Howick, New Zealand
Howick | |
|---|---|
Howick village seen from above | |
| Coordinates: 36°53′38″S 174°55′55″E / 36.894°S 174.932°E | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| City | Auckland |
| Local authority | Auckland Council |
| Electoral ward | Howick ward |
| Local board | Howick Local Board |
| Established | 1847 (European)[1] |
| Area | |
| • Land | 316 ha (781 acres) |
| Population (June 2023)[3] | |
| • Total | 11,690 |
Howick is a suburb of East Auckland, New Zealand. The area was traditionally settled by Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, and in 1847 Howick was established as a defensive settlement for Auckland, by veteran fencible soldiers of the British Army. Howick was a small agricultural centre until the 1950s, when it developed into a suburban area of Auckland. Modern Howick draws much of its character from the succeeding waves of Asian settlement that it has experienced since New Zealand's immigration reforms of the 1980s, with a strong Chinese New Zealander presence in the suburb's business and education sectors.
Geography edit
Howick is located in the central peninsula of East Auckland, between the Tāmaki River and Tāmaki Strait of the Hauraki Gulf.[4] Waipaparoa / Howick Beach is located to the north-east of the suburb, adjacent to Mellons Bay in the west and Cockle Bay in the east. Waipaparoa / Howick Beach looks out towards the Tāmaki Strait, Waiheke Island, Motukaraka Island and Beachlands.[5] The soil around Howick is primarily clay and sandstone.[6]
Etymology edit
Howick was named after Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey, a name chosen by Governor George Grey in 1847.[7] The Earl was formerly known as Viscount Howick, and his family home in Alnwick, Northumberland. Earl Grey was the Secretary of State for the Colonies who decided to settle British Army veterans in settlements around Auckland.[8] The traditional Tāmaki Māori names for the coastal area were Paparoa and Waipaparoa, and Ōwairoa was used to describe the swampy inland area where the Howick village was established.[9][10][5] The names Howick, Owairoa and Paparoa were used interchangeably by European settlers until 1923, when the Howick Town Board was established.[10]
History edit
Māori history edit
The Tāmaki Strait was visited by the Tainui migratory waka around the year 1300, and members of the crew settled around East Auckland and the Pōhutukawa Coast. These were the ancestors of the modern mana whenua of the area, Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki.[9] The traditional names for the beach and surrounding bay are Paparoa and Waipaparoa, with Waipaparoa referring to the wider bay between modern-day Howick and Beachlands, including the Turanga Creek.[9] The Howick area was extensively cultivated, but as the area was relatively exposed, two fortified pā were constructed: Paparoa Pā at the south-eastern end of Waipaparoa / Howick Beach, and Tūwakamana Pā above Cockle Bay. In addition to agriculture, the Waipaparoa / Howick Beach area was known for pioke (shortspine spurdog sharks), which were caught in the near-by estuaries and dried at the beach.[9] In the 1600s, the warrior Kāwharu attacked and razed Paparoa Pā, without taking occupation of the lands. While the wider area was still cultivated, the site of Paparoa Pā became a wāhi tapu (sacred and restricted) site to Ngāi Tai.[9][11]
In 1836, English Missionary William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau, covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland, East Auckland and the Pōhutukawa Coast.[12] The sale was envisioned by the church and the chiefs as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in the area, unchanged by this sale.[13][14] Fairburn's Purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission found to be excessive and reduced in size. The disallowed parts of his purchase were not returned to Ngāi Tai, however in 1854 a reserve was created for Ngāi Tai around the Wairoa River and Umupuia.[15] As a part of this arrangement, Ngāi Tai agreed not to settle elsewhere in the region, which included Howick.[16]
Establishment of Howick edit
Howick was established in 1847 as a defensive outpost for Auckland, by fencibles (retired British Army soldiers) and their families.[17] Governor George Grey, Bishop George Selwyn, Major Mathew Richmond and Felton Mathew chose the site in October 1847, at a location known to early colonists as Owairoa.[18] The decision to establish on site was controversial. It was allegedly chosen to protect Auckland against potential invasion from Marutūāhu tribes to the east, but the site was too far inland to serve this purpose. As the Crown owned the entirety of the land at Howick, the Government could directly profit from the land sales to fencible settlers.[19]
