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Fatah–Hamas conflict

April 27, 2024

Fatah–Hamas conflict
Part of Palestinian political violence

Map of the Gaza Strip
Date25 January 2006 – present
(main phase in 2007)
Location
State of Palestine mainly Gaza Strip
Status

Ongoing, Reconciliation process:

  • Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip
  • New Palestinian government in the West Bank, appointed by Mahmoud Abbas
  • Reconciliation agreement signed May 2011
  • Doha agreement signed 2012
  • Renewed political crisis in March–April 2012[5]
  • Strong increase of tensions in 2013[6][7][8]
  • Hamas and Fatah sign reconciliation deal in April 2014[9]
  • Unity government sworn in during June 2014[10]
  • Implementation of unity government control in Gaza due date
Belligerents
Hamas Fatah
Supported by:
 United States[1][2][3] (alleged)
 United Kingdom[4] (covert)
Commanders and leaders
Ismail Haniya
Khaled Meshaal
Mohammed Deif		 Mahmoud Abbas
Mohammed Dahlan
Strength
Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades: 15,000
Executive Police Force: 6,000[11][12]		 National Security: 30,000
Preventive Security Service: 30,000
General Intelligence: 5,000
Presidential Guard: 4,200
Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade: Several thousand[11][12]
Casualties and losses
83 killed 165 killed
98 civilians killed
1,000+ wounded on both sides[13]
Total: 350 to over 600 killed[13][needs update]

The Fatah–Hamas conflict (Arabic: النزاع بين فتح وحماس, romanized: an-Nizāʿ bayna Fataḥ wa-Ḥamās) is an ongoing political and strategic conflict between Fatah and Hamas,[a] the two main Palestinian political parties in the Palestinian territories, leading to the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007. The reconciliation process and unification of Hamas and Fatah administrations remains unfinalized and the situation is deemed a frozen conflict.

The Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens' Rights has found that over 600 Palestinians were killed in the fighting from January 2006 to May 2007.[14] Dozens more were killed or executed in the following years as part of the conflict.

Overview

Hamas was founded in 1987,[15][16] soon after the First Intifada broke out, as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.[17] It is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamist fundamentalist organization,[18][19] which is regarded, either in whole or in part, as a terrorist organization by several countries and international organizations, including by Australia, Canada, the European Union, Israel, Japan, Paraguay, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[20][21][22]

Tensions between Fatah and Hamas began to rise in 2005 after the death of Yasser Arafat in November 2004. After the legislative election on 25 January 2006, which resulted in a Hamas victory, relations were marked by sporadic factional fighting. This became more intense after the two parties repeatedly failed to reach a deal to share government power, escalating in June 2007 and resulting in Hamas' takeover of Gaza.[23] A major issue was control over the border crossings, especially the Rafah Border Crossing.

Hamas leader Ismail Haniya formed a new PA government on 29 March 2006 comprising mostly Hamas members. Fatah and other factions had refused to join, especially as Hamas refused to accept the Quartet's conditions, such as recognition of Israel and earlier agreements. As a result, a substantial part of the international community, especially Israel, the United States and European Union countries, refused to deal with the Hamas government and imposed sanctions. Following the abduction by Hamas militants of Gilad Shalit on 25 June 2006 in a cross-border raid via a tunnel out of Gaza, Israel detained nearly a quarter of PLC members and ministers on the West Bank during August 2006, intensified the boycott of Gaza and took other punitive measures.[24][25][26]

Calls for the implementation of the Cairo Declaration, including the formation of a unity government and the cessation of violence between Fatah and Hamas, were made in the Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement of 8 February 2007. The Hamas government was replaced on 17 March 2007 by a national unity government headed by Haniya comprising Hamas and Fatah ministers. In June 2007, Hamas fighters took control of the Gaza Strip and removed all Fatah officials.[27] President Abbas, on 14 June, declared a state of emergency, dismissed Haniyeh's national unity government and appointed an emergency government, and suspended articles of the Basic Law to circumvent the needed PNC approval.[28][29][30][31]

Hamas has been the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip since its takeover in June 2007.[32][33] Since then, it has fought several wars with Israel,[34] and the Palestinian Authority has been split into two polities, each seeing itself as the true representative of the Palestinian people – the Fatah-ruled Palestinian National Authority and the Hamas Government in Gaza.

Preceding events

Involvement of Britain

Documents published in the Palestine Papers reveal that in 2004 the British intelligence MI6 helped draw up a security plan for a Fatah-led Palestinian Authority. The plan mentioned as an objective, "encourage and enable the Palestinian Authority (PA) to fully meet its security obligations under Phase 1 of the Roadmap". It proposed a number of ways of "degrading the capabilities of rejectionists", naming Hamas, PIJ (Palestinian Islamic Jihad) and the al-Aqsa Brigades.[35] The plan was described by the Guardian as a "wide-ranging crackdown on Hamas".[36] The supposed plan for a Fatah counter-insurgency against Hamas backfired in June 2006, when Hamas won the 2006 elections.[37]

Israeli disengagement from Gaza

Main article: Israeli disengagement from Gaza

In July 2004, there were clashes between rival Hamas-led sections of the security forces in Gaza and violent protests, which were widely seen as a power struggle ahead of Israel's promised pullout from Gaza.[38]

On 16 February 2005, the Israeli parliament had approved its disengagement from Gaza, which would drastically change the Israeli–Palestinian relations in Gaza. The disengagement plan from 2003 was already adopted by the Israeli Government in June 2004. Israel withdrew from Gaza in September 2005. Control of the Gaza–Egypt border was on the Egyptian side handed over to Egypt. The Fatah-dominated PA had been given control on the Gazan side at the Rafah Border Crossing. The 2005 Philadelphi Accord between Israel and Egypt turned over control of the border to Egypt.[39] From February 2005, a technocrat Fatah-led PA government controlled the Palestinian National Security Forces.[40]

From November 2005 until June 2007, the Rafah Crossing was jointly controlled by Egypt and the Palestinian Authority, with the European Union monitoring the activities from 24 November 2005 on the Gazan side.[41]

2006 elections and Hamas-government

Main articles: 2006 Palestinian legislative election and First Haniyeh Government

Tensions between Fatah and Hamas intensified after Hamas won the elections of 2006 and the international community increased the pressure on the Palestinian Authority. As a result of the Hamas led government's refusal to commit to nonviolence, recognition of the state of Israel, and acceptance of previous agreements, Israel, the Middle East Quartet (United States, Russia, United Nations, and European Union) and several Western states imposed sanctions suspending all foreign aid.

