Years of potential life lost (YPLL) or potential years of life lost (PYLL) is an estimate of the average years a person would have lived if they had not died prematurely.[1] It is, therefore, a measure of premature mortality. As an alternative to death rates, it is a method that gives more weight to deaths that occur among younger people. An alternative is to consider the effects of both disability and premature death using disability adjusted life years.
To calculate the years of potential life lost, the analyst has to set an upper reference age. The reference age should correspond roughly to the life expectancy of the population under study. In the developed world, this is commonly set at age 75, but it is essentially arbitrary. Thus, PYLL should be written with respect to the reference age used in the calculation: e.g., PYLL[75].
PYLL can be calculated using individual level data or using age grouped data.[2]
Briefly, for the individual method, each person's PYLL is calculated by subtracting the person's age at death from the reference age. If a person is older than the reference age when they die, that person's PYLL is set to zero (i.e., there are no "negative" PYLLs). In effect, only those who die before the reference age are included in the calculation. Some examples:
Reference age = 75; Age at death = 60; PYLL[75] = 75 − 60 = 15
Reference age = 75; Age at death = 6 months; PYLL[75] = 75 − 0.5 = 74.5
Reference age = 75; Age at death = 80; PYLL[75] = 0 (age at death greater than reference age)
To calculate the PYLL for a particular population in a particular year, the analyst sums the individual PYLLs for all individuals in that population who died in that year. This can be done for all-cause mortality or for cause-specific mortality.
Significanceedit
In the developed world, mortality counts and rates tend to emphasise the most common causes of death in older people because the risk of death increases with age. Because YPLL gives more weight to deaths among younger people, it is the favoured metric among those who wish to draw attention to those causes of death that are more common in younger people. Some researchers say that this measurement should be considered by governments when they decide how best to divide up scarce resources for research.[3]
For example, in most of the developed world, heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death, as measured by the number (or rate) of deaths. For this reason, heart disease and cancer tend to get a lot of attention (and research funding). However, one might argue that everyone has to die of something eventually, and so public health efforts should be more explicitly directed at preventing premature death. When PYLL is used as an explicit measure of premature death, then injuries and infectious diseases, become more important. While the most common cause of death of young people aged 5 to 40 is injury and poisoning in the developed world, because relatively few young people die, the principal causes of lost years remain cardiovascular disease and cancer.[4]
By main cause of death in the United States of Americaedit
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate.(March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2022)
A study suggests the global "mean loss of life expectancy" (LLE) from all forms of direct violence was about 0.3 years, while air pollution accounted for about 2.9 years in 2015.[8]
By countryedit
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Last update: 2009(May 2018)
Here is a table of YPLL for all causes (ages 0–69, per 100,000) with the most recent available data from the OECD:[1]
The report of the NSW Chief Medical Officer in 2002 indicates that cardiovascular disease (32.7% (of total Males Years of Life Lost due to premature mortality) and 36.6% of females YLL) and malignant neoplasms (27.5% of Males YLL and 31.2% of Females YLL) are the main causes of lost years [9]
^Gardner JW; Sanborn JS (1976). "Years of potential life lost (YPLL)—what does it measure?". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Comparative Physiology. 53 (4): 323–6. doi:10.1016/s0300-9629(76)80148-x. PMID 3312.
^Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario. . Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
^Burnet NG, Jefferies SJ, Benson RJ, Hunt DP, Treasure FP (January 2005). "Years of life lost (YLL) from cancer is an important measure of population burden—and should be considered when allocating research funds". Br. J. Cancer. 92 (2): 241–5. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602321. PMC2361853. PMID 15655548.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2009-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)Page 54 Retrieved 17 January 2009.
^National Cancer Institute. . Cancer Trends Progress Report, 2009/2010 Update. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011.
^"Premature deaths from guns expose another toll of the firearms crisis". Georgia Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
^ abKlein, Joshua; Prabhakaran, Kartik; Latifi, Rifat; Rhee, Peter (1 February 2022). "Firearms: the leading cause of years of potential life lost". Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open. 7 (1): e000766. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2021-000766. ISSN 2397-5776. PMC8819782. PMID 35141422.
