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Qashqai people

May 08, 2023

Qashqai people[a] (pronounced [ɢæʃɢɒːˈjiː]; Persian: قشقایی) are a tribal confederation in Iran mostly of Turkic origin. They are also believed to have incorporated Lurs, Kurds, and Arabs.[6][5] Almost all of them speak a Western Turkic (Oghuz) language known as the Qashqai language, which they call "Turki", as well as Persian (the national language of Iran) in formal use. The Qashqai mainly live in the provinces of Fars, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Bushehr and Southern Isfahan, especially around the cities of Shiraz and Firuzabad in Fars. The majority of Qashqai people were originally nomadic pastoralists and some remain so today. The traditional nomadic Qashqai traveled with their flocks twice yearly between the summer highland pastures north of Shiraz roughly 480 km or 300 miles south and the winter pastures on lower (and warmer) lands near the Persian Gulf, to the southwest of Shiraz. The majority, however, have now become partially or wholly sedentary. The trend towards settlement has been increasing markedly since the 1960s under government pressure, and encouragement, which has built housing for those willing to settle, starting in the early 20th century during the reign of the Pahlavi Dynasty; However, for those who continue their migratory lifestyle, the Iranian government maintains and controls travel corridors for the Qashqai and their livestock, and other populations practicing pastoral migrations.[7]

Qashqai
Qashqai traditional market (top)
Qashqai boy wearing a traditional hat (bottom)
Total population
c. 300,000-2,000,000[1][2][3]
Regions with significant populations
Southern Iran, Central Iran
Languages
Qashqai, Persian
Religion
Shia Islam[4]
Related ethnic groups
Other Turkic peoples, Lurs, Kurds, Arabs[5]

The Qashqai are made up of five major tribes: the Amale (Qashqai) / Amaleh (Persian), the Dere-Shorlu / Darreh-Shuri, the Kashkollu / Kashkuli, the Shishbeyli / Sheshboluki and the Eymur / Farsimadan.[8] Smaller tribes include the Qaracha / Qarache'i, Rahimli / Rahimi and Safi-Khanli / Safi-Khani.

History

Main article: Turkic migration

Historically, the Turkic-speaking people are believed to have arrived in Iran from Central Asia from the 11th or 12th century onwards.

Told to Marie-Tèrése Ullens by the Ilbeg Malek Mansur, brother of the Ilkhan, Nasser Khan, Chief of the Qashqa'i, in 1953:

To survive, nomads have always been obliged to fight. They lead a wandering life and do not accumulate documents and archives. But in the evenings, around fires that are burning low, the elders will relate striking events, deeds of valour in which the tribes pride themselves. Thus the epic tale is told from father to son, down through the ages. The tribes of Central Asia were forced by wars, strife, upheavals, to abandon their steppes and seek new pasture grounds...so the Huns, the Visigoths, and before them the Aryans, had invaded India, Iran, Europe. The Turks, forsaking the regions where they had dwelt for centuries, started moving down through the Altai Mountains and Caspian depressions, establishing themselves eventually on the frontiers of the Iranian Empire and in Asia Minor. Though these versions differ, we believe that the arrival of our Tribes in Iran coincided with the conquests of Genghis Khan, in the thirteenth century. Soon after, our ancestors established themselves on the slopes of the Caucasus. We are descendants of the "Tribe of the Ak Koyunlu" the "Tribe of the White Sheep" famed for being the only tribe in history capable of inflicting a defeat on Tamerlane. For centuries we dwelt on the lands surrounding Ardebil, but, in the first half of the sixteenth century we settled in southern Persia, Shah Ismail having asked our warriors to defend this part of the country against the intrusions of the Portuguese. Thus, our Tribes came to the Province of Fars, near the Persian Gulf, and are still only separated from it by a ridge of mountains, the Makran.

The yearly migrations of the Kashkai, seeking fresh pastures, drive them from the south to the north, where they move to their summer quarters "Yailaq" in the high mountains; and from the north to the south, to their winter quarters, "Qishlaq". In summer, the Kashkai flocks graze on the slopes of the Kuh-è-Dinar; a group of mountains from 12,000 to 15,000 feet, that are part of the Zagros chain. In autumn the Kashkai break camp, and by stages leave the highlands. They winter in the warmer regions near Firuzabad, Kazerun, Jerrè, Farashband, on the banks of the river Mound, till, in April, they start once more on their yearly trek. The migration is organised and controlled by the Kashkai Chief. The Tribes carefully avoid villages and towns such as Shiraz and Isfahan, lest their flocks, estimated at seven million head, might cause serious damage. The annual migration is the largest of any Persian tribe.

