Yogendra
Manibhai Haribhai Desai (1897–1989), known as (Shri) Yogendra was an Indian yoga guru,[2] author, poet, researcher[3] and was one of the important figures in the modern revival and transformation of Hatha Yoga, both in India and United States. He was the founder of The Yoga Institute, the oldest organized yoga centre in the world, established in 1918.[4][5] He is often referred as the Father of Modern Yoga Renaissance.[6][7] He was one of the figures responsible for reviving the practice of asanas and making yoga accessible to people other than renunciates.[8]
Yogendra in his early years, sitting in Siddhasana | |
| Personal | |
| Born | Manibhai Haribhai Desai 18 November 1897[1] |
| Died | 24 September 1989 (aged 91) |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Spouse | Sita Devi (m.1927) |
| Children | 2, including Jayadeva Yogendra |
| Alma mater | Amalsad English School, near Surat St. Xavier's College, Mumbai |
| Known for | Pioneering modern yoga |
| Pen name | Mastamani |
| Organization | |
| Founder of | The Yoga Institute (1918) |
| Religious career | |
| Guru | Paramahamsa Madhavdasji |
Yogendra innovated modern methods to teach Yoga, initiating research in Yoga, particularly in the field of the Yoga therapy. He authored several books on yoga and started the journal Yoga in 1933. He was also a poet, writing under the pen name 'Mastamani'. He translated Rabindranath Tagore's Gitanjali into Gujarati.[3]
Biography edit
Early years edit
Yogendra was born as Manibhai Desai in an Anavil Brahmin family on 18 November 1897 in a village near Surat, Gujarat. He was affectionately called Mogha ("priceless one") in his childhood.[9] His father Haribhai Jivanji Desai was a school teacher. His mother died when he was three years old.[citation needed]
At the age of eighteen in 1916, after distinguishing himself in the Amalsad English School, Yogendra attended St. Xavier's College in Bombay. He felt homesick and fell into depression and lost his interest in studies. At the urging of his roommate, On 26 August 1916, Yogendra visited the Dharamshala of Paramahamsa Madhavadasaji at Madhav Baug, regardless of his robust suspicion of sannyasis and sadhus. However, in Paramahamsa ni Prasadi (1917),[10] he wrote that his misgivings disappeared "as our eyes met" and as it turns out, Madhavadasaji was equally struck by Yogendra's qualities as a capable disciple.[3]
After a period of courtship through letters, Yogendra left his college and went to Madhavadasaji's Ashram in Malsar, near Vadodara in late 1916. He received special attention and it was clear that he was being educated and groomed to be Madhavadasaji's successor. Yogendra learned Yoga, much of the teaching being on the practical and pragmatic use of Yoga and its application in sickness and suffering. His training in the Ashram was centered around yogic 'natural health cures' administered to patients in the ashram's sick ward. Yogendra left the Ashram after more than two years.[3]
Works edit
On 25 November 1918, Yogendra established The Yoga Institute at the residence of Dadabhai Naoroji at Versova Beach in Bombay (now Mumbai). A year later in 1919, Yogendra left for Europe and the United States, with the aim of popularizing Yoga and set up a branch of the institute, The Yoga Institute of America at Harriman in New York.[11] His system of asanas, which helped to create the modern yoga movement, was influenced by the physical culture of Europeans such as Max Müller.[12] Yogendra began the process of "domesticating" hatha yoga, seeking scientific evidence for yoga's health benefits. This helped to undo the negative image of yoga and asana practice.[13]
In US, among the people Yogendra met was Benedict Lust, one of the founders of naturopathic medicine. Benedict Lust saw the value of Hatha Yoga for his work and studied it with him. Yogendra stayed there working with a number of Avant-garde doctors such as John Harvey Kellogg and Benedict Lust. Along with the early experiments on yoga, he finished his first books while in US, Light on Hatha Yoga and a volume on Rabindranath Tagore.[14]
He went back to India less than 5 years later; he tried to return to the USA, but was thwarted by the restrictive immigration legislation of 1924.[15][16]
Shri Yogendra was a new type of Asian teacher. Neither an ancient chanter of texts nor a renunciate hidden away for years in Himalayan hills, like Vivekananda, he was already partially a Westerner before he ever came to the United States. Growing up in British India, matriculating — before he met his guru — at St. Xavier's College in Bombay, translating the Yogic message into a specific argot, linking his religion-philosophical views to those of Plotinus and Henri Bergson, Shri Yogendra was a blended product of East and West.
