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Yörüks

February 09, 2023

The Yörüks, also Yuruks or Yorouks (Turkish: Yörükler; Greek: Γιουρούκοι, Youroúkoi; Bulgarian: юруци; Macedonian: Јуруци, Juruci), are a Turkish ethnic subgroup of Oghuz descent,[5] [6][7] some of whom are nomadic, primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia, and partly in the Balkan peninsula.[8] On the Balkans Yörüks are distributed over a wide area from southern Serbia, parts of Bulgaria, north to Larissa in Thessaly and southern Thrace.[9][10] Their name derives from the Turkish verb yürü- (yürümek in infinitive), which means "to walk", with the word yörük or yürük designating "those who walk on the hindlegs, walkers".[11][12] The Yörüks were under the Yörük Sanjak, (Turkish: Yörük Sancağı) which was not a territorial unit like the other sanjaks, but a separate organisational unit of the Ottoman Empire.[13][14]

Yörüks
A Yörük father with his daughter
Regions with significant populations
Anatolia, Balkans
 Turkey>1,000,000[1][2] (2011)
 North Macedonia4,000[3]
 Bulgaria1,000[4]
Languages
Turkish
Religion
Islam (Sunnism, Alevism)
Related ethnic groups
Turkish people and other Turkic peoples
A Yörük village settled in 15th century, traditional Turkish houses

According to some, those tribes residing in the east of the Kızılırmak river are called Turkmen and those in the west Yörük. Both terms were used together in Ottoman sources for Dulkadirli Turkmens living in Maraş and its surroundings.[15] The ethnohistorical terms Turcoman and Turkmen are used synonymously in literature to designate Yörük ancestry.[7]

Anatolia

 
Yörük (red) and Turkmens (yellow) in Anatolia
 
Yörük shepherd in the Taurus Mountains in 2002.

Historians and ethnologists often use the additional appellative 'Yörük Turcoman' or 'Turkmens' to describe the Yörüks of Anatolia. In Turkey's general parlance today, the terms "Türkmen" and "Yörük" indicate the gradual degrees of preserved attachment with the former semi-nomadic lifestyle of the populations concerned, with the "Turkmen" now leading a fully sedentary life, while keeping parts of their heritage through folklore and traditions, in arts like carpet-weaving, with the continued habit of keeping a yayla house for the summers, sometimes in relation to the Alevi community etc. and with Yörüks maintaining a stronger association with nomadism. These names ultimately hint to their Oghuz Turkish roots. The remaining "true" Yörüks of today's Anatolia traditionally use horses as a means of transportation, though these are steadily being replaced by trucks.

The Yörüks are divided in a large number of named endogamous patrilineal tribes (aşiret). Among recent tribes mentioned in the literature are Aksigirli, Ali Efendi, Bahsıs, Cakallar, Coşlu, Qekli, Gacar, Güzelbeyli, Horzum, Karaevli, Karahacılı, Karakoyunlu, Karakayalı, Karalar, Karakeçili, Manavlı, Melemenci, San Agalı, Sanhacılı, Sarıkeçili, Tekeli and Yeni Osmanlı. The tribes are splittered in clans or lineages, i.e. kabile, sülale or oba.[16]

  • Anatolian Yörüks: İçel Yörüks, Alaiye Yörüks, Tekeli Yörüks, Bursa Yörüks, Haruniye Yörüks, Maraş Yörüks, Ankara Yörüks, Eğridir Yörüks, Araç Yörüks, Taraklı Yörüks, Murtana Yörüks, Nacaklı Yörüks, Nasırlı Yörüks, Eski Yörüks, Toraman Yörük, Tacirleri Yörüks, Tor Yörüks.[7]

Sarıkeçili Yörüks

The Sarıkeçili or "Yellow Goats" are the last Yörüks maintaining the nomadic way of life. They mainly live in Mersin Province in the central-eastern parts of the Turkish Mediterranean coast and consist of about 200 families. Their winter camps are in the coasts of Silifke, Gülnar and Anamur. In summer they live in the districts of Beyşehir and Seydişehir in Konya Province. Their nomad tents can be seen throughout the Mediterranean coastal sides of Turkey. This is a very common practice among old Turkic tribes in central Asia even nowadays.[8][17] A throat singing tradition, known as “Boğaz Havası” or “Boğaz Çalma”, has an important aspect in the culture of the Sarıkeçili Yörüks, it is performed by pressing the throat with a finger while singing with a sound.[17][7]