It is difficult to give exact statistics, but we believe that the Tribes now number 400,000 men, women and children.[9]

The Qashqai were a significant political force in Qajar Iran during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During World War I, they were influenced by the German consular official Wilhelm Wassmuss and sided with the German Empire.[10] During World War II, the Qashgais attempted to organize resistance against the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, receiving some ineffectual assistance from Nazi Germany in 1943 by the means of Operation ANTON, which (along with Operation FRANZ) proved a complete failure.[11]

In 1945–1946 there was a major rebellion of a number of tribal confederacies, including the Qashgais, who fought valiantly until the invading Russians were repelled. The Qashgais revolted during 1962–1964 due to the land reforms of the White Revolution.[12] The revolt was put down and within a few years many Qashqais had settled.[12] Most of the tribal leaders were sent to exile. After the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the living leader, Khosrow Khan Qashqai, returned to Iran from exile in the United States and Germany.

Major tribes

 
Qashqai Confederation Kilim 19th Century. The multicoloured zigzag fields in an 'M' shape are unusual. These kilims have been used as tent dividers or to cover up storage sacks within a home, so a horizontal viewpoint might have been intended by the weaver.

The Qashqai tribal confederation consists of five major tribes, including the Dareshuri, Farsimadan, Sheshboluki, Amaleh, and Kashkuli.[13]

Amale / Amaleh

People of the Amaleh tribe were originally warriors and workmen attached to the household of the Ilkhani, or paramount chief; recruited from all the Qashqai tribes they constituted the Ilkhani's bodyguard and retinue.[14] By 1956, the Amaleh tribe comprised as many as 6,000 families.[15]

Dere-Shorlu / Dareshuri / Darehshouri

The Dareshuri are said to have joined the Qashqai tribal confederation during the reign of Karim Khan Zand (1163-93/1750-79).[16] According to Persian government statistics, there were about 5,169 Dareshuri families, or 27,396 individuals, in 1360 sh./1981.[17] The Dareshuri were "the greatest horse-breeders and owners among the Qashqai". The policy of forced sedentarization of the nomadic tribes pursued by Reza Shah Pahlavi (1304–20 SH./1925-41) resulted in the loss of 80–90 percent of the Dareshuri horses, but the tribe made a recovery after World War II.[18] Reza Shah Pahlavi also executed Hossein khan Darehshouri the head of Darehshouri family in order to take back the control of the Fars province which was controlled by Darehshouri tribe during Ghajar empire.

Kashkollu / Kashkuli

During World War I, the Kashkuli khans supported the British in their struggle against Ṣowlat-al-Dowla (Iyl-khan) and the German agent, Wilhelm Wassmuss. After the war, Ṣowlat-al-Dowla punished the Kashkuli. He dismissed the Kashkuli leaders who had opposed him and "deliberately set out to break up and impoverish the Kashkuli tribe".[19] Two sections of the tribe, which consisted of elements which had been loyal to Ṣowlat-al-Dowla, were then separated from the main body of the tribe and given the status of independent tribes, becoming the Kashkuli Kuchak ("Little Kashkuli") and Qarachahi tribes. The remaining tribe became known as the Kashkuli Bozorg ("Big Kashkuli") tribe.[20] The Kashkuli Bozorg tribe comprised 4,862 households in 1963. As Oliver Garrod observed, the Kashkuli Bozorg are "especially noted for their Jajims, or tartan woolen blankets, and for the fine quality of their rugs and trappings".[21]

Eymur / Farsimadan

The Farsimadan claim that they are of Ḵhalaj origin, and that, before moving to southern Persia, they dwelled in Ḵalajestan, a region southwest of Tehran.[22] The tribe was already in Fars by the late 16th century, for it is known that in October 1590 their leader, Abul-Qasem Beyg and some of his followers were punished for having sided with Yaqub Khan the Zul-Qadr governor of Fars, in a revolt against Shah Abbas I.[23] The population of the Farsimadan was estimated by Afshaar-Sistaani at 2,715 families or 12,394 individuals, in 1982.[24]

Culture

 
The interior of a Qashqai tent

The Qashqai are pastoral nomads who rely on small-scale cultivation and shepherding. Traditional dress includes the use of decorated short tunics, wide-legged pants, and headscarves worn by women.[25]

Carpeting and weaving

The Qashqai are renowned for their pile carpets and other woven wool products. They are sometimes referred to as "Shiraz" because Shiraz was the major marketplace for them in the past. The wool produced in the mountains and valleys near Shiraz is exceptionally soft and beautiful and takes a deeper color than wool from other parts of Iran.

