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Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate

January 06, 2023

The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (Kyrgyz: Улуу Кыргыз Дөөлөтү, romanized: Uluu Kyrgyz Döölötü; Chinese: 黠戛斯汗國) was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the early 9th and 10th centuries. It ruled over the Yenisei Kyrgyz people, who had been located in southern Siberia since the 6th century. By the 9th century, the Kyrgyz had asserted dominance over the Uyghurs who had previously ruled the Kyrgyz. The empire was established as a khaganate from 840 to 1207, lasting 367 years.[2] The khaganate's territory at its height would briefly include parts of modern-day China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and Russia. After the 10th century, there was little information on the Yenisei Kyrgyz. It is believed the khaganate had survived in its traditional homeland until 1207.

Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
Улуу Кыргыз Дөөлөтү
Uluu Kyrgyz Döölötü
693 or 840 or 925–1203[1] or 1207[2]
The greatest extent of territory in the 9th century
StatusKhaganate (Nomadic empire)
Capital
[4]
Common languages
Religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Khagan 
• 693-711
Bars Bek (first)
• 847-866
Yingwu (last)
History 
• Established
693 or 840 or 925
• Disestablished
1203[1] or 1207[2]
Preceded by		 Succeeded by

History

The earliest records of Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate were written during the Tang dynasty. The Kyrgyz did not keep reliable written records during this period.

Before 202 BCE, Xiongnu chanyu Modun conquered the Kyrgyzes –then known to Chinese as Gekun (鬲昆)– along with the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射), Dingling (丁零), and Xinli (薪犁).[5]

In 50 BC, Xiongnu chanyu Zhizhi defeated the Wusun, Wujie (Oguzes?[6]), Dinglings and Jiankun (Kyrgyzes).[7] During those times, Kyrgyz people lived in the Borohoro Mountains and the Manas River valley on east Tengir-Too, about 7,000 li (4,000  km) west of Ordos – the center of Xiongnu's territory.[citation needed]

In Chinese historiography, the Kyrgyzes' endonym was first transcribed as Gekun (or Ko-kun; Chinese: 鬲昆) or Jiankun (or Chien-kun; Chinese: 堅昆) in Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han, respectively.[8] other transcriptions are Jiegu (結骨), Hegu (紇骨), Hegusi (紇扢斯), Hejiasi (紇戛斯), Hugu (護骨), Qigu (契骨), Juwu (居勿), and Xiajiasi (黠戛斯),[9] Peter Golden reconstructs underlying *Qïrğïz < *Qïrqïz< *Qïrqïŕ and suggests a derivation from Old Turkic qïr 'gray' (horse color) plus suffix -q(X)ŕ/ğ(X)ŕ ~ k(X)z/g(X)z.[10][11]

They were largely subordinate to the Göktürks from 560s to 700s.[2] Kyrgyz khagan Bars Bek was a brother-in-law to Bilge Khagan. His son ruled Kyrgyzs after Bars Bek's defeated in hands of Qapaghan in 710.[12] After Turkic downfall, they submitted to Uyghurs.[13] Their leader Bayanchur killed the Kyrgyz leader and appointed a new Kyrgyz khagan named Bilge Tong Erkin (毗伽頓頡斤).

Relations with Tang dynasty

The first embassy to Yenisei Kyrgyz was sent during reign of the Emperor Taizong of Tang, in 632.[14] He received Kyrgyz ambassador named Shiboqu Azhan (失鉢屈阿棧) who was later appointed to the Yanran (燕然) Commandery.

The Kyrgyz khagans claimed descent from the Han dynasty general Li Ling, grandson of the general Li Guang.[15][16][17] Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE.[18][19] And since the Tang imperial Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kyrgyz khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan Are (阿熱) invaded the Uyghur Khaganate and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to Chang'an by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).

The Khitan ruler Abaoji did extend his influence onto the Mongolian Plateau in 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (Liao) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations. Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s.[2]

— Michael Drompp

The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate of the Are family bolstered his ties and alliance to the Tang imperial family against the Uyghur Khaganate by claiming descent from the Han dynasty general Li Ling who had defected to the Xiongnu and married a Xiongnu princess, daughter of Qiedihou Chanyu and was sent to govern the Jiankun (Ch'ien-K'un) region which later became Yenisei. Li Ling was a grandson of Li Guang (Li Kuang) of the Longxi Li family descended from Laozi which the Tang dynasty Li Imperial family claimed descent from.[20] The Yenisei Kyrgyz and Tang dynasty launched a victorious successful war between 840-848 to destroy the Uyghur Khaganate and its centre at the Orkhon valley using their claimed familial ties as justification for an alliance.[21] Tang forces under General Shi Xiong wounded the Uyghur Khagan (Qaghan) Ögä, seized livestock, took 5,000-20,000 Uyghur Khaganate soldiers captive, killed 10,0000 Uyghur Khaganate sources on 13 February 843 at the Battle of Shahu (kill the barbarians) mountain in 843.[22][23][24]

