Y-12 National Security Complex

For other uses, see Y-12 (disambiguation).

The Y-12 National Security Complex is a United States Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration facility located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It was built as part of the Manhattan Project for the purpose of enriching uranium for the first atomic bombs. It is considered the birthplace of the atomic bomb.^[1] In the years after World War II, it has been operated as a manufacturing facility for nuclear weapons components and related defense purposes.

Y-12 Logo

Y-12 Plant, in Oak Ridge TN.

Y-12 is managed and operated under contract by Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC (CNS), which is composed of member companies Bechtel National Inc., Leidos Inc., Orbital ATK, Inc, and SOC LLC, with Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. as a teaming subcontractor.^[2] CNS also operates Pantex Plant in Texas.^[3]

History

 

Employees of the Manhattan Project operating calutron control panels at Y-12, in a US government photo by Ed Westcott.

Y-12 is the World War II code name for the electromagnetic isotope separation plant producing enriched uranium at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, as part of the Manhattan Project. Construction began in February 1943 under the management of Stone and Webster. Because of a wartime shortage of copper, the massive electromagnetic coils were made with 14,700 tons of coinage silver from U.S. government vaults at West Point.^[4][5] Colonel Kenneth D. Nichols met with the Under Secretary of the Treasury, Daniel W. Bell, and requested between five and ten thousand tons of silver. Bell's stunned reply was, "Colonel, in the Treasury we do not speak of tons of silver; our unit is the troy ounce." Thus the Manhattan Engineer District requested and was loaned 395 million troy ounces of silver (13,540 short tons, 12,300 tonnes) from the West Point Depository for the duration of the Manhattan Project. Special guards and accountants were assigned to the silver, and their responsible caretaking meant that at the end of the war, less than 0.036% out of more than $300 million worth of silver was lost to the process, with the remainder returned to the Treasury.^[6]

The Y-12 facility began operating in November 1943, separating uranium-235 from natural uranium, which is 99.3% uranium-238, by using calutrons to perform electromagnetic isotope separation. Y-12 separated the uranium-235 for Little Boy, the nuclear weapon that was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. K-25, another facility in Oak Ridge, produced enriched uranium using gaseous diffusion. However, K-25 did not begin operating until March 1945 and fed slightly enriched uranium to Y-12's Beta Calutrons as the push to obtain enough uranium 235 for Little Boy came in the early summer of 1945. The S-50 Thermal Diffusion Plant at the K-25 site also provided feed material for Y-12's Beta Calutrons.

Tennessee Eastman was hired by the Army Corps of Engineers to manage Y-12 during the Manhattan Project. The company transferred scientists from Kingsport, Tennessee to Y-12 and operated the plant from 1943 to May 1947.^[7] The Y-12 electromagnetic plant units were initially operated by scientists from Berkeley to remove bugs and achieve a reasonable operating rate. They were then turned over to trained Tennessee Eastman operators who had only a high school education. Nichols compared unit production data, and pointed out to physicist Ernest Lawrence that the young "hillbilly" girl operators were outproducing his doctorate-holding scientists. They agreed to a production race and Lawrence lost, a morale boost for the Tennessee Eastman workers and supervisors. The girls were "trained like soldiers not to reason why", while "the scientists could not refrain from time-consuming investigation of the cause of even minor fluctuations of the dials".^[8] The young women that worked in this capacity came to be known as "Calutron Girls."^[9]

The Union Carbide corporation succeeded Tennessee Eastman as the operating contractor in 1947, remaining until 1984, when Union Carbide relinquished the contract for operating DOE's Oak Ridge facilities, and the Martin Marietta corporation (later Lockheed Martin) won the contract to take over the operation. BWXT Y-12 (name later changed to B&W Y-12) succeeded Lockheed Martin as the Y-12 operator in November 2000.^[10]

A chemical explosion injured several workers at the Y-12 facility on December 8, 1999, when NaK was cleaned up after an accidental spill, inappropriately treated with mineral oil, and inadvertently ignited when the surface coating of potassium superoxide was scratched by a metal tool.^[11]