^Lelieveld, Jos; Pozzer, Andrea; Pöschl, Ulrich; Fnais, Mohammed; Haines, Andy; Münzel, Thomas (1 September 2020). "Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective". Cardiovascular Research. 116 (11): 1910–1917. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa025. ISSN 0008-6363. PMC7449554. PMID 32123898.
^"Report of the NSW Chief Health Officer: Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL)". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-17. Retrieved=17 January 2009
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2009-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)Retrieved=17 January 2009 Page 53
October 30, 2023
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This article may be confusing or unclear to readers In particular Examples instead of using the YPLL as defined show the value YPLL 100000 or use different undefined terms such as Person Years Lost or YLL Please help clarify the article There might be a discussion about this on the talk page May 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Years of potential life lost YPLL or potential years of life lost PYLL is an estimate of the average years a person would have lived if they had not died prematurely 1 It is therefore a measure of premature mortality As an alternative to death rates it is a method that gives more weight to deaths that occur among younger people An alternative is to consider the effects of both disability and premature death using disability adjusted life years Contents 1 Calculation 2 Significance 3 By main cause of death in the United States of America 4 By country 4 1 Australia 5 See also 6 ReferencesCalculation editTo calculate the years of potential life lost the analyst has to set an upper reference age The reference age should correspond roughly to the life expectancy of the population under study In the developed world this is commonly set at age 75 but it is essentially arbitrary Thus PYLL should be written with respect to the reference age used in the calculation e g PYLL 75 PYLL can be calculated using individual level data or using age grouped data 2 Briefly for the individual method each person s PYLL is calculated by subtracting the person s age at death from the reference age If a person is older than the reference age when they die that person s PYLL is set to zero i e there are no negative PYLLs In effect only those who die before the reference age are included in the calculation Some examples Reference age 75 Age at death 60 PYLL 75 75 60 15 Reference age 75 Age at death 6 months PYLL 75 75 0 5 74 5 Reference age 75 Age at death 80 PYLL 75 0 age at death greater than reference age To calculate the PYLL for a particular population in a particular year the analyst sums the individual PYLLs for all individuals in that population who died in that year This can be done for all cause mortality or for cause specific mortality Significance editIn the developed world mortality counts and rates tend to emphasise the most common causes of death in older people because the risk of death increases with age Because YPLL gives more weight to deaths among younger people it is the favoured metric among those who wish to draw attention to those causes of death that are more common in younger people Some researchers say that this measurement should be considered by governments when they decide how best to divide up scarce resources for research 3 For example in most of the developed world heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death as measured by the number or rate of deaths For this reason heart disease and cancer tend to get a lot of attention and research funding However one might argue that everyone has to die of something eventually and so public health efforts should be more explicitly directed at preventing premature death When PYLL is used as an explicit measure of premature death then injuries and infectious diseases become more important While the most common cause of death of young people aged 5 to 40 is injury and poisoning in the developed world because relatively few young people die the principal causes of lost years remain cardiovascular disease and cancer 4 By main cause of death in the United States of America editThe examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2022 See also List of causes of death by rate Person years of potential life lost in the United States in 2006 5 Cause of premature death Person years lostCancer 8 6 millionHeart disease and strokes 8 8 millionAccidents and other injuries 5 9 millionAll other causes 13 6 millionPerson years of potential life lost in the