In 845, Are khagan was created Zong Yingxiong Wu Chengming Khagan (Chinese: 宗英雄武誠明可汗; lit. 'Fathering Heroes, Martial and Sincere, Brilliant Khagan') by Emperor Wuzong. But Wuzong died before his ambassadors departed Chang'an. The new emperor Xuanzong did not rush to create him khagan. At a general council of senior officials, they decided that the titles were given to the Uyghurs when they were strong, and if the Yenisei Kyrgyz were awarded as well, they would become proud and become dangerous. The emperor revoked the letter.[2]

After Are's murder by one of his officials in 847, new Kyrgyz khagan was created Yingwu Chengming Khagan (英武誠明可汗) by Xuanzong,[2] who sent Li Ye (李業) to award him the title.

After the tenth century, there is little additional in-formation regarding the Kyrgyz until their absorption into the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century. There was a conflict between the Kyrgyz and the Kara Ki-tay around 1130; the Kyrgyz were not defeated, but there is some speculation that at some point they came under the sway of the Ka-ra Kitay. Almost 80 years later, in 1207/1208, the Kyrgyz submitted to the rising power of the Mongols under Chinggis Khan.[2]

— Michael Drompp

Khagans

Kyrgyz Khagans before the integration by the Mongol Empire:[25]
Name Ruling period Name in Kyrgyz
Bars Bek 693-711 Барсбек
Bilge Tong Erkin 745-795 Билге Тонг Эркин
Ajo 795-840 Ажо
Alp Solagai 840-847 Алп Сологой
Ar (Are) 847-847 Аре
Yingwu (Yingu) 847-866 Ингу

References

  1. ^ "History of Central Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Drompp, Michael (January 2002). "The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ The peoples of Southern Siberia in the ancient Turkic era Chapter IV. Late Turkic time. (in Russian)[1]
  4. ^ Mustafa Kalkan, (2005), “Kırgız Boylarının Yenisey’den Çıkarılmaları ve Coğrafî Dağılımları”, (in Turkish), Erdem: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Dergisi, Vol: 15, No: 47, Page: 77-100.[2]
  5. ^ Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Vol. 110 "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North [Modun] subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli nations. [...] It was when the Han had just stabilized the Central Region, [...]. [i.e. 202 BCE]"
  6. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2012), “Oq and Oğur ~ Oğuz”, Turkic Languages, 16/2. . p. 15 of 29
  7. ^ Book of Han "vol. 94 B - Account of the Xiongnu" quote: "郅支見烏孫兵多，其使又不反，勒兵逢擊烏孫，破之。因北擊烏揭，烏揭降。發其兵西破堅昆，北降丁令，并三國。" rough translation: "Zhizhi saw that Wusun had numerous soldiers and their [Xiongnu's] ambassador again had not returned. He commanded his armies, encountered and attacked the Wusun, defeating them. Then he attacked the Wujie in the north; the Wujie surrendered. Dispatching his armies westwards, he defeated the Jiankun (Kyrgyzes); northwards he subjugated the Dinglings. Thus, he quelled three countries."
  8. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" in Central Asiatic Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 98-99 of 98-108
  9. ^ Theobald, Ulrich (2012). "Xiajiasi 黠戛斯, Qirqiz" for ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
  10. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2017). "The Turkic World in Mahmûd al-Kâshgarî" (PDF). Türkologiya 4: 16.
  11. ^ Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". The Medieval History Journal, 21(2): 302.
  12. ^ Butanaev, V. I︠A︡.; Бутанаев, В. Я. (2000). Istorii︠a︡ eniseĭskikh kyrgyzov. Khudi︠a︡kov, I︠U︡. S. (I︠U︡liĭ Sergeevich), Худяков, Ю. С. (Юлий Сергеевич), Khakasskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet imeni N.F. Katanova. Institut istorii i prava., Хакасский государственный университет имени Н.Ф. Катанова. Институт истории и права. Abakan: Izd-vo Khakasskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.F. Katanova. p. 69. ISBN 5-7810-0119-0. OCLC 47206450.
  13. ^ Barfield, Thomas J. (Thomas Jefferson), 1950- (1989). The perilous frontier : nomadic empires and China. Cambridge, Mass.: B. Blackwell. p. 152. ISBN 1-55786-043-2. OCLC 18629749.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Theobald, Ulrich. "Xiajiasi 黠戛斯 or Jilijisi 吉利吉思, Qirqiz (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
  15. ^ Veronika Veit, ed. (2007). The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61. ISBN 978-3447055376. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  16. ^ Michael Robert Drompp (2005). Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126. ISBN 9004141294. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  17. ^ Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010). The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research (PDF). Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. Vol. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane - Editura Istros. p. 245. ISBN 978-973-27-1962-6. Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.
  18. ^ The role of women in the Altaic world : Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Veit, Veronika, 1944-. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 2007. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-447-05537-6. OCLC 182731462.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. ^ Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (3): 394–395. doi:10.2307/605932. JSTOR 605932.
  20. ^ Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 126, 291, 190, 191, 15, 16. ISBN 9004141294.
  21. ^ Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (3): 390–403. doi:10.2307/605932. JSTOR 605932. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  22. ^ Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 114. ISBN 9004141294.
  23. ^ Drompp, Michael R. (2018). "THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840-848". In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.). Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 92. ISBN 978-9004391789.
  24. ^ Drompp, Michael R. (2018). "THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840-848". In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.). Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 99. ISBN 978-9004391789.
  25. ^ "Тарых - Кыргыз Республикасынын Президентинин расмий Интернет сайты".