The fencibles arrived between 1847 and 1852, with the first ships arriving at Waiapaparoa / Howick Beach.[20] Early settlers struggled to establish themselves on the land. Almost no trees were found in the district that could be used for construction, and the soil was primarily clay, compared to other fencible settlements such as Ōtāhuhu and Panmure that were established on volcanic soils more suitable for farming.[6] In 1849 when William Fox of the New Zealand Company visited Howick, he described the settlement as a costly failure.[21] The settlers were promised that houses would be constructed for their families, however this had not occurred by their arrival.[14] The first cottages were constructed from raupō with help from Ngāi Tai, and by December 1849 most of these had been replaced with wooden cottages.[22]
The fencible settlers were primarily poor, and were evenly split between Catholic and Protestant families.[14] All Saints Church was constructed in Howick in 1847, as the first Anglican parish church in Auckland.[23] The Government was widely criticised for not providing many employment opportunities for the fencible settlers. Early settlers often found work on Government projects such as road construction, drainage or clearing allotments, while others worked for farmers.[24] Many fencibles lived in Auckland for work, but were obliged to return to Howick on Sundays, otherwise they could be charged with mutiny under the Fencibles Act.[25]
Howick village developed around the Howick Domain, and grew overtime to become a service centre for the surrounding rural areas.[26] The settlers were dependent on water transport and ferry services, until the construction of the Panmure Bridge across the Tāmaki River in 1865.[27][28][29] Howick was developed into an English-style village by the settlers,[30] becoming known as an area where potatoes and butter were produced.[31] In the 1850s and 1860s the Howick District Acclimation Society worked to introduce English birds such as the thrush and blackbird to the area, to develop an English atmosphere and as a measure to combat caterpillars in the orchards of the area.[32]
By 1854, many of the fencibles had completed their requires seven years of service. Most stayed in Howick, with some moving to Auckland, the gold mine towns of the Coromandel Peninsula, or new defensive settlements to the south, such as Hunua, Papakura and Pukekawa.[31]
In April 1861, news reached the village of the imminent Invasion of the Waikato. By July 1863, a defensive blockhouse was constructed in Howick,[33] and 101 fencibles and their sons served in the war.[14] In September 1863, the Ngāi Tai village of Ōtau near Clevedon was attacked by the British army, and the village was evacuated, with people moving to communities at the river's mouth. While Māori of South Auckland such as Te Ākitai Waiohua were forced to leave, Ngāi Tai were designated as a "friendly" people by the Crown, and remained neutral in the fighting.[34][35] After the Native Lands Act of 1865, the Native Land Court confiscated many Ngāi Tai lands. The remaining land was individuated, slowly sold on to European farmers.[34][9]
The first local government was established in the area in 1862, with the creation of the Howick Township Road Board.[36]
In 1865, the capital of New Zealand was moved from Auckland to Wellington. This caused major financial problems for the residents of Howick, as income from butter dropped and land prices plummeted.[37] By 1880, the population of the village had dropped to 220, down from 775 in 1848.[38] The Howick Town Hall was constructed in 1884,[39] and a number of social organisations such as the Howick Musical Association and Howick Cricket Club were established during this period.[40]
Suburban development edit
Until the 1920s, Howick had the reputation of being a sleepy English-style village.[41] By 1921, the village had grown enough to become a town district within the Manukau County.[36] In the 1930s after a concrete road was constructed between Howick and Greenlane, Howick developed into a suburb for people working in Penrose, Westfield and Ōtāhuhu.[42] Howick village held fundraising carnivals from the 1930s to the 1950s known as Queens Carnivals, where beauty pageants were held to choose an annual queen from the community to represent Howick businesses.[42]
After World War II, many Dutch New Zealanders settled in Howick.[43] The population had slowly grown to 1,500 when the settlement celebrated its centenary in 1947.[1] In 1952, Howick split from the Manukau County to form its own borough.[44] Major suburban growth occurred in Howick in the 1960s and 1970s, including the development of new suburbs in the surrounding areas.[45] In the 1980s and 1990s, Howick developed as a location for Asian migrant communities. Entrepreneur Kit Wong established 100 shops at the Meadowlands shopping plaza, which included a number of businesses run by Chinese and Thai immigrants, such as restaurants.[46]
Government edit
Howick electorate edit
From 1993 and prior to the introduction of MMP in 1996, Howick had its own seat in Parliament, Howick; which had been created from part of the former Otara electorate.