The PA government, which had shared authority over the Security Forces with President Abbas, was no longer in the hands of Fatah. After Abbas and Hamas had engaged in a power struggle but failed to reach an agreement, Abbas appointed, on 6 April 2006, the Fatah-affiliated Abu Shbak head of the Security Forces, by-passing the Hamas Interior Minister.[42] In response, Hamas formed its own security force.

On 25 June 2006, militant groups conducted a cross-border raid into Israel. The Israeli response left Hamas with half its parliamentary bloc and its cabinet ministers in the West Bank in Israeli custody.[43]

Political deadlock

The semi-constitutional and semi-presidential Basic Law gave President and Government a shared political power.[44][45] Fatah refused to cooperate with Hamas.[44][46] The powerful Fatah-backed President Abbas was supported by the international community and more or less tolerated by Israel. The Hamas-dominated Palestinian Authority and the parliament on the other hand were boycotted, and international financial aid was rendered via Abbas, bypassing the Palestinian Government.[45] Because Fatah and Hamas did not co-operate, the parliament became dysfunctional and the PA suffered financial distress.

Involvement of US, Israel and Arab states

Several sources speak of considerable involvement by the United States, Israel and Arab states, after Hamas in 2006 announced the formation of its own security service, the Executive Force, which was denounced by Mahmoud Abbas as unconstitutional. The Presidential Guard of Mahmoud Abbas was enlarged and equipped, and its members trained by the US, Egypt and Jordan.[47][48][49][50][51] Also, a PLC council member for Hamas, Anwar Zaboun, believes that ″Mohammed Dahlan had a big plan to remove the roots of Hamas, the resistance, in Gaza and the West Bank″.[52]

According to the IISS, the June 2007 escalation was triggered by Hamas' conviction that the PA's Presidential Guard, loyal to Mahmoud Abbas, was being positioned to take control of Gaza. The US had helped build up the Presidential Guard to 3,500 men since August 2006. The US committed $59 million for training and non-lethal equipment for the Presidential Guard, and persuaded Arab allies to fund the purchase of further weapons. Israel, too, allowed light arms to flow to members of the Presidential Guard. Jordan and Egypt hosted at least two battalions for training.[43]

Timeline

March 2006 to December 2006: rise of tensions

Following the elections, Hamas announced the formation of its own security service, the Executive Force, appointing Jamal abu Samhadana, a prominent militant, at its head. Abbas had denounced the move as unconstitutional, saying that only the Palestinian president could command armed forces.[53]

The period from March to December 2006 was marked by tensions when Palestinian Authority commanders affiliated to Fatah refused to take orders from the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority government. Tensions further grew between the two Palestinian factions after they failed to reach a deal to share government power.

December 2006 to January 2007

Facing international sanctions, the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority depended on the import of large amounts of cash to pay its debts.[54] On 14 December 2006, Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, carrying tens of millions in donations, was denied by Israel entry into Gaza via the Rafah Border Crossing.[55] Angry Hamas militants stormed the post, which was manned by European monitors and Abbas' Presidential Guard, responsible for security there. After guards had fired at the Hamas militants, they took over the hall, firing shots into the air. A Hamas official tried to get the militants to disperse. Haniyeh had already cut short his trip due to mounting tensions between Hamas and rival faction Fatah, after three sons of a Fatah security chief were killed days earlier.[54]

The same day, Haniyeh was allowed to return to Gaza without the money, but while crossing the border, gunmen attacked his car, killing one bodyguard. One of Haniyeh's sons was moderately wounded and his political adviser Ahmed Youssef was lightly wounded.[56] At the time, Fatah PLC member and former Fatah security chief Mohammed Dahlan was blamed for this apparent assassination attempt.[57] Peace activist Ellen Rosser also believes that it was Dahlan's men who tried to assassinate Haniyeh.[58] Fighting broke out in the West Bank after Palestinian National Security Forces fired on a Hamas rally in Ramallah. Security units loyal to Mahmoud Abbas and dressed in riot gear used clubs and rifles to beat back the demonstrators before the shooting broke out. At least 20 people were wounded in the clashes, which came shortly after the attempt to assassinate Ismail Haniya.[55][59]

On 16 December, Abbas called for new parliamentary and presidential elections, but his advisor Saeb Erekat said that "elections cannot be held before the middle of next year for legal and technical reasons". A senior Hamas lawmaker called it "a real coup against the democratically elected government".[59] Hamas challenged the legality of holding an early election, maintaining its right to hold the full term of its elected offices. Hamas characterized it as an attempted Fatah coup by Abbas,[60] using undemocratic means to overthrow the results of a democratically elected government.[43] Fatah leaders called for the dismissal of the Hamas-led government and the establishment of an emergency cabinet. One Fatah operative said that Abbas had been threatening to call early elections for the past five months and that "more threats are not going to work".[56] The announcement of elections provoked high tensions and gun battles between Hamas and Fatah supporters.[56][60][61] Abbas strongly denied allegations that members of Fatah and the Force 17 "Presidential Guard" were behind the assassination attempt on Ismail Haniyeh, and he criticized the kidnapping of IDF soldier Gilad Shalit.[56]

On 17 December, pro-Fatah gunmen attacked Hamas' Foreign Minister Mahmoud Zahar. Pro-Hamas militiamen retaliated with shots at the home of President Abbas, wounding five guards. A member of Fatah's Force 17 was killed, together with a passing woman. At the end of the day, Fatah and Hamas agreed on a ceasefire, though gunfire continued outside Mohammed Dahlan's house.[62]

Intense factional fighting continued throughout December 2006 and January 2007 in the Gaza Strip. After a month of fighting, which left 33 people dead, President Mahmoud Abbas attempted to incorporate the Hamas-led Executive Force into the security apparatus loyal to the president. Hamas rejected Abbas' order and instead announced plans to double the size of its force. On 6 January 2007, Abbas outlawed the Executive Force and ordered its disbandment.[63] Fighting continued until a cease-fire was implemented on 30 January.[64] The dueling announcements raised the prospect of an intensified armed standoff. Abbas's only means of enforcing the order appeared to be coercive action by police and security units under his command, which were relatively weak in the Gaza Strip, Hamas's stronghold.[63]

February to April 2007

Fierce fighting took place after Hamas killed six people on 1 February in an ambush on a Gaza convoy delivering equipment for Abbas' Palestinian Presidential Guard. According to diplomats, the deliveries were meant to counter smuggling of more powerful weapons into Gaza by Hamas for its fast-growing "Executive Force". According to Hamas, the deliveries were intended to instigate sedition (against Hamas), while withholding money and assistance from the Palestinian people.[65][66]

On 8 February 2007, the Saudi-brokered Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement produced an agreement on a Palestinian national unity government signed by Fatah and Hamas leaders. The agreement included measures to end the internecine violence.[67] The unity government was formed on 17 March. However, it struggled to resolve the two most pressing issues: an economic crisis and a collapse of security in Gaza.[43][68] Violent incidents continued through March and April 2007; more than 90 people were killed in this period.