In the past centuries, many Sarıkeçili tribes also resided in these areas: İçil, Aydın, Konya, Afyonkarahisar, Akşehir, Saruhan, Doğanhisarı, Antalya, Lake Eğirdir, Isparta, Burdur, Dazkırı, Uluborlu. Most Sarıkeçili tribes living in these areas have already accepted the sedentary way of life. The Sarıkeçili around Antalya and Mersin are the last representatives of Yörük nomadism.[7][18] They are considered ‘the only group representing the Turkish migration from Central Asia’.[2]

Lifestyle

French historian and Turkologist Jean-Paul Roux visited the Anatolian Yörüks in the late 1950s and found that the majority of them were practicing Sunni Muslims.[19] The tribes he visited were led by elected officials called muhtars, or village headmen, rather than hereditary chiefs, although he did note that village elders maintained some social authority based on their age.[20] For the majority of the year, they lived in dark wool tents called kara çadır.[21] During the summer, they went up to the mountains, and in the winter they came down to the coastal plains.[22] They kept a variety of animals, including goats, sheep, camels, and sometimes cattle.[23]

The focus of each tribe was the family unit. Young men would move directly from their family's tent to their own upon marriage. The Yörüks married endogamously; that is, they married strictly within their own tribe. Children were raised by the tribe as a whole, who told Roux "we are all parents."[24] Although the Yörüks had acquired a reputation for being deliberately resistant to formal education, Roux found that a full quarter of Yörük children he encountered were attending school, despite the difficulties of living a nomadic lifestyle in remote locations with limited access.[25]

Balkans

 
Balkan Yörük settlements

In 1911, the Yörük were a distinct segment of the population of Macedonia and Thrace, where they settled as early as the 14th century.[26] An earlier offshoot of the Yörüks, the Kailar or Kayılar Turks, were among the first settlements in Europe.[citation needed]

  • Rumelian Yörüks: Atçekenler/Tanrıdağı Yörüks, Naldöken Yörüks, Kocacık Yörüks, Ofcabolu Yörüks, Vize Yörüks, Yanbolu Yörüks, Selanik Yörüks.[7] Tekirdağ Yürüks.[27]

In 1900 the Rumelian Turkish population in the Balkans was estimated at seven million. Shortly after the independence of the new Bulgarian state, they formed the majority in the country. Several migrations led to a decline of the Rumelian Turkish population, leaving about 1.5 million people by 1925. Many Rumelian Turks in Greece are not counted in census because they are registered as Christians to escape discrimination.[28][29] Due to religious, linguistic and social differences, most part of Rumelian Turks did not intermarry or mix with the native populations of the Balkans.[30]

As late as 1971, Rumelian Turks still formed a distinct ethnos of former nomads (known as Yorukluk). Originally, these Yörük nomads were taken from West Anatolia (Saruhan, Menemen) to colonize parts of Rumelia, such as Thessaly and Rhodope in the Greek-Bulgarian-Macedonian borderland, or Plovdiv and Yambol in Bulgaria.[31][32][33]

Yörüks of Macedonia and Bulgaria

Main article: Balkan Gagauz Turkish

In 1993, the Yörük population of Bulgaria is estimated at approx. 418 thousand people,[34] mainly divided into Surguch (7,000 without children) and Yörük (320,000 without children).[35] They live mainly in the European part of Turkey, in Dulovo and the Deliorman area in Bulgaria and in the Kumanovo and Bitola areas of North Macedonia. Dialects include Gajal, Gerlovo Turk, Karamanli, Kyzylbash, Surguch, Tozluk Turk, Yuruk (Konyar, Yoruk), Prizren and Macedonian Gagauz. Current estimates of 2019 assume that in the entire Balkan region approx. 1.5 to 2.3 million people of Yörük Turkish descent live.[36]

Kayılar Yörüks

The Kailar Turks formerly inhabited parts of Thessaly and Macedonia (especially near the town of Kozani and modern Ptolemaida). Before 1360, large numbers of nomad shepherds, or Yörüks, from the district of Konya, in Asia Minor, had settled in the country. Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the 18th century. After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397 many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor; some of the beys or Muslim landowners in southern Macedonia before the Balkan Wars may have been their descendants.[26]