The yoga researcher Elliott Goldberg described Yogendra's system of asanas as "safer, more comprehensive, and more effective than Müller's system",[18] and commented that Yogendra "helped strip hatha yoga of .. what he called 'mysticism and inertia'", enabling people to think about asanas "unencumbered by traditional ideology".[19]
Research edit
In 1921, Yogendra conducted X-Ray studies on Sutra Neti kriyas, a yogic technique to clean the nasal cavity.[20] He conducted research on Prana with Surendranath Dasgupta, an orientalist and philosopher in 1924.[21] In 1930, manuscript 'Yoga Personal Hygiene', authored by Yogendra, is the first book on intricate Yoga processes listing research on the yoga breathing techniques Uddiyana bandha and Pranayama.[citation needed]
Contribution to literature edit
Yogendra's first book, Prabhubhakti ("Devotion to the Lord"), was published by Diamond Jubilee Printing Press in Ahmadabad. His second book was Hrudayapushpanjali ("Prayer from the Heart"), a collection of his poetry composed in 1917.[22]
Principal A. B. Yagnik, a Gujarati critic wrote in an article, Poetic Versatility of Shri Yogendra, published in 1979,[22]
We here enter the poet's esthetic world and are delighted with his exquisite reflections. At this stage he might as well have been on the road to Yoga, but not reached there.
— "Poetic Versatility of Shri Yogendra", Journal of The Yoga Institute, November 1979
He was inspired and influenced by the works of Rabindranath Tagore. He translated Ravindranath Tagore's Gitanjali from Bengali to Gujarati; it was published in 1918, with Tagore's permission.The country was full of Indian nationalism, and his 1919 poetry collection Rashtriyagita, speaks of the homeland, the citizens and the struggle for freedom. Other books of his poetry collection includes Pranay Bansi, Sangita Dhvani (2017) and Urmi (2014).[22]
Bibliography edit
Books on Yoga edit
Yogendra published many books on yoga, and they have often been reprinted.[23]
- Memorabilia (1926)
- Yoga Asanas Simplified (1928)
- Yoga Physical Education - Volume 1 (1928)
- Yoga Personal Hygiene Simplified (1931)
- Hatha-Yoga Simplified (1931)
- Simple Meditative Postures (1934)
- Rhythmic Exercises (1936)
- Way to Live (1936)
- Breathing Methods (1936)
- Yoga Personal Hygiene (1940)
- Yoga: Physical Education (1956)
- Yoga Essays (1969)
- Facts about Yoga (1971)
- Why Yoga (1976)
- Yoga–Sutras (1978
- Life Problems (1978)
- Guide to Yoga Meditation (1983)
- Yoga in Modern Life
Poetry collections edit
- Prabhubhakti
- Hrdayapushpanjali
- Pranay Bansi
- Sangita Dhwani (1917)
- Rashtriya Gita (1919)
- Gitanjali of Tagore (1917)
- Urmi (1924)
- Kavi Tagore (1926)
Personal life edit
He married Sita Devi in 1927. The couple had two sons, named Jayadeva Yogendra and Vijayadev Yogendra.[24]
Yogendra died on 25 September 1989 at the age of 91 in Mumbai.[25][24]
Legacy edit
In 1994, The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation renamed the TPS 5 Prabhat Colony as Yogendra Marg (Yogendra Way) after Yogendra.
A Chowk named Shri Yogendra Chowk located in Santacruz, Mumbai, is named after him, was inaugurated by Suresh Prabhu, the Minister of Railways, Govt. of India in April 2017.[26]
His son Vijayadev Yogendra (1930–2005) immigrated to Australia and continued his father's work through the establishment of the Total Health and Education Foundation in Melbourne and The School of Total Education in Warwick, Queensland.[27]
References edit
- ^ Singleton, Mark; Byrne, Jean, eds. (30 June 2008). Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 9781134055203.