May 2007

In mid-May 2007, clashes erupted once again in the streets of Gaza. In less than 18 days, more than 50 Palestinians were killed. Leaders of both parties tried to stop the fighting by calling dozens of truces, but none of them held for longer than a few days.

June 2007: split of government

Main article: Battle of Gaza (2007)

Throughout 10 and 15 June of fighting Hamas took control of the main north–south road and the coastal road.[69] and removed Fatah officials. The ICRC estimated that at least 118 people were killed and more than 550 wounded during the fighting in the week up to June 15.[70] Human Rights Watch accused both sides with violations of international humanitarian law. Including the targeting and killing of civilians, public executions of political opponents and captives, throwing prisoners off high-rise apartment buildings, fighting in hospitals, and shooting from a jeep marked with "TV" insignias.[71] The International Committee of the Red Cross has denounced attacks in and around two hospitals in the northern part of the Gaza strip.[72] The Israeli government closed all check-points on the borders of Gaza in response to the violence.

On 14 June, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announced the dissolution of the current unity government and the declaration of a state of emergency.[29][30] Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniya was dismissed, and Abbas began to rule Gaza and the West Bank by presidential decree. Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri responded by declaring that President Abbas's decision was "in practical terms ... worthless," asserting that Haniya "remains the head of the government even if it was dissolved by the president".[31][73]

Nathan Brown of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace commented that under the 2003 Palestinian Constitution Abbas clearly had the right to declare a state of emergency and dismiss the prime minister but the state of emergency could continue only for 30 days. After that it would need to be approved by the (Hamas-dominated) Legislative Council. Neither Hamas nor Fatah had enough votes to form a new government under the constitution.[74] The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights condemned Hamas' "decision to resolve the conflict militarily" but argued that "steps taken by President Mahmoud Abbas in response to these events violate the Basic Law and undermine the Basic Law in a manner that is no less dangerous."[75]

On 15 June, Abbas appointed Salam Fayyad as prime minister and gave him the task of forming a new government.[76] The international community smoothly recognized the government. Within days, the US recognized Abbas' emergency government and ended a 15-month economic and political boycott of the Palestinian Authority in a bid to bolster President Abbas and the new Fatah-led government. The European Union similarly announced plans to resume direct aid to the Palestinians, while Prime Minister Ehud Olmert of Israel said it would release to Abbas Palestinian tax revenues that Israel had withheld since Hamas took control of the Palestinian Parliament.[46][77]

West Bank clashes

The attacks of Hamas gunmen against Fatah security forces in the Gaza Strip resulted in a reaction of Fatah gunmen against Hamas institutions in the West Bank. Although Hamas's numbers were greater in the Gaza Strip, Fatah forces were greater in the West Bank.

The West Bank had its first casualty when the bullet-riddled body of a Hamas militant was found in Nablus, sparking the fear that Fatah would use its advantage in the West Bank for retaliation against its members' deaths in the Gaza Strip.[78] On the same day, Hamas also declared that it was in full control of Gaza, a claim denied by Abbas.[79]

On 16 June, a Fatah-linked militant group, the al-Aqsa Martyr's Brigades, stormed the Hamas-controlled parliament based in Ramallah in the West Bank. This act, including the ransack of the ministry of education, was seen as a reaction to similar looting occurring following Hamas' military success in Gaza.[80]

On 20 June, Hamas leader Mahmoud Zahar declared that if Fatah continued to try to uproot Hamas in the West Bank, it could lead to Fatah's downfall there as well. He would not deny when asked that Hamas resistance against Fatah would take the form of attacks and suicide bombings similar to those that Hamas has used against Israel in the past.[81]

October 2007 to January 2008: renewed clashes

On 17 October, clashes erupted in eastern Gaza between Hamas security forces and members of the powerful Heles clan (Fatah-affiliated), leaving up to two dead on both sides. Fatah and Hamas officials gave conflicting accounts of what caused the fighting but the dispute seems to have originated when Hamas officials demanded that the clan return a governmental car. Another gun battle on 20 October killed one member of the clan and a 13-year-old boy.[82] During the same day, in Rafah, one woman was killed and eight people were injured when Hamas security members traded fire with Islamic Jihad activists. Two days later, seven more Palestinians were killed in the internal fighting, including some Hamas militants and a Palestinian Islamic Jihad militant.[83]

On 12 November, a large demonstration dedicated to the memory of late Palestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat was organized by Fatah in Gaza City. With over 200,000 participants, this was the largest Fatah demonstration in the Gaza Strip since the Hamas takeover. The demonstration was forcibly dispersed by Hamas gunmen, who fired into the crowd. At least six civilians were killed and over 80 people were injured, some from being trampled in the resulting stampede.[84] The smaller militant group Islamic Jihad, whose members have clashed with Hamas several times, condemned the shootings.