Iran

Clans closely related to the Yörüks are scattered throughout the Anatolian Peninsula and beyond it, particularly around the chain of Taurus Mountains and further east around the shores of the Caspian sea. Of the Turkmens of Iran, the Yomuts come the closest to the definition of the Yörüks. An interesting offshoot of the Yörük mass are the Tahtacı of the mountainous regions of Western Anatolia who, as their name implies, have been occupied with forestry work and wood craftsmanship for centuries. Despite this, they share similar traditions (with markedly matriarchal tones in their society structure) with their other Yörük cousins. The Qashqai people of southern Iran are also worthy of mention due to their shared characteristics.[clarification needed]

Gallery

  •  

    Yörük tent

  •  

    Yörük nomads

  •  

    Yörük father with his daughters, central Anatolia

  •  

    Balıkesir Yörüks in traditional dress

  •  

    Yörük camp in the Taurus Mountains, c. 1879

  •  

    Yörük encampment, c. 1893

  •  

    Yörük felt rug near Ussumly-Kadyanda, late 19th c.

  •  

    Yörük embroidery on a wheat sack

  •  

    Yörük women at the spring

  •  

    Anthropological essay on male Yörük adults (Felix von Luschan, 1889)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Area Handbook for the Republic of Turkey", Volume 550, Issue 80, Thomas Duval Roberts, American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. Page 74.
  2. ^ a b Michaël Thevenin (2011): "Kurdish Transhumance: Pastoral practices in South-east Turkey". Springer: Pastoralism Research Policy and Practice (1), Social Anthropology, URMIS Paris 7, DOI: 10.1186/2041-7136-1-23 page 21.
  3. ^ Yoruk in North Macedonia. Joshua Project.
  4. ^ Yoruk in Bulgaria. Joshua Project.
  5. ^ Klyashtorny, S.G. (1997) "The Oguzs of the Central Asia and The Guzs of the Aral Region" in International Journal of Eurasian Studies 2
  6. ^ Vakalopoulos, Apostolos Euangelou. " Origins of the Greek Nation: The Byzantine Period, 1204-1461". Rutgers University Press, 1970. web link, p. 163, p. 330
  7. ^ a b c d e f Gelekçi, Cahit (2004). Türk Kültüründe Oğuz-Türkmen-Yörük Kavramları. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Güz 2004, Issue 1 ISSN 1305-5992
  8. ^ a b A. Georgoudis; A. Rosati; C. Mosconi, eds. (2 August 2005). Animal production and natural resources utilisation in the Mediterranean mountain areas. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 621–622. ISBN 9789086865611. OCLC 1120537130..
  9. ^ Svanberg, Ingvar: The turkish-speaking ethnic groups in Europe (pp.65-128) in Europa ethnica, volume 41. W. Braumüller, 1984, p.68.
  10. ^ A Bibliography of the Turkish-speaking Tribal Yörüks, by Ingvar Svanberg (Uppsala). Materialia Turcica, Volumes 5-8. Studienverlag Brockmeyer, 1981, page 21.
  11. ^ Turkish Language Association - TDK Online Dictionary. Yorouk April 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, yorouk April 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish)
  12. ^ "yuruk." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. 2002.
  13. ^ Сима Ћирковић; Раде Михаљчић (1999). Лексикон српског средњег века. Knowledge. p. 645. ISBN 9788683233014. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  14. ^ Aleksandar Matkovski (1983). Otpor na Makedonija vo vremeto na turskoto vladeenje. Misla. p. 372. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  15. ^ Solak, İbrahim. .
  16. ^ Materialia Turcica, vol. 5-8, Studienverlag Brockmeyer., 1981, p.25
  17. ^ a b A. Metin KARKIN / Selin OYAN. A Study on Life, Cultural Features and Music of Sarıkeçililer, the Last Yoruks (Turkish Nomads) Living in Mersin Province. Atatürk Üniveristesi Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Dergisi. Journal of the Fine Arts Institute (GSED), 35, Erzurum 2015, pp. 271-285.
  18. ^ Dulkadir, Hilmi (1997). İçel'de son Yörükler: Sartkeçililer, İçel Valiliği Yayınları
  19. ^ Roux, Jean-Paul (1961). "La sédentarisation des nomades Yürük du vilayet d'Antalya". L'Ethnographie (in French). L'Entretemps éditions. 55: 67–68.
  20. ^ Roux 1961, p. 68.
  21. ^ Roux 1961, p. 66.
  22. ^ Roux 1961, p. 68-69.
  23. ^ Roux 1961, p. 75.
  24. ^ Roux 1961, p. 69.
  25. ^ Roux 1961, p. 70.
  26. ^ a b Bourchier 1911, p. 217.
  27. ^ Çevik, Hikmet (1971). Tekirdağ Yürükleri, Tekirdağ Halkevi Yayını, İstanbul
  28. ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R, Volume 3 of Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, James Minahan, Greenwood Press (Westport, Conn., 2002) ISBN 0313316171, 9780313316173 pp. 1611–1616.
  29. ^ The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide, Walter de Gruyter 2011.
  30. ^ Vol. 2 of Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey (Greenwood Press, 1984) by Richard V. Weekes, ISBN 0313233926, p.821.
  31. ^ Volume 3 of Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studie s (London, 2006) by Elizabeth Jeffreys, quotation from p. 105.
  32. ^ Volume 4 of Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities (Global Vision, 2001), by Nagendra Kr Singh, ISBN 818774605X, 9788187746058.
  33. ^ Ottoman Methods of Conquest, by Halil Inalcik, Studia Islamica No. 2 (1954), pp. 103-129 (27 pages) Published By: Brill DOI:10.2307/1595144
  34. ^ "Turquie: situation générale". (cited 2014) Axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  35. ^ (Johnstone 1993)
  36. ^ Açık, F. ve Yavuz R. İ. (2019). “Balkanlarda Öğreticilerin Gözünden Türkçe Öğretimi” ("Teaching Turkish from the Perspective ofTeachers in the Balkans"). Turkish World Journal of Language and Literature, Issue: 48 (Autumn 2019) - Ankara, pp. 299-326. DOI: 10.24155/tdk.2019.122.

