana Elisa Kim Hyeon Ju Plouin Jacques eds African Women Pan Africanism and African Renaissance Paris France UNESCO ISBN 978 92 3 100130 7 Sheldon Kathleen 2020 22 Women in Africa and Pan Africanism In Rabaka Reiland ed Routledge Handbook of Pan Africanism London UK Routledge pp 330 342 doi 10 4324 9780429020193 22 ISBN 978 0 429 02019 3 S2CID 219063144 Snyder Margaret C Tadesse Mary 1995 African Women and Development A History The Story of the African Training and Research Centre for Women of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa London UK Zed Books ISBN 978 1 85649 299 7 Van Hulle Liesbeth ed 2014 Pan African Women s Organization PAWO Yearbook of International Organizations Vol 1A 1B Leiden Brill Publishers p 2290 ISBN 978 90 04 27197 5 Wagner Amuna 5 December 2022 The Pan African Women s Organisation AMAKA London UK AMAKA Studio Ltd Archived from the original on 25 December 2023 Retrieved 25 December 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pan African Women 27s Organization amp oldid 1220494005, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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