United States in 2018 Cause of premature death Person years lost Use Accessibility of firearms 1 42 million 6 7 Motor vehicle crashes 1 34 million 7 All other causesA study suggests the global mean loss of life expectancy LLE from all forms of direct violence was about 0 3 years while air pollution accounted for about 2 9 years in 2015 8 By country editThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information Last update 2009 May 2018 Here is a table of YPLL for all causes ages 0 69 per 100 000 with the most recent available data from the OECD 1 Rank Country Female YPLL Male YPLL Date1 nbsp Latvia 4831 13225 20152 nbsp Mexico 6120 11427 20163 nbsp Lithuania 4460 12372 20174 nbsp Hungary 4589 9547 20175 nbsp Estonia 3863 9626 20166 nbsp United States 4862 8265 20167 nbsp Poland 3729 9290 20168 nbsp Turkey 4131 7262 20169 nbsp Chile 3660 6509 201610 nbsp Czech Republic 3083 6555 201711 nbsp Greece 2776 5780 201612 nbsp Slovenia 2630 5723 201513 nbsp United Kingdom 3292 5096 201614 nbsp France 2775 5621 201515 nbsp Germany 2972 5312 201616 nbsp Portugal 2607 5761 201617 nbsp Canada 3197 5002 201518 nbsp Belgium 2963 5197 201619 nbsp Finland 2558 5451 201620 nbsp Denmark 3075 4776 201521 nbsp Austria 2606 4736 201722 nbsp Ireland 2800 4525 201523 nbsp Netherlands 3019 4075 201624 nbsp Australia 2634 4460 201625 nbsp South Korea 2207 4709 201626 nbsp Israel 2473 4190 201627 nbsp Spain 2198 4391 201628 nbsp Italy 2364 4190 201529 nbsp Sweden 2508 3975 201630 nbsp Iceland 2235 4191 201731 nbsp Norway 2476 3895 201632 nbsp Luxembourg 2231 3957 201633 nbsp Japan 2144 4015 201634 nbsp Switzerland 2369 3614 2016Australia edit The report of the NSW Chief Medical Officer in 2002 indicates that cardiovascular disease 32 7 of total Males Years of Life Lost due to premature mortality and 36 6 of females YLL and malignant neoplasms 27 5 of Males YLL and 31 2 of Females YLL are the main causes of lost years 9 When disability adjusted life years are considered cancer 25 1 1 000 cardiovascular disease 23 8 1 000 mental health issues 17 6 1 000 neurological disorders 15 7 1 000 chronic respiratory disease 9 4 1 000 and diabetes 7 2 1 000 are the main causes of good years of expected life lost to disease or premature death 10 The dramatic difference is in the greater number of years of disability caused mental illness and neurological issues and by diabetes citation needed See also editLife years lost Disability adjusted life year Quality adjusted life yearReferences edit Gardner JW Sanborn JS 1976 Years of potential life lost YPLL what does it measure Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A Comparative Physiology 53 4 323 6 doi 10 1016 s0300 9629 76 80148 x PMID 3312 Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario Calculating Potential Years of Life Lost PYLL Archived from the original on July 6 2011 Retrieved 2008 05 13 Burnet NG Jefferies SJ Benson RJ Hunt DP Treasure FP January 2005 Years of life lost YLL from cancer is an important measure of population burden and should be considered when allocating research funds Br J Cancer 92 2 241 5 doi 10 1038 sj bjc 6602321 PMC 2361853 PMID 15655548 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2009 01 21 Retrieved 2009 01 17 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Page 54 Retrieved 17 January 2009 National Cancer Institute Person Years of Life Lost Cancer Trends Progress Report 2009 2010 Update Archived from the original on July 1 2011 Premature deaths from guns expose another toll of the firearms crisis Georgia Public Broadcasting Retrieved 16 March 2022 a b Klein Joshua Prabhakaran Kartik Latifi Rifat Rhee Peter 1 February 2022 Firearms the leading cause of years of potential life lost Trauma Surgery amp Acute Care Open 7 1 e000766 doi 10 1136 tsaco 2021 000766 ISSN 2397 5776 PMC 8819782 PMID 35141422 Lelieveld Jos Pozzer Andrea Poschl Ulrich Fnais Mohammed Haines Andy Munzel Thomas 1 September 2020 Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors a worldwide perspective Cardiovascular Research 116 11 1910 1917 doi 10 1093 cvr cvaa025 ISSN 0008 6363 PMC 7449554 PMID 32123898 Report of the NSW Chief Health Officer Years of life lost due to premature mortality YLL Archived from the original on 13 June 2007 Retrieved 2009 01 17 Retrieved 17 January 2009 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2009 01 21 Retrieved 2009 01 17 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Retrieved 17 January 2009 Page 53 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Years of potential life lost amp oldid 1175993088, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