On 1 January 2008, at least eight people died in factional fighting in the Gaza Strip.[85]

2008 Sana'a declaration

Main article: Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process

On 23 March 2008, Hamas and Fatah signed an agreement in Sana'a, Yemen that amounted to a reconciliation deal. It called for a return of the Gaza Strip to the pre-June 2007 situation, though this has not happened.[86] On 8 November 2008, Palestinian reconciliation talks due to be held in Cairo were called off after Hamas announced a boycott in protest at the detention of hundreds of its members by president Mahmoud Abbas's security forces.[87]

2009 political violence

Main article: 2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza

The 2009 Hamas political violence took place in the Gaza Strip during and after the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict. A series of violent acts, ranging from physical assaults, torture, and executions of Palestinians, suspected of collaboration with the Israel Defense Forces, as well as members of the Fatah political party, occurred. According to Human Rights Watch, at least 32 people were killed by these attacks: 18 during the conflict and 14 afterward, and several dozen more were maimed, many by shots to the legs.[88][89]

On 31 May 2009, six people were killed as Palestinian Authority and Hamas forces clashed in Qalqilya. Ethan Bronner described the fighting as an indication "that the Palestinian unity needed for creation of a state is far off."[90]

2010 to present: tensions and reconciliation attempts

Main articles: 2019 Gaza economic protests and Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process

During the Arab Spring

Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the deposal of Egyptian president Morsi in July 2013, tensions between Fatah and Hamas reached a new high.[6][7][8] According to Barakat al-Farra, the PLO ambassador in Cairo, the Egyptian US-backed el-Sisi regime, which annually receives some $1.5 billion military aid from the US,[91] will keep the Rafah border crossing closed, until forces loyal to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas have regained control. A Hamas official accused the PA leadership of playing a major role in enforcing the blockade of the Gaza Strip.[92]

In the midst of negotiations to resolve the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, the Shin Bet revealed an alleged plot by Hamas to depose Fatah in the West Bank. This would be achieved by deploying Hamas cells around the West Bank to incite a third intifada and overwhelm Palestinian Authority forces. More than 90 people were arrested. President Abbas said the plot was "a grave threat to the unity of the Palestinian people and its future."[93]

2021 elections failure

The 2021 Palestinian legislative election for the Palestinian Legislative Council, originally scheduled for 22 May 2021, according to a decree by President Mahmoud Abbas on 15 January 2021, was indefinitely postponed on 29 April 2021.[94] Announcing the postponement on Palestinian TV, Abbas said "Facing this difficult situation, we decided to postpone the date of holding legislative elections until the participation of Jerusalem and its people is guaranteed."[95] Hamas has rejected the idea of postponing elections and refused to attend the meeting amid speculation that Mahmoud Abbas's Fatah Party will seek to delay or cancel them. Hamas said voting in East Jerusalem does not need Israeli permission.[96] Hamas boycotted the 2021–2022 Palestinian local elections.[97]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Hamas has been designated as a terrorist group by Australia, Canada, the European Union, Israel, Japan, Paraguay, the United Kingdom, and the United States

References

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External links

  • TIMELINE: Key events since 2006. Reuters, 20 June 2007
  • "Analysis on the Legality of New PA Elections" October 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  • "Palestinian factions 'agree deal'"
  • "Abbas insists will hold elections"
  • "Review by the Reut Institute: Hamas Consolidates; Fatah Disoriented" November 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  • Shock, awe and dread Details on methods Hamas used to suppress opposition, by Avi Issacharoff, Haaretz 06.28.07
  • Frustration over Ramallah violence
  • Palestinian rivals: Fatah & Hamas
  • No agreement in Palestinian talks
  • "PA unity deal a disaster" Secular Palestinians surrender to religious fanaticism in Mecca deal, by Ray Hanania, Ynetnews 02.15.07
  • Andrew Lee Butters, Time May 14, 2007
  • Q&A: Gaza's civil war Mark Tran, The Guardian May 14, 2007
  • 'It's dangerous inside and out.' By Ibrahim Barzak, reporter's account of a nerve-racking day in Gaza City during factional fighting, Associated Press May 17, 2007
  • Gunning in Gaza The Economist print edition, May 17, 2007
  • Sacrificing the Palestinian struggle Article by Israeli journalist Amira Hass June 14, 2007
  • A selection of links and news concerning the Palestinian Basic Law

April 27, 2024
fatah, hamas, conflict, this, article, needs, updated, reason, given, updates, needed, past, 2021, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, november, 2023, part, palestinian, political, violencemap, gaza, str. This article needs to be updated The reason given is Updates needed past May 21 2021 Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information November 2023 Fatah Hamas conflictPart of Palestinian political violenceMap of the Gaza StripDate25 January 2006 present main phase in 2007 LocationState of Palestine mainly Gaza StripStatusOngoing Reconciliation process Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip New Palestinian government in the West Bank appointed by Mahmoud Abbas Reconciliation agreement signed May 2011 Doha agreement signed 2012 Renewed political crisis in March April 2012 5 Strong increase of tensions in 2013 6 7 8 Hamas and Fatah sign reconciliation deal in April 2014 9 Unity government sworn in during June 2014 10 Implementation of unity government control in Gaza due dateBelligerentsHamasFatahSupported by United States 1 2 3 alleged United Kingdom 4 covert Commanders and leadersIsmail Haniya Khaled Meshaal Mohammed DeifMahmoud Abbas Mohammed DahlanStrengthIzz ad Din al Qassam Brigades 15 000 Executive Police Force 6 000 11 12 National Security 30 000Preventive Security Service 30 000General Intelligence 5 000Presidential Guard 4 200 Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade Several thousand 11 12 Casualties and losses83 killed165 killed98 civilians killed1 000 wounded on both sides 13 Total 350 to over 600 killed 13 needs update The Fatah Hamas conflict Arabic النزاع بين فتح وحماس romanized an Nizaʿ bayna Fataḥ wa Ḥamas is an ongoing political and strategic conflict between Fatah and Hamas a the two main Palestinian political parties in the Palestinian territories leading to the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007 The reconciliation process and unification of Hamas and Fatah administrations remains unfinalized and the situation is deemed a frozen conflict The Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens Rights has found that over 600 Palestinians were killed in the fighting from January 2006 to May 2007 14 Dozens more were killed or executed in the following years as part of the conflict Contents 1 Overview 2 Preceding events 2 1 Involvement of Britain 2 2 Israeli disengagement from Gaza 2 3 2006 elections and Hamas government 2 4 Political deadlock 2 5 Involvement of US Israel and Arab states 3 Timeline 3 1 March 2006 to December 2006 rise of tensions 3 2 December 2006 to January 2007 3 3 February to April 2007 3 4 May 2007 3 5 June 2007 split of government 3 6 West Bank clashes 3 6 1 October 2007 to January 2008 renewed clashes 3 7 2008 Sana a declaration 3 8 2009 political violence 3 9 2010 to present tensions and reconciliation attempts 3 9 1 During the Arab Spring 3 9 2 2021 elections failure 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksOverviewHamas was founded in 1987 15 16 soon after the First Intifada broke out as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood 17 It is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist fundamentalist organization 18 19 which is regarded either in whole or in part as a terrorist organization by several countries and international organizations including by Australia Canada the European Union Israel Japan Paraguay the United Kingdom and the United States 20 21 22 Tensions between Fatah and Hamas began to rise in 2005 after the death of Yasser Arafat in November 2004 After the legislative election on 25 January 2006 which resulted in a Hamas victory relations were marked by sporadic factional fighting This became more intense after the two parties repeatedly failed to reach a deal to share government power escalating in June 2007 and resulting in Hamas takeover of Gaza 23 A major issue was control over the border crossings especially the Rafah Border Crossing Hamas leader Ismail Haniya formed a new PA government on 29 March 2006 comprising mostly Hamas members Fatah and other factions had refused to join especially as Hamas refused to accept the Quartet s conditions such as recognition of Israel and earlier agreements As a result a substantial part of the international community especially Israel the United States and European Union countries refused to deal with the Hamas government and imposed sanctions Following the abduction by Hamas militants of Gilad Shalit on 25 June 2006 in a cross border raid via a tunnel out of Gaza Israel detained nearly a quarter of PLC members and ministers on the West Bank during August 2006 intensified the boycott of Gaza and took other punitive measures 24 25 26 Calls for the implementation of the Cairo Declaration including the formation of a unity government and the cessation of violence between Fatah and Hamas were made in the Fatah Hamas Mecca Agreement of 8 February 2007 The Hamas government was replaced on 17 March 2007 by a national unity government headed by Haniya comprising Hamas and Fatah ministers In June 2007 Hamas fighters took control of the Gaza Strip and removed all Fatah officials 27 President Abbas on 14 June declared a state of emergency dismissed Haniyeh s national unity government and appointed an emergency government and suspended articles of the Basic Law to circumvent the needed PNC approval 28 29 30 31 Hamas has been the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip since its takeover in June 2007 32 33 Since then it has fought several wars with Israel 34 and the Palestinian Authority has been split into two polities each seeing itself as the true representative of the Palestinian people the Fatah ruled Palestinian National Authority and the Hamas Government in Gaza Preceding eventsInvolvement of Britain Documents published in the Palestine Papers reveal that in 2004 the British intelligence MI6 helped draw up a security plan for a Fatah led Palestinian Authority The plan mentioned as an objective encourage and enable the Palestinian Authority PA to fully meet its security obligations under Phase 1 of the Roadmap It proposed a number of ways of degrading the capabilities of rejectionists naming Hamas PIJ Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the al Aqsa Brigades 35 The plan was described by the Guardian as a wide ranging crackdown on Hamas 36 The supposed plan for a Fatah counter insurgency against Hamas backfired in June 2006 when Hamas won the 2006 elections 37 Israeli disengagement from Gaza Main article Israeli disengagement from Gaza In July 2004 there were clashes between rival Hamas led sections of the security forces in Gaza and violent protests which were widely seen as a power struggle ahead of Israel s promised pullout from Gaza 38 On 16 February 2005 the Israeli parliament had approved its disengagement from Gaza which would drastically change the Israeli Palestinian relations in Gaza The disengagement plan from 2003 was already adopted by the Israeli Government in June 2004 Israel withdrew from Gaza in September 2005 Control of the Gaza Egypt border was on the Egyptian side handed over to Egypt The Fatah dominated PA had been given control on the Gazan side at the Rafah Border Crossing The 2005 Philadelphi Accord between Israel and Egypt turned over control of the border to Egypt 39 From February 2005 a technocrat Fatah led PA government controlled the Palestinian National Security Forces 40 From November 2005 until June 2007 the Rafah Crossing was jointly controlled by Egypt and the Palestinian Authority with the European Union monitoring the activities from 24 November 2005 on the Gazan side 41 2006 elections and Hamas government Main articles 2006 Palestinian legislative election and First Haniyeh Government Tensions between Fatah and Hamas intensified after Hamas won the elections of 2006 and the international community increased the pressure on the Palestinian Authority As a result of the Hamas led government s refusal to commit to nonviolence recognition of the state of Israel and acceptance of previous agreements Israel the Middle East Quartet United States Russia United Nations and European Union and several Western states imposed sanctions