In the 1996 general election, due to the need to decrease the number of general electorates to ensure a sufficient number of seats were available for list MPs, the population centres formerly in the Howick seat were merged into the former separate seat of Pakuranga.
While making recommendations for the boundaries to apply in the 2008 general election, the Electoral Commission recently proposed to resurrect the Howick seat. The planned seat would have taken in the population centres of Howick and Botany Downs-Dannemora but would have had the effect of splitting Bucklands Beach and Highland Park across two electorates. Due to this, and the planned move to incorporate Panmure, Point England and Glen Innes into the neighbouring Pakuranga seat, the commission received a significant number of objections from Pakuranga residents. The Commission eventually adopted the recommendation of Objector N17/30 in keeping the Howick suburb in Pakuranga and renaming the new seat Botany, with a corresponding shift in centre of gravity to the new suburb of Flat Bush. [47][48]
Local government edit
The first local government in the area was the Howick Township Road Board, which was established in 1862.[36] By 1921, the village had grown enough to become a town district within the Manukau County,[36] becoming a borough in 1952.[44] As a part of the 1989 New Zealand local government reforms, Howick Borough was incorporated into Manukau City.[49] In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council.[50]
Howick is part of the Howick local board area, who elects members of the Howick Local Board. Residents of Howick also elect two Howick ward councillors, who sits on the Auckland Council.
Mayors of Howick edit
During its existence from 1952 to 1989, the borough of Howick had six mayors:[51]
| Name | Term | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ernie La Roche | 1952–1953 |
| 2 | William Stevenson | 1953–1962 |
| 3 | Walter Haddrell | 1962–1965 |
| 4 | Cecil Litten | 1965–1966 |
| 5 | Whitford Blundell | 1966–1974 |
| 6 | Morrin Cooper | 1974–1989 |
Economy and amenities edit
Museums edit
Howick Historical Village, a living history museum run by Howick & Districts Historical Society and located in Pakuranga, opened in 1980 to recreate the Fencible settlement of Howick.[52] The original historic buildings, sourced from around Howick and its environs, were saved from demolition in the late 1970s and early 1980s and moved to Lloyd Elsmore Park in Pakuranga. The Village has expanded its mission to include a broader representation of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland with a focus on the period 1840–1880.[53]
The Polish Heritage Trust Museum has been operating in Howick in 2004.[54][55]
Meadowlands Shopping Centre edit
Meadowlands Shopping Centre opened in Howick in 1993 and was upgraded in 2011. It covers 5,215 square metres (56,130 sq ft) and has 303 carparks. The mall has dozens of shops, including a Countdown supermarket.[56] It originally also originally housed a McDonald's restaurant and drive-through.[57] The shopping centre was sold by Bayleys amid the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 to a private developer for $23 million.[58]
Emilia Maud Nixon Garden of Memories edit
Originally built in the mid-1930s, a small wharenui is located behind the village's library and arts centre. The 'Garden of Memories' was developed by Howick resident Emilia Maude Nixon to "promote understanding, harmony and goodwill between all people".[59] Nixon planted native trees and grew traditional food eaten by Maori. A waka was also located in the garden, with the wharenui named Torere – after the daughter of Hoturoa, the chief of the Tainui.[60] Kuia and kaumātua visited the garden for a dedication in 1936.[61]
After Nixon's death in 1962, the garden was managed by the Howick Borough Council while Torere was managed by the Howick and District Historical Society. In the following decades, the wharenui was occasionally vandalised and left largely unmaintained. The original structure was demolished and rebuilt by the Manukau City Council following the 1989 New Zealand local government reforms – though the wharenui's facade and carvings were maintained.[60][61] Following the rebuilding of Torere, the building was used for classes and activities organised by volunteers.[61]
An attempt to name the wharenui a "marae" by its managing trust prompted over 300 submissions by residents in 1997 – and signs bearing the name were gratified over.[62] The opposition and council response sparked a Race Relations Office investigation.[63] But Torere itself was damaged beyond repair following a fire in October 2004 – fire investigators found the incident was likely a result of an arson attack,[64][65][66] while some locals blamed the fire on an electrical fault.[60] The wharenui rebuild project was contested by some locals,[67] notably the Howick Ratepayers and Residents Association,[68][60] and was only completed in 2011.[65][69]
Sport and recreation edit
Howick is home to Fencibles United association football club, who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 2, and the Howick Hornets rugby league club, who compete in Auckland Rugby League's top division, the Fox Memorial.