1958 criticality incident

At 11 p.m. on June 16, 1958, a criticality accident occurred in the C-1 Wing of Building 9212 at the facility, then operating under the management of Union Carbide. In the incident, a solution of highly enriched uranium was mistakenly diverted into a steel drum, causing a fission reaction of 15–20 minutes duration. Eight workers were hospitalized for moderate to severe radiation sickness or exposure, but all eventually returned to work. In June 1960 the eight workers, Bill Wilburn, O. C. Collins, Travis Rogers, R. D. Jones, Howard Wagner, T. W. Stinnett, Paul McCurry, and Bill Clark filed suit against the Atomic Energy Commission. The suit was settled out-of-court. Wilburn, who had received the highest radiation dose, was awarded $18,000 (approximately $185,000 in 2022 dollars). Clark received $9,000 (worth approximately $92,500 in 2022).^[12]

Under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program, the eight later received additional compensation from the government; Clark collected multiple payments totaling about $250,000. Most, if not all, of the eight victims were diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lives.^{[citation needed]} As of June 2014, Clark was the only surviving member of the eight.^[12]

Facilities and missions

Y-12's primary missions since the end of the Cold War have been to support defense needs through stockpile stewardship, assist on issues of nuclear non-proliferation, support the Naval Reactors program, and provide expertise to other federal agencies.^[13] Y-12 is also responsible for the maintenance and production of all uranium parts and "secondary" mechanisms for every nuclear weapon in the United States arsenal.

Y-12 has a history of providing secure storage of nuclear material for both the United States and other governments. Early efforts focused on securing material from the former Soviet Union;^[14] recent activities have included recovery of highly enriched uranium from Chile.^[15]

Environmental cleanup has been an ongoing issue for the Department of Energy in Oak Ridge. The Y-12 plant was listed as an EPA Superfund site in the 1990s for groundwater and soil contamination. Today, the Y-12 plant is listed on the DOE's Cleanup Criteria/Decision Document Database (or C2D2 database).^[16]

An influx of funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act benefited cleanup efforts by funding demolition and decontamination of aging facilities.^[17] These efforts work to further the long-term reduction in the size of the Y-12 facility.^[18]

CNS Y-12 currently^[when?] employs approximately 4,700 people. About 1,500 additional personnel work onsite as employees of organizations that include UT-Battelle, Science Applications International Corporation, UCOR, and WSI Oak Ridge (an American-controlled unit of G4S Secure Solutions), which holds the security contract for the site. Workers at the site were represented by the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union (OCAW).^[19]

Anti-nuclear protests

 

April 2011 OREPA rally at the Y-12 entrance

Since 1988, Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance has organized non-violent direct action protests at the Y-12 Complex, in an effort to close down the weapons plant. Sister Mary Dennis Lentsch, a Catholic nun, has been arrested many times for protesting at the Oak Ridge facility.^[20] She has said, "I believe the continuing weapons production at the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is in direct violation of the treaty obligations of the United States and consequently, is a violation of Article 6 of the U.S. Constitution".^[21]

In 2011, the Rev. William J. Bichsel, an 84-year-old priest, received a prison sentence of three months for trespassing on federal property at the Y-12 complex.^[22] In 2012, there have been protests about the proposed new Uranium Processing Facility, which is expected to cost $7.5 billion.^[23]

In July 2012, Megan Rice, an 82-year-old Catholic sister of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, and two military veterans who now worked for peace, Gregory Boertje-Obed, and Michael Walli, entered the Y-12 complex. They were all Plowshares activists, and they chose Y-12 because of its crucial role in the production of nuclear weapons. They spray-painted anti-war slogans on the exterior of the Highly Enriched Uranium Materials Facility, a structure for storing weapons-grade uranium.^[24] The anti-nuclear activists, who got past fences and disabled security sensors before dawn on July 28, spent several hours in the complex, spray-painted peace messages, and prayed and sang before they were stopped by a guard, who was later joined by another. The security breach prompted private experts to criticize the Department of Energy's safeguarding of nuclear materials. The agency is to reappraise security measures across its nuclear weapons program.^[25] The DOE-OIG found that all of the defenses for the plant were insufficient and that the security response had "troubling displays of ineptitude."^[26] On May 9, 2013, the three were convicted of sabotage. In her testimony Rice said "I regret I didn't do this 70 years ago."^[27]