"No wool in all Persia takes such a rich and deep colour as the Shiraz wool. The deep blue and the dark ruby red are equally extraordinary, and that is due to the brilliancy of the wool, which is firmer and, so to say, more transparent than silk, and makes one think of translucent enamel".[26]

Qashqai carpets have been said to be "probably the most famous of all Persian tribal weavings".[27] Qashqai saddlebags, adorned with colorful geometric designs, "are superior to any others made".[28]

Notable individuals

  • One of the famous Qashqai tribes, Ismail Khan Qashqai is known as Solat al-Dawla, the leader of the nomads (born 1257 AH / 1295 AH). The history of his struggles during the constitutional period as well as in the role he played in the Persian campaign of World War I is very significant. He is one of the famous Qashqai patriarchs who has played an important role in the history of the Qashqai tribe as well as in the political events of the country. Solat al-Dawla died in Qasr Prison in Tehran on October 6, 1931. [69]
  • Another figure named Jahangir Khan Qashqaei is from the Darhshouri tribe (born 1206 AH / 1243 AH) who migrated with the tribe until he was 40 years old and had a primary school education. During a trip to Isfahan to repair his room, he encounters a person who advises him to pursue science. His prominent students include Mohammad Ali Shahabadi, Seyyed Hossein Tabatabai Boroujerdi, Seyyed Hassan Modarres, Nokhodaki Esfahani and others. He died in 1289 AH (1328 AH) and was buried in "Isfahan Steel Throne". [70]
  • Haj Ayazkhan Qashqaei, the author of the travelogue of Hajj and Atbat-e-Aliat during the reign of Ahmad Shah Qajar (author of the first Qashqaei travelogue) is another Qashqai famous. He is considered to be the advisor and trustee of Ismail Khan Solat al-Dawla Qashqai and one of the famous Qashqai during the First World War. He was born in 1287 AH (1248 AH) and died in 1979 AH (1318 AH). [71]
  • Mohammad Ibrahim, nicknamed Mazun Qashqaei, is a famous Qashqai poet from the Qaderlu Borbur tribe of the Amla tribe. He was born in 1246 AH and died in 1313 AH. Mazoon has mystical and romantic poems in Persian and Qashqai languages and Shahbaz Shahbazi (collector of Qashqai poets) considers him the greatest Qashqai poet. [72]
  • Mohammad Bahmanbeigi (26 Bahman 1298 - 11 May 1389) was a great writer of the Qashqai tribe and the founder of nomadic education in Iran.

Cultural references

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Arakelova, Victoria (2015). "On the Number of Iranian Turkophones". Iran and the Caucasus. 19 (3): 279. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20150306. The main body of the Iranian Turkophone mass generally consists of two parts: proper Turkic groups—the Turkmen (from 0,5 to 1 million), partially the Qashqays (around 300,000), as well as Khalajes (currently Persian-speakers living in Save, near Tehran); and the Turkic-speaking population of the Iranian origin, predominantly the Azaris, inhabiting the north-west provinces of Iran roughly covering historical Aturpātakān.
  2. ^ Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural Environments: Legacies and Lessons. Yale University. 1998. p. 59. the Qashqa'i are members of a tribal confederacy of some 800,000 individuals
  3. ^ Potter, Lawrence G. (2014). Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf. Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-19-937726-8. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  4. ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Islam (3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 515. ISBN 978-1442277243.
  5. ^ a b Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "QAŠQĀʾI TRIBAL CONFEDERACY i. HISTORY". "Like most present-day tribal confederacies in Persia, the Il-e Qašqāʾi is a conglomeration of clans of different ethnic origins, Lori, Kurdish, Arab and Turkic. But most of the Qašqāʾi are of Turkic origin, and almost all of them speak a Western Ghuz Turkic dialect which they call Turki." In: Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  6. ^ Rubin, Barry (March 17, 2015). The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 522. ISBN 9781317455783. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  7. ^ "Country Studies:Iran".
  8. ^ Dolatkhah, Sohrab (2016). Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. Online: CreateSpace, Independent Publishing Platform. p. 13.
  9. ^ Marie-Thérèse Ullens de Schooten (1950). Lords of the Mountains. Travel Book Club. pp. 53–54. OCLC 220789714.. See also pp. 114–118.
  10. ^ Marie-Thérèse Ullens de Schooten (1950). Lords of the Mountains. Travel Book Club. p. 114. OCLC 220789714.
  11. ^ Adrian O'Sullivan (5 August 2014). Nazi Secret Warfare in Occupied Persia (Iran): The Failure of the German Intelligence Services, 1939-45. Springer. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-137-42791-5. OCLC 1005751706.
  12. ^ a b Federal Research Division, p.125
  13. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica. "QAŠQĀʾI TRIBAL CONFEDERACY i". Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  14. ^ Magee, G. F. (1948). The Tribes of Fars. p. 71.
  15. ^ Pierre, Oberling (1974). The Qashqai Nomads of Fars. p. 223.
  16. ^ Beck, Lois (1986). The Qashqai of Iran (1st ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300032129.
  17. ^ Afshaar-Sistaani, Iraj (1987). Eall-ha, Chaadorneshinan va ṭavayef-e ashayeri-e Iran. Tehran: Iraj Afshaar.
  18. ^ Oberling, Pierre (June 1974). The Qashqai Nomads of Fars. Walter De Gruyter Inc. p. 277. ISBN 9992263113.
  19. ^ Magee, G. F. (1945). The Tribes of Fars. London. p. 79.
  20. ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Kashkuli". Encyclopedia Iranica. Iranica. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  21. ^ Oberling, Pierre (June 1974). The Qashqai Nomads of Fars. Walter De Gruyter Inc. p. 40. ISBN 9992263113.
  22. ^ Magee, G. F. (1948). The Tribes of Fars. p. 54.
  23. ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "FĀRSĪMADĀN". Encyclopedia Iranica. Iranica, Pierre Oberling. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  24. ^ Afshaar-Sistaani, Iraj. Eall-ha, Chaadorneshinan va ṭavayef-e ashayeri-e Iran. Tehran. p. 628.
  25. ^ Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 409. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  26. ^ Hawley, Walter A. (1913) Oriental Rugs Antique & Modern. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York (1970), p. 116.
  27. ^ Bennett, Ian (1978) "Later Persian Weaving." In: Rugs & Carpets of the World, edited by Ian Bennett, pp. 241, 243. Ferndale Editions, London, 1978. ISBN 0-905746-24-4.
  28. ^ Hawley, Walter A. (1913) Oriental Rugs Antique & Modern. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York (1970), p. 117.
  29. ^ "Nissan Qashqai :: Concept Car Database". Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  30. ^ . Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  31. ^ . 5 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  32. ^ "Nissan crosses over into new territory – News – by Car Enthusiast". Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  33. ^ "The Theory Of Naming A Car And The Nissan Qashqai". May 7, 2020.
  34. ^ Kidd, Kimiko (April 23, 2020). "How Did the Nissan Qashqai Get Its Name?".
  35. ^ "What does "Qashqai" mean? | Go Nissan in Edmonton, AB". Go Nissan. September 25, 2019.

Notes

  1. ^ also spelled Qashqa'i, Qashqay, Kashkai, Kashkay, Qashqayı, Gashgai, Gashgay, Ghashghai, Ghashghaei

References

  • Beck, Lois. 1986. The Qashqa'i of Iran. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03212-9
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Kashkai : langue turcique d'Iran. Published independently (via KDP Amazon).
  • Hawley, Walter A. 1913. Oriental Rugs: Antique and Modern. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1970. ISBN 0-486-22366-3.
  • Kiani, M. 1999. Departing for the Anemone: Art in The Qashqai Tribal Confederation. Kian-Nashr Publications, Shiraz. ISBN 964-91200-0-9.(This beautiful book has hundreds of photos, both black and white and colored, illustrating the daily life of the Qashqai people, their rugs and weaving. The text is in Persian but the color photos also have English captions).
  • O'Sullivan, Adrian. 2014. Nazi Secret Warfare in Occupied Persia (Iran): The Failure of the German Intelligence Services, 1939–45. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137427892.
  • Ullens de Schooten, Marie-Tèrése. (1956). Lords of the Mountains: Southern Persia & the Kashkai Tribe. Chatto and Windus Ltd. Reprint: The Travel Book Club. London.
  • Ure, John. (2003). In Search of Nomads: An English Obsession from Hester Stanhope to Bruce Chatwin, pp. 51–71. John Ure. Robinson. London.

Further reading

  • Beck, Lois. 1991. Nomad: A Year in the Life of a Qashqa'i Tribesman in Iran. University of California. Berkeley, Los Angeles. ISBN 0-520-07003-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-520-07495-5 (pbk).
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2019. Qashqai Turkic: a Comprehensive Corpus-based Grammar. Munich: LINCOM.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Parlons Qashqay. Paris: L'Harmattan.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Oberling, Pierre. Qašqāʾi tribal confederacy. (i) History at Encyclopædia Iranica
  • Shahbazi, Mohammad. 2001. "The Qashqa'i Nomads of Iran (Part I): Formal Education." Nomadic Peoples NS (2001) Vol. 5. Issue 1, pp. 37–64.
  • Shahbazi, Mohammad. 2002. "The Qashqa'i Nomads of Iran (Part II): State-supported Literacy and Ethnic Identity." Nomadic Peoples NS (2002) Vol. 6. Issue 1, pp. 95–123.
  • Federal Research Division (June 30, 2004). Iran A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. p. 340. ISBN 9781419126703.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qashqai people.