Demographics edit
Howick covers 3.16 km2 (1.22 sq mi)[2] and had an estimated population of 11,690 as of June 2023,[3] with a population density of 3,699 people per km2.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 9,798 | — |
| 2013 | 10,512 | +1.01% |
| 2018 | 11,067 | +1.03% |
| Source: [70] | ||
Howick had a population of 11,067 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 555 people (5.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,269 people (13.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,822 households, comprising 5,325 males and 5,739 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.93 males per female, with 2,199 people (19.9%) aged under 15 years, 2,058 (18.6%) aged 15 to 29, 5,184 (46.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,626 (14.7%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 67.6% European/Pākehā, 6.2% Māori, 3.8% Pacific peoples, 27.1% Asian, and 3.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 46.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46.1% had no religion, 39.2% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.6% were Hindu, 1.1% were Muslim, 2.0% were Buddhist and 2.5% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 2,469 (27.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,107 (12.5%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,968 people (22.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,647 (52.4%) people were employed full-time, 1,239 (14.0%) were part-time, and 279 (3.1%) were unemployed.[70]
| Name | Area (km2) | Population | Density (per km2) | Households | Median age | Median income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Howick West | 1.19 | 4,050 | 3,403 | 1,317 | 37.4 years | $35,700[71] |
| Howick Central | 0.86 | 3,405 | 3,959 | 1,188 | 38.2 years | $37,400[72] |
| Howick East | 1.11 | 3,612 | 3,254 | 1,317 | 38.3 years | $37,500[73] |
| New Zealand | 37.4 years | $31,800 |
Education edit
Howick Intermediate School is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of 579.[74] Howick Primary School and Owairoa School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 323 and 753 students, respectively[75][76]
All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of February 2024.[77]
Climate edit
Under the Köppen climate classification, Howick has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with warm humid summers and mild damp winters.[78]
Temperature edit
Compared to other places on a similar latitude (particularly those in the northern hemisphere), there are relatively small variations in temperature between summer and winter, as well as relatively small temperature variations throughout the day. This is due to the proximity and influence of the surrounding ocean curtailing any extremes in temperature. Since records began in 2010, air temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) are very rare having only been recorded 4 times. Daily high temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) are also very rare having only been recorded twice. The highest recorded temperature is 30.7 °C (87 °F) and lowest −1.4 °C (29 °F). Humidity in summer can at times be oppressive and tropical-like with Dew Point temperatures occasionally exceeding 23 °C (73 °F)[79] with a maximum recorded dew point of 24.4 °C (76 °F).[80] Average summer daily maximum & minimum temperatures are around 25 °C (77 °F) and 16 °C (61 °F). Average winter daily maximum & minimum temperatures are around 15 °C (59 °F) and 7 °C (45 °F). Mean annual temperature is 15.5 °C (60 °F).
Rainfall edit
Rainfall is usually plentiful throughout the year averaging around 1,200 millimetres (47.24 in) however the winter months on average see more rain than the summer months. Between December and April, storms from the tropics can occasionally pass through or near the region bringing with it heavy rain. The record highest daily rainfall of 146.2 millimetres (5.76 in) occurred on 27 January 2023 during the 2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods. The highest 30-day rainfall of 417.2 millimetres (16.43 in) was recorded during the period 7 March 2017 – 5 April 2017. The most consecutive wet days (≥1 mm) is 12 recorded in the period 26 July 2016 – 6 August 2016. The lowest 30-day rainfall of 2.2 millimetres (0.09 in) was recorded in the period 15 January 2020 – 13 March 2020 and the most consecutive non-wet days (<1 mm) is 29 recorded 2 January 2015 – 30 January 2015. There are no recorded instances of snowfall. Occasionally droughts do occur during the warmer months, for example the 3 months Jan-Mar 2013 saw only 51 millimetres (2.01 in) of rainfall, and the 6 months Nov 2019 – Apr 2020 saw only 154 millimetres (6.06 in) of rainfall.