See also

• Anti-nuclear protests in the United States
• COLEX process (isotopic separation)
• Fogbank
• K-25
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• S-50
• Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack

References

1. "A Visit to the Secret Town in Tennessee That Gave Birth to the Atomic Bomb". New Republic. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
2. "About". CNS – Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
3. . Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
4. Nichols, Kenneth D. (1987). The Road to Trinity. Morrow, New York. p. 42. ISBN 0-688-06910-X.
5. . Archived from the original on March 18, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
6. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 27, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2009.
7. {{Cite webMartha Avaleen Egan, |url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/tennessee-eastman-companyeastman-chemical-company/%7C Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2009. Retrieved: February 14, 2013.
8. Nichols, Kenneth D. Ibid, page 131
9. "A Book Review of The Girls of Atomic City by Denise Kiernan". nationalww2museum.org. National World War II Museum. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
10. "Y-12 Receives 'Good' Award Fee Rating from DOE 2007-02-08 at the Wayback Machine," BWX Times, Vol. 2, No. 6 (January 10, 2002). Retrieved: February 14, 2013.
11. "Type A Accident Investigation of the December 8, 1999, Multiple Injury Accident Resulting from the Sodium-Potassium Explosion in Building 9201-5 at the Y-12 Plant" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. February 2000.
12. Munger, Frank (June 14, 2014). "Nuclear survivor: Bill Clark recalls 1958 criticality accident and his up-and-down life since then". Atomic City Underground. also published in Knoxville News Sentinel and Stars and Stripes.
13. Y-12 Mission
14. Hoffman, David E. (September 21, 2009). "Half a Ton of Uranium -- and a Long Flight". The Washington Post.
15. Frank Munger, "Three from Y-12 Helped Secure Chile's HEU July 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine," Knoxnews.com, April 8, 2010. Retrieved: February 14, 2013.
16. Cleanup Criteria / Decision Document Database September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
17. Frank Munger, "Y-12 Stimulus Fund Grows, New Projects May Follow," Knoxville News Sentinel, August 18, 2010. Retrieved: February 14, 2013.
18. John Huotari, "Officials Say Uranium Processing Facility Supporters Outnumber Opponents," November 30, 2009. Retrieved: February 14, 2013.
19. Bischak, Greg (1989). "Facing the Second Generation of the Nuclear Weapons Complex: Renewal of the Nuclear Production Base or Economic Conversion?". In Dumas, Lloyd J.; Thee, Marek (eds.). Making Peace Possible: The Promise of Economic Conversion. Peace Research Monograph. Vol. 19. Pergamon Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-08-037252X. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
20. "Nun sentenced for protesting nuke plant - US news - Crime & courts - NBCNews.com". NBC News. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
21. Frank Munger (July 5, 2010). "Y-12 protests nets dozens of arrests". Knox News.
22. "Rev. Bill Bichsel of Tacoma sentenced to 3 months for Y-12 protest in Tennessee". The News Tribune. Associated Press. September 13, 2011.^{[dead link]}
23. Lance Coleman (April 21, 2012). "Protesters rally against new Y-12 uranium facility". Knox News.
24. Sargent, Carole (February 2, 2021). Transform Now Plowshares: Megan Rice, Gregory Boertje-Obed, and Michael Walli. ISBN 9780814637227.
25. Matthew L. Wald (August 7, 2012). "Security Questions Are Raised by Break-In at a Nuclear Site". New York Times.
26. Munger, Frank (February 17, 2014). "18 months after security breach, former Y-12 nuclear weapons plant boss tells his story". www.stripes.com. Knoxville News-Sentinel, Tenn. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
27. (Rice quote).

External links

• Official website  
• United States Department of Energy
• A map of Oak Ridge, Tennessee during the time of the Manhattan Project

Coordinates: 35°59′18″N 84°15′17″W / 35.98833°N 84.25472°W / 35.98833; -84.25472