May 08, 2023
qashqai, people, pronounced, ɢæʃɢɒːˈjiː, persian, قشقایی, tribal, confederation, iran, mostly, turkic, origin, they, also, believed, have, incorporated, lurs, kurds, arabs, almost, them, speak, western, turkic, oghuz, language, known, qashqai, language, which,. Qashqai people a pronounced ɢaeʃɢɒːˈjiː Persian قشقایی are a tribal confederation in Iran mostly of Turkic origin They are also believed to have incorporated Lurs Kurds and Arabs 6 5 Almost all of them speak a Western Turkic Oghuz language known as the Qashqai language which they call Turki as well as Persian the national language of Iran in formal use The Qashqai mainly live in the provinces of Fars Khuzestan Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Bushehr and Southern Isfahan especially around the cities of Shiraz and Firuzabad in Fars The majority of Qashqai people were originally nomadic pastoralists and some remain so today The traditional nomadic Qashqai traveled with their flocks twice yearly between the summer highland pastures north of Shiraz roughly 480 km or 300 miles south and the winter pastures on lower and warmer lands near the Persian Gulf to the southwest of Shiraz The majority however have now become partially or wholly sedentary The trend towards settlement has been increasing markedly since the 1960s under government pressure and encouragement which has built housing for those willing to settle starting in the early 20th century during the reign of the Pahlavi Dynasty However for those who continue their migratory lifestyle the Iranian government maintains and controls travel corridors for the Qashqai and their livestock and other populations practicing pastoral migrations 7 QashqaiQashqai traditional market top Qashqai boy wearing a traditional hat bottom Total populationc 300 000 2 000 000 1 2 3 Regions with significant populationsSouthern Iran Central IranLanguagesQashqai PersianReligionShia Islam 4 Related ethnic groupsOther Turkic peoples Lurs Kurds Arabs 5 The Qashqai are made up of five major tribes the Amale Qashqai Amaleh Persian the Dere Shorlu Darreh Shuri the Kashkollu Kashkuli the Shishbeyli Sheshboluki and the Eymur Farsimadan 8 Smaller tribes include the Qaracha Qarache i Rahimli Rahimi and Safi Khanli Safi Khani Contents 1 History 2 Major tribes 2 1 Amale Amaleh 2 2 Dere Shorlu Dareshuri Darehshouri 2 3 Kashkollu Kashkuli 2 4 Eymur Farsimadan 3 Culture 3 1 Carpeting and weaving 4 Notable individuals 5 Cultural references 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory EditMain article Turkic migration Historically the Turkic speaking people are believed to have arrived in Iran from Central Asia from the 11th or 12th century onwards Told to Marie Terese Ullens by the Ilbeg Malek Mansur brother of the Ilkhan Nasser Khan Chief of the Qashqa i in 1953 To survive nomads have always been obliged to fight They lead a wandering life and do not accumulate documents and archives But in the evenings around fires that are burning low the elders will relate striking events deeds of valour in which the tribes pride themselves Thus the epic tale is told from father to son down through the ages The tribes of Central Asia were forced by wars strife upheavals to abandon their steppes and seek new pasture grounds so the Huns the Visigoths and before them the Aryans had invaded India Iran Europe The Turks forsaking the regions where they had dwelt for centuries started moving down through the Altai Mountains and Caspian depressions establishing themselves eventually on the frontiers of the Iranian Empire and in Asia Minor Though these versions differ we believe that the arrival of our Tribes in Iran coincided with the conquests of Genghis Khan in the thirteenth century Soon after our ancestors established themselves on the slopes of the Caucasus We are descendants of the Tribe of the Ak Koyunlu the Tribe of the White Sheep famed for being the only tribe in history capable of inflicting a defeat on Tamerlane For centuries we dwelt on the lands surrounding Ardebil but in the first half of the sixteenth century we settled in southern Persia Shah Ismail having asked our warriors to defend this part of the country against the intrusions of the Portuguese Thus our Tribes came to the Province of Fars near the Persian Gulf and are still only separated from it by a ridge of mountains the Makran The yearly migrations of the Kashkai seeking fresh pastures drive them from the south to the north where they move to their summer quarters Yailaq in the high mountains and from the north to the south to their winter quarters Qishlaq In summer the Kashkai flocks graze on the slopes of the Kuh e Dinar a group of mountains from 12 000 to 15 000 feet that are part of the Zagros chain In autumn the Kashkai break camp and by