suspending all foreign aid The PA government which had shared authority over the Security Forces with President Abbas was no longer in the hands of Fatah After Abbas and Hamas had engaged in a power struggle but failed to reach an agreement Abbas appointed on 6 April 2006 the Fatah affiliated Abu Shbak head of the Security Forces by passing the Hamas Interior Minister 42 In response Hamas formed its own security force On 25 June 2006 militant groups conducted a cross border raid into Israel The Israeli response left Hamas with half its parliamentary bloc and its cabinet ministers in the West Bank in Israeli custody 43 Political deadlock The semi constitutional and semi presidential Basic Law gave President and Government a shared political power 44 45 Fatah refused to cooperate with Hamas 44 46 The powerful Fatah backed President Abbas was supported by the international community and more or less tolerated by Israel The Hamas dominated Palestinian Authority and the parliament on the other hand were boycotted and international financial aid was rendered via Abbas bypassing the Palestinian Government 45 Because Fatah and Hamas did not co operate the parliament became dysfunctional and the PA suffered financial distress Involvement of US Israel and Arab states Several sources speak of considerable involvement by the United States Israel and Arab states after Hamas in 2006 announced the formation of its own security service the Executive Force which was denounced by Mahmoud Abbas as unconstitutional The Presidential Guard of Mahmoud Abbas was enlarged and equipped and its members trained by the US Egypt and Jordan 47 48 49 50 51 Also a PLC council member for Hamas Anwar Zaboun believes that Mohammed Dahlan had a big plan to remove the roots of Hamas the resistance in Gaza and the West Bank 52 According to the IISS the June 2007 escalation was triggered by Hamas conviction that the PA s Presidential Guard loyal to Mahmoud Abbas was being positioned to take control of Gaza The US had helped build up the Presidential Guard to 3 500 men since August 2006 The US committed 59 million for training and non lethal equipment for the Presidential Guard and persuaded Arab allies to fund the purchase of further weapons Israel too allowed light arms to flow to members of the Presidential Guard Jordan and Egypt hosted at least two battalions for training 43 TimelineMarch 2006 to December 2006 rise of tensions Following the elections Hamas announced the formation of its own security service the Executive Force appointing Jamal abu Samhadana a prominent militant at its head Abbas had denounced the move as unconstitutional saying that only the Palestinian president could command armed forces 53 The period from March to December 2006 was marked by tensions when Palestinian Authority commanders affiliated to Fatah refused to take orders from the Hamas led Palestinian Authority government Tensions further grew between the two Palestinian factions after they failed to reach a deal to share government power December 2006 to January 2007 Facing international sanctions the Hamas led Palestinian Authority depended on the import of large amounts of cash to pay its debts 54 On 14 December 2006 Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh carrying tens of millions in donations was denied by Israel entry into Gaza via the Rafah Border Crossing 55 Angry Hamas militants stormed the post which was manned by European monitors and Abbas Presidential Guard responsible for security there After guards had fired at the Hamas militants they took over the hall firing shots into the air A Hamas official tried to get the militants to disperse Haniyeh had already cut short his trip due to mounting tensions between Hamas and rival faction Fatah after three sons of a Fatah security chief were killed days earlier 54 The same day Haniyeh was allowed to return to Gaza without the money but while crossing the border gunmen attacked his car killing one bodyguard One of Haniyeh s sons was moderately wounded and his political adviser Ahmed Youssef was lightly wounded 56 At the time Fatah PLC member and former Fatah security chief Mohammed Dahlan was blamed for this apparent assassination attempt 57 Peace activist Ellen Rosser also believes that it was Dahlan s men who tried to assassinate Haniyeh 58 Fighting broke out in the West Bank after Palestinian National Security Forces fired on a Hamas rally in Ramallah Security units loyal to Mahmoud Abbas and dressed in riot gear used clubs and rifles to beat back the demonstrators before the shooting broke out At least 20 people were wounded in the clashes which came shortly after the attempt to assassinate Ismail Haniya 55 59 On 16 December Abbas called for new parliamentary and presidential elections but his advisor Saeb Erekat said that elections cannot be held before the middle of next year for legal and technical reasons A senior Hamas lawmaker called it a real coup against the democratically elected government 59 Hamas challenged the legality of holding an early election maintaining its right to hold the full term of its elected offices Hamas characterized it as an attempted Fatah coup by Abbas 60 using undemocratic means to overthrow the results of a democratically elected government 43 Fatah leaders called for the dismissal of the Hamas led government and the establishment of an emergency cabinet One Fatah operative said that Abbas had been threatening to call early elections for the past five months and that more threats are not going to work 56 The announcement of elections provoked high tensions and gun battles between Hamas and Fatah supporters 56 60 61 Abbas strongly denied allegations that members of Fatah and the Force 17 Presidential Guard were behind the assassination attempt on Ismail Haniyeh and he criticized the kidnapping of IDF soldier Gilad Shalit 56 On 17 December pro Fatah gunmen attacked Hamas Foreign Minister Mahmoud Zahar Pro Hamas militiamen retaliated with shots at the home of President Abbas wounding five guards A member of Fatah s Force 17 was killed together with a passing woman At the end of the day Fatah and Hamas agreed on a ceasefire though gunfire continued outside Mohammed Dahlan s house 62 Intense factional fighting continued throughout December 2006 and January 2007 in the Gaza Strip After a month of fighting which left 33 people dead President Mahmoud Abbas attempted to incorporate the Hamas led Executive Force into the security apparatus loyal to the president Hamas rejected Abbas order and instead announced plans to double the size of its force On 6 January 2007 Abbas outlawed the Executive Force and ordered its disbandment 63 Fighting continued until a cease fire was implemented on 30 January 64 The dueling announcements raised the prospect of an intensified armed standoff Abbas s only means of enforcing the order appeared to be coercive action by police and security units under his command which were relatively weak in the Gaza Strip Hamas s stronghold 63 February to April 2007 Fierce fighting took place after Hamas killed six people on 1 February in an ambush on a Gaza convoy delivering equipment for Abbas Palestinian Presidential Guard According to diplomats the deliveries were meant to counter smuggling of more powerful weapons into Gaza by Hamas for its fast growing Executive Force According to Hamas the deliveries were intended to instigate sedition against Hamas while withholding money and assistance from the Palestinian people 65 66 On 8 February 2007 the Saudi brokered Fatah Hamas Mecca Agreement produced an agreement on a Palestinian national unity government signed by Fatah and Hamas leaders The agreement included measures to end the internecine violence 67 The unity government was formed on 17 March However it struggled to resolve the two most pressing issues an economic crisis and a collapse of security in Gaza 43 68 Violent incidents continued through March and April 2007 more than 90 people were killed in this period May 2007 In mid May 2007 clashes erupted once again in the streets of Gaza In less than 18 days more than 50 Palestinians were killed Leaders of both parties tried to stop the fighting by calling dozens of truces but none of them held for