January 06, 2023
yenisei, kyrgyz, khaganate, kyrgyz, Улуу, Кыргыз, Дөөлөтү, romanized, uluu, kyrgyz, döölötü, chinese, 黠戛斯汗國, turkic, empire, that, existed, about, century, between, early, 10th, centuries, ruled, over, yenisei, kyrgyz, people, been, located, southern, siberia,. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate Kyrgyz Uluu Kyrgyz Doolotү romanized Uluu Kyrgyz Doolotu Chinese 黠戛斯汗國 was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the early 9th and 10th centuries It ruled over the Yenisei Kyrgyz people who had been located in southern Siberia since the 6th century By the 9th century the Kyrgyz had asserted dominance over the Uyghurs who had previously ruled the Kyrgyz The empire was established as a khaganate from 840 to 1207 lasting 367 years 2 The khaganate s territory at its height would briefly include parts of modern day China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mongolia and Russia After the 10th century there was little information on the Yenisei Kyrgyz It is believed the khaganate had survived in its traditional homeland until 1207 Yenisei Kyrgyz KhaganateUluu Kyrgyz DoolotүUluu Kyrgyz Doolotu693 or 840 or 925 1203 1 or 1207 2 The greatest extent of territory in the 9th centuryStatusKhaganate Nomadic empire CapitalOrdu Baliq 3 Tuva since 970 4 Common languagesOrkhon Turkic language official Old Turkic languageReligionTengrism official BuddhismGovernmentMonarchyKhagan 693 711Bars Bek first 847 866Yingwu last History Established693 or 840 or 925 Disestablished1203 1 or 1207 2 Preceded by Succeeded byUyghur Khaganate Liao dynastyMongol Empire Contents 1 History 1 1 Relations with Tang dynasty 2 Khagans 3 ReferencesHistory EditThe earliest records of Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate were written during the Tang dynasty The Kyrgyz did not keep reliable written records during this period Before 202 BCE Xiongnu chanyu Modun conquered the Kyrgyzes then known to Chinese as Gekun 鬲昆 along with the Hunyu 渾庾 Qushe 屈射 Dingling 丁零 and Xinli 薪犁 5 In 50 BC Xiongnu chanyu Zhizhi defeated the Wusun Wujie Oguzes 6 Dinglings and Jiankun Kyrgyzes 7 During those times Kyrgyz people lived in the Borohoro Mountains and the Manas River valley on east Tengir Too about 7 000 li 4 000 km west of Ordos the center of Xiongnu s territory citation needed In Chinese historiography the Kyrgyzes endonym was first transcribed as Gekun or Ko kun Chinese 鬲昆 or Jiankun or Chien kun Chinese 堅昆 in Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han respectively 8 other transcriptions are Jiegu 結骨 Hegu 紇骨 Hegusi 紇扢斯 Hejiasi 紇戛斯 Hugu 護骨 Qigu 契骨 Juwu 居勿 and Xiajiasi 黠戛斯 9 Peter Golden reconstructs underlying Qirgiz lt Qirqiz lt Qirqiŕ and suggests a derivation from Old Turkic qir gray horse color plus suffix q X ŕ g X ŕ k X z g X z 10 11 They were largely subordinate to the Gokturks from 560s to 700s 2 Kyrgyz khagan Bars Bek was a brother in law to Bilge Khagan His son ruled Kyrgyzs after Bars Bek s defeated in hands of Qapaghan in 710 12 After Turkic downfall they submitted to Uyghurs 13 Their leader Bayanchur killed the Kyrgyz leader and appointed a new Kyrgyz khagan named Bilge Tong Erkin 毗伽頓頡斤 Relations with Tang dynasty Edit The first embassy to Yenisei Kyrgyz was sent during reign of the Emperor Taizong of Tang in 632 14 He received Kyrgyz ambassador named Shiboqu Azhan 失鉢屈阿棧 who was later appointed to the Yanran 燕然 Commandery The Kyrgyz khagans claimed descent from the Han dynasty general Li Ling grandson of the general Li Guang 15 16 17 Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE 18 19 And since the Tang imperial Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang the Kyrgyz khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang imperial family This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan Are 阿熱 invaded the Uyghur Khaganate and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword The news brought to Chang an by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu 註吾合素 The Khitan