References

  • Brailsford, H.N. Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future. Methuen & Co., London, 1906. Kailar Turks
  • Cribb, Roger. Nomads in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Orga, Irfan. The Caravan Moves On. Secker & Warburg, London, 1958, reprinted Eland, London, 2002.

'Attribution

  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bourchier, James David (1911). "Macedonia". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–222.

External links

 
Look up yörük in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yörük.
  • The disappearing Yörük and their music
  • Foundation of Yörüks in Turkey
  • Karacakoyun Yörüks of Western Anatolia

February 09, 2023
yörüks, also, yuruks, yorouks, turkish, yörükler, greek, Γιουρούκοι, youroúkoi, bulgarian, юруци, macedonian, Јуруци, juruci, turkish, ethnic, subgroup, oghuz, descent, some, whom, nomadic, primarily, inhabiting, mountains, anatolia, partly, balkan, peninsula,. The Yoruks also Yuruks or Yorouks Turkish Yorukler Greek Gioyroykoi Youroukoi Bulgarian yuruci Macedonian Јuruci Juruci are a Turkish ethnic subgroup of Oghuz descent 5 6 7 some of whom are nomadic primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia and partly in the Balkan peninsula 8 On the Balkans Yoruks are distributed over a wide area from southern Serbia parts of Bulgaria north to Larissa in Thessaly and southern Thrace 9 10 Their name derives from the Turkish verb yuru yurumek in infinitive which means to walk with the word yoruk or yuruk designating those who walk on the hindlegs walkers 11 12 The Yoruks were under the Yoruk Sanjak Turkish Yoruk Sancagi which was not a territorial unit like the other sanjaks but a separate organisational unit of the Ottoman Empire 13 14 YoruksA Yoruk father with his daughterRegions with significant populationsAnatolia Balkans Turkey gt 1 000 000 1 2 2011 North Macedonia4 000 3 Bulgaria1 000 4 LanguagesTurkishReligionIslam Sunnism Alevism Related ethnic groupsTurkish people and other Turkic peoplesA Yoruk village settled in 15th century traditional Turkish houses According to some those tribes residing in the east of the Kizilirmak river are called Turkmen and those in the west Yoruk Both terms were used together in Ottoman sources for Dulkadirli Turkmens living in Maras and its surroundings 15 The ethnohistorical terms Turcoman and Turkmen are used synonymously in literature to designate Yoruk ancestry 7 Contents 1 Anatolia 1 1 Sarikecili Yoruks 1 2 Lifestyle 2 Balkans 2 1 Yoruks of Macedonia and Bulgaria 2 2 Kayilar Yoruks 3 Iran 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksAnatolia Edit Yoruk red and Turkmens yellow in Anatolia Yoruk shepherd in the Taurus Mountains in 2002 Historians and ethnologists often use the additional appellative Yoruk Turcoman or Turkmens to describe the Yoruks of Anatolia In Turkey s general parlance today the terms Turkmen and Yoruk indicate the gradual degrees of preserved attachment with the former semi nomadic lifestyle of the populations concerned with the Turkmen now leading a fully sedentary life while keeping parts of their heritage through folklore and traditions in arts like carpet weaving with the continued habit of keeping a yayla house for the summers sometimes in relation to the Alevi community etc and with Yoruks maintaining a stronger association with nomadism These names ultimately hint to their Oghuz Turkish roots The remaining true Yoruks of today s Anatolia traditionally use horses as a means of transportation though these are steadily being replaced by trucks The Yoruks are divided in a large number of named endogamous patrilineal tribes asiret Among recent tribes mentioned in the literature are Aksigirli Ali Efendi Bahsis Cakallar Coslu Qekli Gacar Guzelbeyli Horzum Karaevli Karahacili Karakoyunlu Karakayali Karalar