longer than a few days June 2007 split of government Main article Battle of Gaza 2007 Throughout 10 and 15 June of fighting Hamas took control of the main north south road and the coastal road 69 and removed Fatah officials The ICRC estimated that at least 118 people were killed and more than 550 wounded during the fighting in the week up to June 15 70 Human Rights Watch accused both sides with violations of international humanitarian law Including the targeting and killing of civilians public executions of political opponents and captives throwing prisoners off high rise apartment buildings fighting in hospitals and shooting from a jeep marked with TV insignias 71 The International Committee of the Red Cross has denounced attacks in and around two hospitals in the northern part of the Gaza strip 72 The Israeli government closed all check points on the borders of Gaza in response to the violence On 14 June Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announced the dissolution of the current unity government and the declaration of a state of emergency 29 30 Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniya was dismissed and Abbas began to rule Gaza and the West Bank by presidential decree Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri responded by declaring that President Abbas s decision was in practical terms worthless asserting that Haniya remains the head of the government even if it was dissolved by the president 31 73 Nathan Brown of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace commented that under the 2003 Palestinian Constitution Abbas clearly had the right to declare a state of emergency and dismiss the prime minister but the state of emergency could continue only for 30 days After that it would need to be approved by the Hamas dominated Legislative Council Neither Hamas nor Fatah had enough votes to form a new government under the constitution 74 The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights condemned Hamas decision to resolve the conflict militarily but argued that steps taken by President Mahmoud Abbas in response to these events violate the Basic Law and undermine the Basic Law in a manner that is no less dangerous 75 On 15 June Abbas appointed Salam Fayyad as prime minister and gave him the task of forming a new government 76 The international community smoothly recognized the government Within days the US recognized Abbas emergency government and ended a 15 month economic and political boycott of the Palestinian Authority in a bid to bolster President Abbas and the new Fatah led government The European Union similarly announced plans to resume direct aid to the Palestinians while Prime Minister Ehud Olmert of Israel said it would release to Abbas Palestinian tax revenues that Israel had withheld since Hamas took control of the Palestinian Parliament 46 77 West Bank clashes The attacks of Hamas gunmen against Fatah security forces in the Gaza Strip resulted in a reaction of Fatah gunmen against Hamas institutions in the West Bank Although Hamas s numbers were greater in the Gaza Strip Fatah forces were greater in the West Bank The West Bank had its first casualty when the bullet riddled body of a Hamas militant was found in Nablus sparking the fear that Fatah would use its advantage in the West Bank for retaliation against its members deaths in the Gaza Strip 78 On the same day Hamas also declared that it was in full control of Gaza a claim denied by Abbas 79 On 16 June a Fatah linked militant group the al Aqsa Martyr s Brigades stormed the Hamas controlled parliament based in Ramallah in the West Bank This act including the ransack of the ministry of education was seen as a reaction to similar looting occurring following Hamas military success in Gaza 80 On 20 June Hamas leader Mahmoud Zahar declared that if Fatah continued to try to uproot Hamas in the West Bank it could lead to Fatah s downfall there as well He would not deny when asked that Hamas resistance against Fatah would take the form of attacks and suicide bombings similar to those that Hamas has used against Israel in the past 81 October 2007 to January 2008 renewed clashes On 17 October clashes erupted in eastern Gaza between Hamas security forces and members of the powerful Heles clan Fatah affiliated leaving up to two dead on both sides Fatah and Hamas officials gave conflicting accounts of what caused the fighting but the dispute seems to have originated when Hamas officials demanded that the clan return a governmental car Another gun battle on 20 October killed one member of the clan and a 13 year old boy 82 During the same day in Rafah one woman was killed and eight people were injured when Hamas security members traded fire with Islamic Jihad activists Two days later seven more Palestinians were killed in the internal fighting including some Hamas militants and a Palestinian Islamic Jihad militant 83 On 12 November a large demonstration dedicated to the memory of late Palestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat was organized by Fatah in Gaza City With over 200 000 participants this was the largest Fatah demonstration in the Gaza Strip since the Hamas takeover The demonstration was forcibly dispersed by Hamas gunmen who fired into the crowd At least six civilians were killed and over 80 people were injured some from being trampled in the resulting stampede 84 The smaller militant group Islamic Jihad whose members have clashed with Hamas several times condemned the shootings On 1 January 2008 at least eight people died in factional fighting in the Gaza Strip 85 2008 Sana a declaration Main article Fatah Hamas reconciliation process On 23 March 2008 Hamas and Fatah signed an agreement in Sana a Yemen that amounted to a reconciliation deal It called for a return of the Gaza Strip to the pre June 2007 situation though this has not happened 86 On 8 November 2008 Palestinian reconciliation talks due to be held in Cairo were called off after Hamas announced a boycott in protest at the detention of hundreds of its members by president Mahmoud Abbas s security forces 87 2009 political violence Main article 2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza The 2009 Hamas political violence took place in the Gaza Strip during and after the 2008 2009 Israel Gaza conflict A series of violent acts ranging from physical assaults torture and executions of Palestinians suspected of collaboration with the Israel Defense Forces as well as members of the Fatah political party occurred According to Human Rights Watch at least 32 people were killed by these attacks 18 during the conflict and 14 afterward and several dozen more were maimed many by shots to the legs 88 89 On 31 May 2009 six people were killed as Palestinian Authority and Hamas forces clashed in Qalqilya Ethan Bronner described the fighting as an indication that the Palestinian unity needed for creation of a state is far off 90 2010 to present tensions and reconciliation attempts Main articles 2019 Gaza economic protests and Fatah Hamas reconciliation process During the Arab Spring Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the deposal of Egyptian president Morsi in July 2013 tensions between Fatah and Hamas reached a new high 6 7 8 According to Barakat al Farra the PLO ambassador in Cairo the Egyptian US backed el Sisi regime which annually receives some 1 5 billion military aid from the US 91 will keep the Rafah border crossing closed until forces loyal to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas have regained control A Hamas official accused the PA leadership of playing a major role in enforcing the blockade of the Gaza Strip 92 In the midst of negotiations to resolve the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict the Shin Bet revealed an alleged plot by Hamas to depose Fatah in the West Bank This would be achieved by deploying Hamas cells around the West Bank to incite a third intifada and overwhelm Palestinian Authority forces More than 90 people were arrested President Abbas said the plot was a grave threat to the unity of the Palestinian people and its future 93 2021 elections failure The 2021 Palestinian legislative election for the Palestinian Legislative Council originally