stages leave the highlands They winter in the warmer regions near Firuzabad Kazerun Jerre Farashband on the banks of the river Mound till in April they start once more on their yearly trek The migration is organised and controlled by the Kashkai Chief The Tribes carefully avoid villages and towns such as Shiraz and Isfahan lest their flocks estimated at seven million head might cause serious damage The annual migration is the largest of any Persian tribe It is difficult to give exact statistics but we believe that the Tribes now number 400 000 men women and children 9 The Qashqai were a significant political force in Qajar Iran during the late 19th and early 20th centuries During World War I they were influenced by the German consular official Wilhelm Wassmuss and sided with the German Empire 10 During World War II the Qashgais attempted to organize resistance against the Anglo Soviet invasion of Iran receiving some ineffectual assistance from Nazi Germany in 1943 by the means of Operation ANTON which along with Operation FRANZ proved a complete failure 11 In 1945 1946 there was a major rebellion of a number of tribal confederacies including the Qashgais who fought valiantly until the invading Russians were repelled The Qashgais revolted during 1962 1964 due to the land reforms of the White Revolution 12 The revolt was put down and within a few years many Qashqais had settled 12 Most of the tribal leaders were sent to exile After the Iranian Revolution of 1979 the living leader Khosrow Khan Qashqai returned to Iran from exile in the United States and Germany Major tribes Edit Qashqai Confederation Kilim 19th Century The multicoloured zigzag fields in an M shape are unusual These kilims have been used as tent dividers or to cover up storage sacks within a home so a horizontal viewpoint might have been intended by the weaver The Qashqai tribal confederation consists of five major tribes including the Dareshuri Farsimadan Sheshboluki Amaleh and Kashkuli 13 Amale Amaleh Edit People of the Amaleh tribe were originally warriors and workmen attached to the household of the Ilkhani or paramount chief recruited from all the Qashqai tribes they constituted the Ilkhani s bodyguard and retinue 14 By 1956 the Amaleh tribe comprised as many as 6 000 families 15 Dere Shorlu Dareshuri Darehshouri Edit The Dareshuri are said to have joined the Qashqai tribal confederation during the reign of Karim Khan Zand 1163 93 1750 79 16 According to Persian government statistics there were about 5 169 Dareshuri families or 27 396 individuals in 1360 sh 1981 17 The Dareshuri were the greatest horse breeders and owners among the Qashqai The policy of forced sedentarization of the nomadic tribes pursued by Reza Shah Pahlavi 1304 20 SH 1925 41 resulted in the loss of 80 90 percent of the Dareshuri horses but the tribe made a recovery after World War II 18 Reza Shah Pahlavi also executed Hossein khan Darehshouri the head of Darehshouri family in order to take back the control of the Fars province which was controlled by Darehshouri tribe during Ghajar empire Kashkollu Kashkuli Edit During World War I the Kashkuli khans supported the British in their struggle against Ṣowlat al Dowla Iyl khan and the German agent Wilhelm Wassmuss After the war Ṣowlat al Dowla punished the Kashkuli He dismissed the Kashkuli leaders who had opposed him and deliberately set out to break up and impoverish the Kashkuli tribe 19 Two sections of the tribe which consisted of elements which had been loyal to Ṣowlat al Dowla were then separated from the main body of the tribe and given the status of independent tribes becoming the Kashkuli Kuchak Little Kashkuli and Qarachahi tribes The remaining tribe became known as the Kashkuli Bozorg Big Kashkuli tribe 20 The Kashkuli Bozorg tribe comprised 4 862 households in 1963 As Oliver Garrod observed the Kashkuli Bozorg are especially noted for their Jajims or tartan woolen blankets and for the fine quality of their rugs and trappings 21 Eymur Farsimadan Edit The Farsimadan claim that they are of Ḵhalaj origin and that before moving to southern Persia they dwelled in Ḵalajestan a region southwest of Tehran 22 The tribe was already in Fars by the late 16th century for it is known that in October 1590 their leader Abul Qasem Beyg and some of his followers were punished for having sided with Yaqub Khan the Zul Qadr governor of Fars in a revolt against Shah Abbas I 23 The population of the Farsimadan was estimated by Afshaar Sistaani at 2 715 families or 12 394 individuals in 1982 24 Culture Edit The interior of a Qashqai tent The Qashqai are pastoral nomads who rely on small scale cultivation and shepherding Traditional dress includes the use of decorated short tunics wide legged pants and headscarves worn by women 25 Carpeting and weaving Edit The Qashqai are renowned for their pile carpets and other woven wool products They are sometimes referred to as Shiraz because Shiraz was the major marketplace for them in the past The wool produced in the mountains and valleys near Shiraz is exceptionally soft and beautiful and takes a deeper color than wool from other parts of Iran No wool in all Persia takes such a rich and deep colour as the Shiraz wool The deep blue and the dark ruby red are equally extraordinary and that is due to the brilliancy of the wool which is firmer and so to say more transparent than silk and makes one think of translucent enamel 26 Qashqai carpets have been said to be probably the most famous of all Persian tribal weavings 27 Qashqai saddlebags adorned with colorful geometric designs are superior to any others made 28 Notable individuals EditOne of the famous Qashqai tribes Ismail Khan Qashqai is known as Solat al Dawla the leader of the nomads born 1257 AH 1295 AH The history of his struggles during the constitutional period as well as in the role he played in the Persian campaign of World War I is very significant He is one of the famous Qashqai patriarchs who has played an important role in the history of the Qashqai tribe as well as in the political events of the country Solat al Dawla died in Qasr Prison in Tehran on October 6 1931 69 Another figure named Jahangir Khan Qashqaei is from the Darhshouri tribe born 1206 AH 1243 AH who migrated with the tribe until he was 40 years old and had a primary school education During a trip to Isfahan to repair his room he encounters a person who advises him to pursue science His prominent students include Mohammad Ali Shahabadi Seyyed Hossein Tabatabai Boroujerdi Seyyed Hassan Modarres Nokhodaki Esfahani and others He died in 1289 AH 1328 AH and was buried in Isfahan Steel Throne 70 Haj Ayazkhan Qashqaei the author of the travelogue of Hajj and Atbat e Aliat during the reign of Ahmad Shah Qajar author of the first Qashqaei travelogue is another Qashqai famous He is considered to be the advisor and trustee of Ismail Khan Solat al Dawla Qashqai and one of the famous Qashqai during the First World War He was born in 1287 AH 1248 AH and died in 1979 AH 1318 AH 71 Mohammad Ibrahim nicknamed Mazun Qashqaei is a famous Qashqai poet from the Qaderlu Borbur tribe of the Amla tribe He was born in 1246 AH and died in 1313 AH Mazoon has mystical and romantic poems in Persian and Qashqai languages and Shahbaz Shahbazi collector of Qashqai poets considers him the greatest Qashqai poet 72 Mohammad Bahmanbeigi 26 Bahman 1298 11 May 1389 was a great writer of the Qashqai tribe and the founder of nomadic education in Iran Cultural references EditIn 2006 Nissan named its new European small SUV Qashqai after the Qashqai people 29 30 31 The designers believe that the buyers will be nomadic in nature too 32 33 34 35 See also EditQashqai Football Club Iranian Turks Bichaghchi tribe YoruksFootnotes Edit Arakelova Victoria 2015 On the Number of Iranian Turkophones Iran and the Caucasus 19 3 279 doi 10 1163 1573384X 20150306 The main body of the Iranian Turkophone mass generally consists of two parts proper Turkic groups the Turkmen from 0 5 to 1 million partially the Qashqays around 300 000 as well as Khalajes currently Persian speakers living in Save near Tehran and the Turkic speaking population of the Iranian origin predominantly the Azaris inhabiting the north west provinces of Iran roughly covering historical Aturpatakan Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural Environments Legacies and Lessons Yale University 1998 p 59 the Qashqa i are members of a tribal confederacy of some 800 000 individuals Potter Lawrence G 2014 Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf Oxford University Press p 290 ISBN 978 0 19 937726 8 Retrieved 14 January 2023 Adamec Ludwig W 2017 Historical Dictionary of Islam 3 ed Rowman amp Littlefield p 515 ISBN 978 1442277243 a b Foundation Encyclopaedia Iranica QASQAʾI TRIBAL CONFEDERACY i HISTORY Like most present day tribal confederacies in Persia the Il e Qasqaʾi is a conglomeration of clans of different ethnic origins Lori Kurdish Arab and Turkic But most of the Qasqaʾi are of Turkic origin and almost all of them speak a Western Ghuz Turkic dialect which they call Turki In Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 13 May 2015 Rubin Barry March 17 2015 The Middle East A Guide to Politics Economics Society and Culture Taylor amp Francis p 522 ISBN 9781317455783 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Country Studies Iran Dolatkhah Sohrab 2016 Le qashqay langue turcique d Iran Online CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform p 13 Marie Therese Ullens de Schooten 1950 Lords of the Mountains Travel Book