- ^ Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen (2014). Gurus of Modern Yoga. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 60–79. ISBN 978-0199938728.
- ^ a b c d Goldberg 2016, pp. 2–74.
- ^ "World's oldest yoga centre still going strong". The Times of India. 5 February 2015.
- ^ Jhangiani, Diipti (22 November 2013). "Neighbourhood Haven The Yoga Institute". DNA India.
- ^ Mishra, Debashree (3 July 2016). "Once Upon A Time: From 1918, this Yoga institute has been teaching generations, creating history". Mumbai: Indian Express.
- ^ Sadhaka (2015). A Spiritual Path That Led to Arunachala. p. 11.
- ^ Barrett, Jennifer (December 1997). "Householders Yoga". Yoga Journal (137). Active Interest Media: 24.
- ^ Rodrigues, Santan (1997). The Householder Yogi Life of Shri Yogendra. p. 3. ISBN 978-8185053059.
- ^ Rodrigues, Santan (1997). The Householder Yogi Life of Shri Yogendra. p. 32. ISBN 978-8185053059.
- ^ Caycedo, Alfonso (1966). India of yogis. National Publishing House, the University of Michigan. p. 194.
- ^ Newcombe, Suzanne (2017). "The Revival of Yoga in Contemporary India" (PDF). Religion. 1. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.253. ISBN 9780199340378.
- ^ Singleton 2010, pp. 116–117.
- ^ Quinn, Edward (2014). Critical Companion to George Orwell Critical Companion Encyclopedia of World Religions Series Facts on File library of world literature. Infobase Publishing. p. 515. ISBN 9781438108735.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 3159. ISBN 9781598842043.
- ^ Constance A. Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism Encyclopedia of World Religions Facts on File library of religion and mythology. Infobase Publishing. p. 263. ISBN 9780816075645.
- ^ Kripal, Jeffrey J.; Shuck, Glenn (2005). "The American Mission of Shri Yogendra and Paramhansa Yogananda". On the Edge of the Future: Esalen and the Evolution of American Culture Religion in North America. Indiana University Press: 64–66. ISBN 0253345561.
- ^ Goldberg 2016, p. 40.
- ^ Goldberg 2016, p. 43.
- ^ Guha, Kunal (7 January 2018). "Relative Value: A Century of Wellness". Mumbai Mirror.
- ^ "Full text of "Mircea Eliade And Surendranath Dasgupta Guggenbuehl C"". archive.org. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ a b c Rodrigues, Santan (1997). The Householder Yogi Life of Shri Yogendra. pp. 52–54, 60. ISBN 978-8185053059.
- ^ "inauthor:"Shri Yogendra"". Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ a b Raj, Ashok (1 April 2010). The Life and Times of Baba Ramdev. Hay House. ISBN 9789381398098.
- ^ "Yoga pioneer, Yogendra, dead". The Times of India. 27 September 1989.
- ^ "Centenary logo of The Yoga Institute, Santacruz unveiled on the 88th birthday of living Yogi Dr. Jayadeva Yogendra Shri Yogendra Chowk also commemorated". indianshowbiz.com. 30 April 2017.
- ^ "A Story of Vision and Commitment". The School of Total Education. from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
Sources edit
- Goldberg, Elliott (2016). The Path of Modern Yoga: The History of an Embodied Spiritual Practice. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781620555682.
- Singleton, Mark (2010). Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539534-1. OCLC 318191988.
Further reading edit
- Rodrigues, Santan (1997). The Householder Yogi – Life Of Shri Yogendra.
- Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen (2013). Gurus of Modern Yoga. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–75. ISBN 9780199938711.
- Yogendra, Vijayadev (1972). Glimpses from the life of Shri Yogendra : Father of Yoga Renaissance. Yoga Education Centre, Melbourne. OCLC 220335795.
- Yogendra, Vijayadev (1977). Shri Yogendra, The householder Yogi. The Yoga Institute. OCLC 83123746.
External links edit
- Official website of The Yoga Institute
- The First Yoga Class 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine on Do Yoga (by Doug Keller)
- Yogendra on Yoga Vidya (in German)