Karakecili Manavli Melemenci San Agali Sanhacili Sarikecili Tekeli and Yeni Osmanli The tribes are splittered in clans or lineages i e kabile sulale or oba 16 Anatolian Yoruks Icel Yoruks Alaiye Yoruks Tekeli Yoruks Bursa Yoruks Haruniye Yoruks Maras Yoruks Ankara Yoruks Egridir Yoruks Arac Yoruks Tarakli Yoruks Murtana Yoruks Nacakli Yoruks Nasirli Yoruks Eski Yoruks Toraman Yoruk Tacirleri Yoruks Tor Yoruks 7 Sarikecili Yoruks Edit The Sarikecili or Yellow Goats are the last Yoruks maintaining the nomadic way of life They mainly live in Mersin Province in the central eastern parts of the Turkish Mediterranean coast and consist of about 200 families Their winter camps are in the coasts of Silifke Gulnar and Anamur In summer they live in the districts of Beysehir and Seydisehir in Konya Province Their nomad tents can be seen throughout the Mediterranean coastal sides of Turkey This is a very common practice among old Turkic tribes in central Asia even nowadays 8 17 A throat singing tradition known as Bogaz Havasi or Bogaz Calma has an important aspect in the culture of the Sarikecili Yoruks it is performed by pressing the throat with a finger while singing with a sound 17 7 In the past centuries many Sarikecili tribes also resided in these areas Icil Aydin Konya Afyonkarahisar Aksehir Saruhan Doganhisari Antalya Lake Egirdir Isparta Burdur Dazkiri Uluborlu Most Sarikecili tribes living in these areas have already accepted the sedentary way of life The Sarikecili around Antalya and Mersin are the last representatives of Yoruk nomadism 7 18 They are considered the only group representing the Turkish migration from Central Asia 2 Lifestyle Edit French historian and Turkologist Jean Paul Roux visited the Anatolian Yoruks in the late 1950s and found that the majority of them were practicing Sunni Muslims 19 The tribes he visited were led by elected officials called muhtars or village headmen rather than hereditary chiefs although he did note that village elders maintained some social authority based on their age 20 For the majority of the year they lived in dark wool tents called kara cadir 21 During the summer they went up to the mountains and in the winter they came down to the coastal plains 22 They kept a variety of animals including goats sheep camels and sometimes cattle 23 The focus of each tribe was the family unit Young men would move directly from their family s tent to their own upon marriage The Yoruks married endogamously that is they married strictly within their own tribe Children were raised by the tribe as a whole who told Roux we are all parents 24 Although the Yoruks had acquired a reputation for being deliberately resistant to formal education Roux found that a full quarter of Yoruk children he encountered were attending school despite the difficulties of living a nomadic lifestyle in remote locations with limited access 25 Balkans Edit Balkan Yoruk settlements In 1911 the Yoruk were a distinct segment of the population of Macedonia and Thrace where they settled as early as the 14th century 26 An earlier offshoot of the Yoruks the Kailar or Kayilar Turks were among the first settlements in Europe citation needed Rumelian Yoruks Atcekenler Tanridagi Yoruks Naldoken Yoruks Kocacik Yoruks Ofcabolu Yoruks Vize Yoruks Yanbolu Yoruks Selanik Yoruks 7 Tekirdag Yuruks 27 In 1900 the Rumelian Turkish population in the Balkans was estimated at seven million Shortly after the independence of the new Bulgarian state they formed the majority in the country Several migrations led to a decline of the Rumelian Turkish population leaving about 1 5 million people by 1925 Many Rumelian Turks in Greece are not counted in census because they are registered as Christians to escape discrimination 28 29 Due to religious linguistic and social differences most part of Rumelian Turks did not intermarry