Club pp 53 54 OCLC 220789714 See also pp 114 118 Marie Therese Ullens de Schooten 1950 Lords of the Mountains Travel Book Club p 114 OCLC 220789714 Adrian O Sullivan 5 August 2014 Nazi Secret Warfare in Occupied Persia Iran The Failure of the German Intelligence Services 1939 45 Springer p 58 ISBN 978 1 137 42791 5 OCLC 1005751706 a b Federal Research Division p 125 Encyclopaedia Iranica QASQAʾI TRIBAL CONFEDERACY i Retrieved 5 May 2015 Magee G F 1948 The Tribes of Fars p 71 Pierre Oberling 1974 The Qashqai Nomads of Fars p 223 Beck Lois 1986 The Qashqai of Iran 1st ed New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 0300032129 Afshaar Sistaani Iraj 1987 Eall ha Chaadorneshinan va ṭavayef e ashayeri e Iran Tehran Iraj Afshaar Oberling Pierre June 1974 The Qashqai Nomads of Fars Walter De Gruyter Inc p 277 ISBN 9992263113 Magee G F 1945 The Tribes of Fars London p 79 Foundation Encyclopaedia Iranica Kashkuli Encyclopedia Iranica Iranica Retrieved 12 May 2015 Oberling Pierre June 1974 The Qashqai Nomads of Fars Walter De Gruyter Inc p 40 ISBN 9992263113 Magee G F 1948 The Tribes of Fars p 54 Foundation Encyclopaedia Iranica FARSiMADAN Encyclopedia Iranica Iranica Pierre Oberling Retrieved 24 May 2015 Afshaar Sistaani Iraj Eall ha Chaadorneshinan va ṭavayef e ashayeri e Iran Tehran p 628 Winston Robert ed 2004 Human The Definitive Visual Guide New York Dorling Kindersley p 409 ISBN 0 7566 0520 2 Hawley Walter A 1913 Oriental Rugs Antique amp Modern Reprint Dover Publications New York 1970 p 116 Bennett Ian 1978 Later Persian Weaving In Rugs amp Carpets of the World edited by Ian Bennett pp 241 243 Ferndale Editions London 1978 ISBN 0 905746 24 4 Hawley Walter A 1913 Oriental Rugs Antique amp Modern Reprint Dover Publications New York 1970 p 117 Nissan Qashqai Concept Car Database Retrieved 13 May 2015 Automobile com Where It s Easy to Compare Car Insurance Quotes Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 Retrieved 13 May 2015 NISSAN NEWS PRESS RELEASE 5 December 2006 Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 13 May 2015 Nissan crosses over into new territory News by Car Enthusiast Retrieved 13 May 2015 The Theory Of Naming A Car And The Nissan Qashqai May 7 2020 Kidd Kimiko April 23 2020 How Did the Nissan Qashqai Get Its Name What does Qashqai mean Go Nissan in Edmonton AB Go Nissan September 25 2019 Notes Edit also spelled Qashqa i Qashqay Kashkai Kashkay Qashqayi Gashgai Gashgay Ghashghai GhashghaeiReferences EditBeck Lois 1986 The Qashqa i of Iran New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 03212 9 Dolatkhah Sohrab 2016 Kashkai langue turcique d Iran Published independently via KDP Amazon Hawley Walter A 1913 Oriental Rugs Antique and Modern Reprint Dover Publications New York 1970 ISBN 0 486 22366 3 Kiani M 1999 Departing for the Anemone Art in The Qashqai Tribal Confederation Kian Nashr Publications Shiraz ISBN 964 91200 0 9 This beautiful book has hundreds of photos both black and white and colored illustrating the daily life of the Qashqai people their rugs and weaving The text is in Persian but the color photos also have English captions O Sullivan Adrian 2014 Nazi Secret Warfare in Occupied Persia Iran The Failure of the German Intelligence Services 1939 45 Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9781137427892 Ullens de Schooten Marie Terese 1956 Lords of the Mountains Southern Persia amp the Kashkai Tribe Chatto and Windus Ltd Reprint The Travel Book Club London Ure John 2003 In Search of Nomads An English Obsession from Hester Stanhope to Bruce Chatwin pp 51 71 John Ure Robinson London Further reading EditBeck Lois 1991 Nomad A Year in the Life of a Qashqa i Tribesman in Iran University of California Berkeley Los Angeles ISBN 0 520 07003 8 hbk ISBN 0 520 07495 5 pbk Dolatkhah Sohrab 2019 Qashqai Turkic a Comprehensive Corpus based Grammar Munich LINCOM Dolatkhah Sohrab 2016 Parlons Qashqay Paris L Harmattan Dolatkhah Sohrab 2015 Qashqay Folktales CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform Oberling Pierre Qasqaʾi tribal confederacy i History at Encyclopaedia Iranica Shahbazi Mohammad 2001 The Qashqa i Nomads of Iran Part I Formal Education Nomadic Peoples NS 2001 Vol 5 Issue 1 pp 37 64 Shahbazi Mohammad 2002 The Qashqa i Nomads of Iran Part II State supported Literacy and Ethnic Identity Nomadic Peoples NS 2002 Vol 6 Issue 1 pp 95 123 Federal Research Division June 30 2004 Iran A Country Study Kessinger Publishing p 340 ISBN 9781419126703 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qashqai people Qashqai at the Encyclopedia Iranica Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Qashqai people amp oldid 1152199731, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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