ruler Abaoji did extend his influence onto the Mongolian Plateau in 924 but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz The only information we have from Khitan Liao sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz empire from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s 2 Michael Drompp The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate of the Are family bolstered his ties and alliance to the Tang imperial family against the Uyghur Khaganate by claiming descent from the Han dynasty general Li Ling who had defected to the Xiongnu and married a Xiongnu princess daughter of Qiedihou Chanyu and was sent to govern the Jiankun Ch ien K un region which later became Yenisei Li Ling was a grandson of Li Guang Li Kuang of the Longxi Li family descended from Laozi which the Tang dynasty Li Imperial family claimed descent from 20 The Yenisei Kyrgyz and Tang dynasty launched a victorious successful war between 840 848 to destroy the Uyghur Khaganate and its centre at the Orkhon valley using their claimed familial ties as justification for an alliance 21 Tang forces under General Shi Xiong wounded the Uyghur Khagan Qaghan Oga seized livestock took 5 000 20 000 Uyghur Khaganate soldiers captive killed 10 0000 Uyghur Khaganate sources on 13 February 843 at the Battle of Shahu kill the barbarians mountain in 843 22 23 24 In 845 Are khagan was created Zong Yingxiong Wu Chengming Khagan Chinese 宗英雄武誠明可汗 lit Fathering Heroes Martial and Sincere Brilliant Khagan by Emperor Wuzong But Wuzong died before his ambassadors departed Chang an The new emperor Xuanzong did not rush to create him khagan At a general council of senior officials they decided that the titles were given to the Uyghurs when they were strong and if the Yenisei Kyrgyz were awarded as well they would become proud and become dangerous The emperor revoked the letter 2 After Are s murder by one of his officials in 847 new Kyrgyz khagan was created Yingwu Chengming Khagan 英武誠明可汗 by Xuanzong 2 who sent Li Ye 李業 to award him the title After the tenth century there is little additional in formation regarding the Kyrgyz until their absorption into the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century There was a conflict between the Kyrgyz and the Kara Ki tay around 1130 the Kyrgyz were not defeated but there is some speculation that at some point they came under the sway of the Ka ra Kitay Almost 80 years later in 1207 1208 the Kyrgyz submitted to the rising power of the Mongols under Chinggis Khan 2 Michael DromppKhagans EditKyrgyz Khagans before the integration by the Mongol Empire 25 Name Ruling period Name in KyrgyzBars Bek 693 711 BarsbekBilge Tong Erkin 745 795 Bilge Tong ErkinAjo 795 840 AzhoAlp Solagai 840 847 Alp SologojAr Are 847 847 AreYingwu Yingu 847 866 InguReferences Edit History of Central Asia Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 8 November 2016 a b c d e f g Drompp Michael January 2002 The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help The peoples of Southern Siberia in the ancient Turkic era Chapter IV Late Turkic time in Russian 1 Mustafa Kalkan 2005 Kirgiz Boylarinin Yenisey den Cikarilmalari ve Cografi Dagilimlari in Turkish Erdem Ataturk Kultur Merkezi Dergisi Vol 15 No 47 Page 77 100 2 Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Vol 110 後北服渾庾 屈射 丁零 鬲昆 薪犁之國 是時漢初定中國 translation Later in the North Modun subdued the Hunyu Qushe Dingling Gekun and Xinli nations It was when the Han had just stabilized the Central Region i e 202 BCE Golden Peter B 2012 Oq and Ogur Oguz Turkic Languages 16 2 archived pdf p 15 of 29 Book of Han vol 94 B Account of the Xiongnu quote 郅支見烏孫兵多 其使又不反 勒兵逢擊烏孫 破之 因北擊烏揭 烏揭降 發其兵西破堅昆 北降丁令 并三國 rough translation Zhizhi saw that Wusun had numerous soldiers and their Xiongnu s ambassador again had not returned He commanded his armies encountered and attacked the Wusun defeating them Then he attacked the Wujie in the north the Wujie surrendered Dispatching his armies westwards he defeated the Jiankun