or mix with the native populations of the Balkans 30 As late as 1971 Rumelian Turks still formed a distinct ethnos of former nomads known as Yorukluk Originally these Yoruk nomads were taken from West Anatolia Saruhan Menemen to colonize parts of Rumelia such as Thessaly and Rhodope in the Greek Bulgarian Macedonian borderland or Plovdiv and Yambol in Bulgaria 31 32 33 Yoruks of Macedonia and Bulgaria Edit Main article Balkan Gagauz Turkish In 1993 the Yoruk population of Bulgaria is estimated at approx 418 thousand people 34 mainly divided into Surguch 7 000 without children and Yoruk 320 000 without children 35 They live mainly in the European part of Turkey in Dulovo and the Deliorman area in Bulgaria and in the Kumanovo and Bitola areas of North Macedonia Dialects include Gajal Gerlovo Turk Karamanli Kyzylbash Surguch Tozluk Turk Yuruk Konyar Yoruk Prizren and Macedonian Gagauz Current estimates of 2019 assume that in the entire Balkan region approx 1 5 to 2 3 million people of Yoruk Turkish descent live 36 Kayilar Yoruks Edit The Kailar Turks formerly inhabited parts of Thessaly and Macedonia especially near the town of Kozani and modern Ptolemaida Before 1360 large numbers of nomad shepherds or Yoruks from the district of Konya in Asia Minor had settled in the country Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the 18th century After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397 many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor some of the beys or Muslim landowners in southern Macedonia before the Balkan Wars may have been their descendants 26 Iran EditClans closely related to the Yoruks are scattered throughout the Anatolian Peninsula and beyond it particularly around the chain of Taurus Mountains and further east around the shores of the Caspian sea Of the Turkmens of Iran the Yomuts come the closest to the definition of the Yoruks An interesting offshoot of the Yoruk mass are the Tahtaci of the mountainous regions of Western Anatolia who as their name implies have been occupied with forestry work and wood craftsmanship for centuries Despite this they share similar traditions with markedly matriarchal tones in their society structure with their other Yoruk cousins The Qashqai people of southern Iran are also worthy of mention due to their shared characteristics clarification needed Gallery Edit Yoruk tent Yoruk nomads Yoruk father with his daughters central Anatolia Balikesir Yoruks in traditional dress Yoruk camp in the Taurus Mountains c 1879 Yoruk encampment c 1893 Yoruk felt rug near Ussumly Kadyanda late 19th c Yoruk embroidery on a wheat sack Yoruk women at the spring Anthropological essay on male Yoruk adults Felix von Luschan 1889 See also EditQashqai people Turkmens Yuruk rug TahtaciNotes Edit Area Handbook for the Republic of Turkey Volume 550 Issue 80 Thomas Duval Roberts American University Washington D C Foreign Area Studies U S Government Printing Office 1970 Page 74 a b Michael Thevenin 2011 Kurdish Transhumance Pastoral practices in South east Turkey Springer Pastoralism Research Policy and Practice 1 Social Anthropology URMIS Paris 7 DOI 10 1186 2041 7136 1 23 page 21 Yoruk in North Macedonia Joshua Project Yoruk in Bulgaria Joshua Project Klyashtorny S G 1997 The Oguzs of the Central Asia and The Guzs of the Aral Region in International Journal of Eurasian Studies 2 Vakalopoulos Apostolos Euangelou Origins of the Greek Nation The Byzantine Period 1204 1461 Rutgers University Press 1970 web link p 163 p 330 a b c d e f Gelekci Cahit 2004 Turk Kulturunde Oguz Turkmen Yoruk Kavramlari Turkiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi Guz 2004 Issue 1 ISSN 1305 5992 a b A Georgoudis A Rosati C Mosconi eds 2 August 2005 Animal production and natural resources utilisation in the Mediterranean mountain areas Wageningen Academic