scheduled for 22 May 2021 according to a decree by President Mahmoud Abbas on 15 January 2021 was indefinitely postponed on 29 April 2021 94 Announcing the postponement on Palestinian TV Abbas said Facing this difficult situation we decided to postpone the date of holding legislative elections until the participation of Jerusalem and its people is guaranteed 95 Hamas has rejected the idea of postponing elections and refused to attend the meeting amid speculation that Mahmoud Abbas s Fatah Party will seek to delay or cancel them Hamas said voting in East Jerusalem does not need Israeli permission 96 Hamas boycotted the 2021 2022 Palestinian local elections 97 See alsoBlack September Hamastan 2019 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Machine Ian Black and Seumas Milne Guardian 25 January 2011 the Palestine papers documents reflected a 2003 decision by Tony Blair to tie UK and EU security policy in the West Bank and Gaza to a US led counter insurgency surge against Hamas which backfired when the Islamists won the 2006 elections Arafat denies he is facing crisis Archived December 8 2015 at the Wayback Machine BBC 24 July 2004 A New Reality on the Egypt Gaza Border Part I Contents of the New Israel Egypt Agreement Archived November 18 2015 at the Wayback Machine Brooke Neuman Washington Institute for Near East Policy 19 September 2005 Current Palestinian Government Structure Factsheet Archived November 18 2015 at the Wayback Machine MIFTAH 3 December 2005 FAQs Archived November 18 2015 at the Wayback Machine EU BAM Rafah Accessed September 2015 Alone and Broke Hamas Struggles to Rule Archived July 26 2016 at the Wayback Machine New York Times 7 April 2006 a b c d Hamas coup in Gaza Archived October 15 2008 at the 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January 18 2014 Retrieved February 1 2014 Palestinian split Views from Hamas and Fatah six years on Archived December 28 2013 at the Wayback Machine see section Anwar Zaboun BBC 17 June 2013 In terms of the reconciliation I know there is a veto from the United States of America and the European Union There is pressure Kalman Matthew December 14 2006 U S training Fatah in anti terror tactics Underlying motive is to counter strength of Hamas analysts say sfgate Archived from the original on December 3 2013 a b Palestinian PM denied Gaza entry Archived October 7 2015 at the Wayback Machine BBC 14 December 2006 a b Hamas accuses Fatah over attack Al Jazeera 15 December 2006 a b c d Abbas decides to call early elections Archived October 6 2015 at the Wayback Machine Jerusalem Post 16 December 2006 Egypt seeks to ease Gaza tensions Archived October 7 2015 at the Wayback Machine BBC 15 December 2006 Amayreh Khalid January 28 2010 Did Hamas carry out a coup in Gaza in 2007 Middle East Monitor 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the original on August 31 2013 Retrieved June 3 2010 What Can Abu Mazin Do Archived October 8 2012 at the Wayback Machine pp 8 9 section States of Emergency under the Palestinian Basic Law Nathan J Brown The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 15 June 2007 Here Available Archived October 4 2015 at the Wayback Machine First the PLC can overturn any action taken presumably by a simple majority though Hamas may have difficulties mustering votes with so many deputies in jail Second any extension of the state of emergency beyond thirty days requires PLC approval and this time it is Abu Mazin who would have trouble mustering the votes since he would need 2 3 of all PLC members No Alternative to Political Dialogue PCHR s Position towards the Current Crisis in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian National Authority Palestinian Centre for Human Rights June 18 2007 Archived from the original on June 27 2007 Retrieved June 19 2007 President Abbas prepares to swear in unelected interim government Maannews net Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved April 24 2011 U S ends embargo on Palestinian Authority in move to bolster Fatah Helene Cooper International Herald Tribune 19 June 2007 2 Archived September 16 2011 at the Wayback Machine jpost com Hamas in full control of Gaza BBC News June 15 2007 Archived from the original on December 19 2008 Retrieved July 14 2008 Fatah gunmen storm Hamas controlled ministry parliament building The Hindu Chennai India June 16 2007 Archived from the original on June 29 2011 Retrieved April 24 2011 Erlanger Steven June 21 2007 A Leader of Hamas Warns of West Bank Peril for Fatah Archived from the original on April 25 2009 Retrieved July 14 2008 Mr Zahar the former Palestinian foreign minister said Hamas would not sit idle if its political rival Fatah continued to attack Hamas institutions and politicians a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Gaza 4 dead as Hamas Fatah clan clash Jerusalem Post October 18 2007 Archived from the original on July 8 2012 One Palestinian killed in internal Gaza fighting Reuters October 21 2007 Archived from the original on December 5 2008 al Mughrabi Nidal November 12 2007 Gunfire kills seven at Fatah rally in Gaza Reuters Archived from the original on July 3 2017 Eight dead in Gaza faction clash BBC News January 1 2008 Archived from the original on September 30 2009 Retrieved May 2 2010 Sudam Mohamed March 23 2008 Fatah and Hamas sign reconciliation deal Uk reuters com Retrieved April 24 2011 Palestinian unity talks stall after Hamas boycott alarabiya net November 8 2008 Archived from the original on October 16 2013 Retrieved December 3 2012 Khaled Abu Toameh Hamas killed 32 Gazans during after op Jerusalem Post 20 04 2009 Gaza Hamas Should End Killings Torture Archived April 27 2009 at the Wayback Machine HRW 20 04 2009 6 Die as Palestinian Authority Forces Clash with Hamas New York Times June 1 2009 Ethan Bronner 3 Archived July 26 2016 at the Wayback Machine US reviews Egypt aid as Arab nations pour 12 billion into post Morsi regime Archived July 13 2013 at the Wayback Machine NBC News 11 July 2013 Egypt Presence of Abbas forces key to opening Rafah border crossing Archived September 22 2013 at the Wayback Machine Khaled Abu Toameh Jerusalem Post 21 September 2013 Ginsburg Mitch August 18 2014 Israel says it foiled Hamas plan for massive attacks on Israel coup against PA The Times of Israel Archived from the original on August 21 2014 Retrieved August 21 2014 Abbas delays Palestinian parliamentary polls blaming Israel Aljazeera April 30 2021 Retrieved April 30 2021 Palestinian parliamentary elections delayed says Abbas blaming Israel Reuters April 29 2021 Staff The New Arab April 29 2021 Hamas warns against expected postponement of Palestinian elections alaraby Welle www dw com Deutsche Palestinians vote in West Bank elections amid growing anger DW 11 12 2021 DW COM Retrieved April 5 2022 External linksTIMELINE Key events since 2006 Reuters 20 June 2007 Analysis on the Legality of New PA Elections Archived October 12 2017 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian factions agree deal Abbas insists will hold elections Review by the Reut Institute Hamas Consolidates Fatah Disoriented Archived November 7 2015 at the Wayback Machine Shock awe and dread Details on methods Hamas used to suppress opposition by Avi Issacharoff Haaretz 06 28 07 Frustration over Ramallah violence Palestinian rivals Fatah amp Hamas No agreement in Palestinian talks PA unity deal a disaster Secular Palestinians surrender to religious fanaticism in Mecca deal by Ray Hanania Ynetnews 02 15 07 Gaza on the Verge of Civil War Andrew Lee Butters Time May 14 2007 Q amp A Gaza s civil war Mark Tran The Guardian May 14 2007 It s dangerous inside and out By Ibrahim Barzak reporter s account of a nerve racking day in Gaza City during factional fighting Associated Press May 17 2007 Gunning in Gaza The Economist print edition May 17 2007 Sacrificing the Palestinian struggle Article by Israeli journalist Amira Hass June 14 2007 A selection of links and news concerning the Palestinian Basic Law Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fatah Hamas conflict amp oldid 1215971419 2011 reconciliation agreement, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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