Kyrgyzes northwards he subjugated the Dinglings Thus he quelled three countries Pulleyblank Edwin G The Name of the Kirghiz in Central Asiatic Journal Vol 34 No 1 2 1990 Harrassowitz Verlag page 98 99 of 98 108 Theobald Ulrich 2012 Xiajiasi 黠戛斯 Qirqiz for ChinaKnowledge de An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History Literature and Art Golden Peter B 2017 The Turkic World in Mahmud al Kashgari PDF Turkologiya 4 16 Golden Peter B August 2018 The Ethnogonic Tales of the Turks The Medieval History Journal 21 2 302 Butanaev V I A Butanaev V Ya 2000 Istorii a eniseĭskikh kyrgyzov Khudi a kov I U S I U liĭ Sergeevich Hudyakov Yu S Yulij Sergeevich Khakasskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet imeni N F Katanova Institut istorii i prava Hakasskij gosudarstvennyj universitet imeni N F Katanova Institut istorii i prava Abakan Izd vo Khakasskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im N F Katanova p 69 ISBN 5 7810 0119 0 OCLC 47206450 Barfield Thomas J Thomas Jefferson 1950 1989 The perilous frontier nomadic empires and China Cambridge Mass B Blackwell p 152 ISBN 1 55786 043 2 OCLC 18629749 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Theobald Ulrich Xiajiasi 黠戛斯 or Jilijisi 吉利吉思 Qirqiz www chinaknowledge de www chinaknowledge de Retrieved 2019 12 13 Veronika Veit ed 2007 The role of women in the Altaic world Permanent International Altaistic Conference 44th meeting Walberberg 26 31 August 2001 Vol 152 of Asiatische Forschungen illustrated ed Otto Harrassowitz Verlag p 61 ISBN 978 3447055376 Retrieved 8 February 2012 Michael Robert Drompp 2005 Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire a documentary history Vol 13 of Brill s Inner Asian library illustrated ed BRILL p 126 ISBN 9004141294 Retrieved 8 February 2012 Kyzlasov Leonid R 2010 The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research PDF Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEA VII Vol The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane Editura Istros p 245 ISBN 978 973 27 1962 6 Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi The role of women in the Altaic world Permanent International Altaistic Conference 44th meeting Walberberg 26 31 August 2001 Veit Veronika 1944 Wiesbaden Harrassowitz 2007 p 61 ISBN 978 3 447 05537 6 OCLC 182731462 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Drompp Michael R 1999 Breaking the Orkhon Tradition Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A D 840 Journal of the American Oriental Society 119 3 394 395 doi 10 2307 605932 JSTOR 605932 Drompp Michael Robert 2005 Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire A Documentary History Vol 13 of Brill s Inner Asian Library illustrated ed BRILL pp 126 291 190 191 15 16 ISBN 9004141294 Drompp Michael R 1999 Breaking the Orkhon Tradition Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A D 840 Journal of the American Oriental Society 119 3 390 403 doi 10 2307 605932 JSTOR 605932 Retrieved 4 September 2021 Drompp Michael Robert 2005 Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire A Documentary History Vol 13 of Brill s Inner Asian Library illustrated ed BRILL p 114 ISBN 9004141294 Drompp Michael R 2018 THE UIGHUR CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840 848 In Cosmo Nicola Di ed Warfare in Inner Asian History 500 1800 Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 8 Uralic amp Central Asian Studies BRILL p 92 ISBN 978 9004391789 Drompp Michael R 2018 THE UIGHUR CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840 848 In Cosmo Nicola Di ed Warfare in Inner Asian History 500 1800 Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 8 Uralic amp Central Asian Studies BRILL p 99 ISBN 978 9004391789 Taryh Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Prezidentinin rasmij Internet sajty Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate amp oldid 1131856755, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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