Publishers pp 621 622 ISBN 9789086865611 OCLC 1120537130 Svanberg Ingvar The turkish speaking ethnic groups in Europe pp 65 128 in Europa ethnica volume 41 W Braumuller 1984 p 68 A Bibliography of the Turkish speaking Tribal Yoruks by Ingvar Svanberg Uppsala Materialia Turcica Volumes 5 8 Studienverlag Brockmeyer 1981 page 21 Turkish Language Association TDK Online Dictionary Yorouk Archived April 4 2009 at the Wayback Machine yorouk Archived April 4 2009 at the Wayback Machine in Turkish yuruk Webster s Third New International Dictionary Unabridged Merriam Webster 2002 Sima Ћirkoviћ Rade Mihaљchiћ 1999 Leksikon srpskog sredњeg veka Knowledge p 645 ISBN 9788683233014 Retrieved 23 March 2013 Aleksandar Matkovski 1983 Otpor na Makedonija vo vremeto na turskoto vladeenje Misla p 372 Retrieved 23 March 2013 Solak Ibrahim XVI Yuzyilda Maras ve Cevresinde Dulkadirli Turkmenleri Materialia Turcica vol 5 8 Studienverlag Brockmeyer 1981 p 25 a b A Metin KARKIN Selin OYAN A Study on Life Cultural Features and Music of Sarikecililer the Last Yoruks Turkish Nomads Living in Mersin Province Ataturk Univeristesi Guzel Sanatlar Enstitusu Dergisi Journal of the Fine Arts Institute GSED 35 Erzurum 2015 pp 271 285 Dulkadir Hilmi 1997 Icel de son Yorukler Sartkecililer Icel Valiligi Yayinlari Roux Jean Paul 1961 La sedentarisation des nomades Yuruk du vilayet d Antalya L Ethnographie in French L Entretemps editions 55 67 68 Roux 1961 p 68 Roux 1961 p 66 Roux 1961 p 68 69 Roux 1961 p 75 Roux 1961 p 69 Roux 1961 p 70 a b Bourchier 1911 p 217 Cevik Hikmet 1971 Tekirdag Yurukleri Tekirdag Halkevi Yayini Istanbul Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations L R Volume 3 of Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations Ethnic and National Groups Around the World James Minahan Greenwood Press Westport Conn 2002 ISBN 0313316171 9780313316173 pp 1611 1616 The Languages and Linguistics of Europe A Comprehensive Guide Walter de Gruyter 2011 Vol 2 of Muslim Peoples A World Ethnographic Survey Greenwood Press 1984 by Richard V Weekes ISBN 0313233926 p 821 Volume 3 of Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studie s London 2006 by Elizabeth Jeffreys quotation from p 105 Volume 4 of Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims Tribes Castes and Communities Global Vision 2001 by Nagendra Kr Singh ISBN 818774605X 9788187746058 Ottoman Methods of Conquest by Halil Inalcik Studia Islamica No 2 1954 pp 103 129 27 pages Published By Brill DOI 10 2307 1595144 Turquie situation generale cited 2014 Axl cefan ulaval ca Retrieved 22 August 2020 Ethnologue entry for Balkan Gagauz Turkish Johnstone 1993 Acik F ve Yavuz R I 2019 Balkanlarda Ogreticilerin Gozunden Turkce Ogretimi Teaching Turkish from the Perspective ofTeachers in the Balkans Turkish World Journal of Language and Literature Issue 48 Autumn 2019 Ankara pp 299 326 DOI 10 24155 tdk 2019 122 References EditBrailsford H N Macedonia Its Races and Their Future Methuen amp Co London 1906 Kailar Turks Cribb Roger Nomads in Archaeology Cambridge University Press 2004 Orga Irfan The Caravan Moves On Secker amp Warburg London 1958 reprinted Eland London 2002 Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Bourchier James David 1911 Macedonia In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 17 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 216 222 External links Edit Look up yoruk in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yoruk Web portal for information sharing on and between Yoruks The disappearing Yoruk and their music Foundation of Yoruks in Turkey Karacakoyun Yoruks of Western Anatolia Varsak Yoruks of southern Anatolia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yoruks amp oldid 1130714232, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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