Climate Data edit
| Climate data for Howick (Jan 2010 – Dec 2022) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.2 (86.4) | 30.7 (87.3) | 27.4 (81.3) | 25.5 (77.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.5 (70.7) | 19.3 (66.7) | 19.4 (66.9) | 21.9 (71.4) | 23.2 (73.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.9 (84.0) | 30.7 (87.3) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 28.1 (82.6) | 28.1 (82.6) | 26.2 (79.2) | 24.5 (76.1) | 21.2 (70.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 17.8 (64.0) | 18.7 (65.7) | 20.2 (68.4) | 22.1 (71.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 26.6 (79.9) | 28.6 (83.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) | 25.2 (77.4) | 23.6 (74.5) | 21.0 (69.8) | 18.1 (64.6) | 15.8 (60.4) | 15.0 (59.0) | 15.7 (60.3) | 17.0 (62.6) | 18.9 (66.0) | 21.2 (70.2) | 23.2 (73.8) | 19.9 (67.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.4 (68.7) | 18.9 (66.0) | 16.5 (61.7) | 13.9 (57.0) | 12.1 (53.8) | 10.8 (51.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 12.7 (54.9) | 14.5 (58.1) | 16.4 (61.5) | 18.7 (65.7) | 15.5 (59.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) | 16.3 (61.3) | 14.7 (58.5) | 12.4 (54.3) | 10.1 (50.2) | 8.7 (47.7) | 7.3 (45.1) | 7.9 (46.2) | 9.0 (48.2) | 10.7 (51.3) | 12.3 (54.1) | 14.8 (58.6) | 11.6 (52.9) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 11.3 (52.3) | 11.7 (53.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | 7.1 (44.8) | 3.3 (37.9) | 2.2 (36.0) | 0.6 (33.1) | 2.1 (35.8) | 3.6 (38.5) | 5.1 (41.2) | 7.8 (46.0) | 10.1 (50.2) | 0.4 (32.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) | 8.5 (47.3) | 6.3 (43.3) | 4.8 (40.6) | 0.3 (32.5) | −0.4 (31.3) | −1.4 (29.5) | 0.2 (32.4) | 0.1 (32.2) | 2.2 (36.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 7.4 (45.3) | −1.4 (29.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 64.3 (2.53) | 63.2 (2.49) | 95.6 (3.76) | 92.2 (3.63) | 114.0 (4.49) | 134.9 (5.31) | 136.5 (5.37) | 133.6 (5.26) | 121.3 (4.78) | 84.1 (3.31) | 73.7 (2.90) | 85.8 (3.38) | 1,198.1 (47.17) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.0 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 9.8 | 12.6 | 14.0 | 14.8 | 15.9 | 14.7 | 11.4 | 9.4 | 8.5 | 131.5 |
| Source: Howick Weather Station[81] | |||||||||||||
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- ^ Education Counts: Owairoa School
- ^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
- ^ "Highest dewpoints". Howick Weather. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ "Weather Station Records". Howick Weather.
- ^ "Howick Weather | Climate". howickweather.co.nz. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
Bibliography edit
- Alexander, Ruth; Gibson, Gail; la Roche, Alan (1997). The Royal New Zealand Fencibles, 1847–1852. New Zealand Fencible Society. ISBN 0473047160.
- La Roche, Alan (2011). Grey's Folly: A History of Howick, Pakuranga, Bucklands-Eastern Beaches, East Tamaki, Whitford, Beachlands and Maraetai. Auckland: Tui Vale Productions. ISBN 978-0-473-18547-3. OCLC 1135039710. Wikidata Q118286377.
- La Roche, John (2011). "Tamaki River Bridge, Panmure". In La Roche, John (ed.). Evolving Auckland: The City's Engineering Heritage. Wily Publications. ISBN 9781927167038.
Further reading edit
- "Howick", The Cyclopedia of New Zealand, vol. 2: Auckland Provincial District, Christchurch: The Cyclopedia Company, Limited, 1902, pp. 656–657 – history of the town to 1900 and biographies of some local notable people during the latter half of the 19th century.
External links edit
- Howick Village
- Photographs of Howick held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections.