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Plowshares movement

April 21, 2023

The Plowshares movement is an anti-nuclear weapons and Christian pacifist movement that advocates active resistance to war. The group often practices a form of protest that involves the damaging of weapons and military property. The movement gained notoriety in the early 1980s when several members damaged nuclear warhead nose cones and were subsequently convicted. The name refers to the text of prophet Isaiah who said that swords shall be beaten into plowshares.[2]

On September 9, 1980, Daniel Berrigan (above), his brother Philip, and six others (the "Plowshares Eight") began the Plowshares Movement. They illegally trespassed onto the General Electric Nuclear Missile facility in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, where they damaged nuclear warhead nose cones and poured blood onto documents and files. They were arrested and charged with over ten different felony and misdemeanor counts.[1]

History

The U.S. Plowshares group was deeply influenced by Catholicism and, in particular, the Catholic left movement of the late 1960s and the Catholic Worker Movement.[3] The Plowshares movement takes its name from the idea of beating swords to ploughshares in the Book of Isaiah:

And many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.

— KJV

On September 9, 1980, Fr Daniel Berrigan, SJ; his brother, Fr Philip Berrigan, SSJ, and six others (the "Plowshares Eight") began the Plowshares Movement under the premise of beating swords to ploughshares.[4][5] They trespassed onto the General Electric Re-entry Division[6] in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, where Mark 12A reentry vehicles[7] for the Minuteman III missile were made. They hammered on two reentry vehicles, poured blood on documents, and offered prayers for peace. They were arrested and charged with more than ten different felony and misdemeanor counts.[8] On April 10, 1990, after 10 years of appeals, the Berrigans' group was re-sentenced and paroled for up to 23 and 1/2 months in consideration of time already served in prison.[4] Their legal battle was re-created in Emile de Antonio's 1982 film In the King of Prussia,[9] which starred Martin Sheen and featured appearances by the Plowshares Eight as themselves.[10]

 
Church Committee Report Book III

Actions

Other actions followed. In 1983, the "Plowshares Eight" entered AVCO Systems Division, a manufacturing plant for MX and Pershing II missiles in Wilmington, Massachusetts, and damaged plans and equipment. They were arrested. The subsequent trial, including testimony from historian Howard Zinn, is documented in the film The Trial of the AVCO Plowshares by Global Village Video.[11][12] As of 2000, some 71 such actions happened on several continents.[13] There have been several more such actions since 2000. The longest sentences given to individuals were those meted out to the 1984 group, the Silo Pruning Hooks, two of which were sentenced to 18 years in federal prison for entering a Minuteman II missile silo.[14]

Pouring of blood

Pouring of blood is a controversial symbolic act[15] that has been traditionally conducted by Plowshares activists.[1][2]

Recent actions

See also: Anti-nuclear protests in the United States

On April 30, 2008, three Plowshares activists entered the GCSB Waihopai base near Blenheim, New Zealand and punctured an inflated radome used in the ECHELON signal interception program, causing $1.2 million in damages. In March 2010 the three men stood trial by jury at the District Court in Wellington and were acquitted.[16] The New Zealand Attorney-General then lodged a civil claim, on behalf of the GCSB, for $1.2 million. This claim was dropped in February 2014.[17]

On November 2, 2009, a Plowshares action took place in the U.S. at Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor, where Trident nuclear weapons are stored or deployed on Trident submarines.[18] These weapons constitute the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the US.[19]

On July 28, 2012, three Plowshares activists, Sr Megan Rice, SHCJ, Greg Boertje-Obed, and Michael Walli, who compose the Transform Now Plowshares movement, breached security at the U.S. Department of Energy's Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, causing the government to temporarily shut down the weapons facility.[20][21] Once inside a "secure" area, the activists hung protest banners on a uranium storage site, poured human blood and spray-painted the walls with anti-war slogans.[22][23] Following a controversial trial, the three activists were convicted in early May 2013 on the charges of damaging property in violation of 18 US Code 1363, damaging federal property in excess of $1000 in violation of 18 US Code 1361, and intending to injure, interfere with, or obstruct the national defense of the United States and willful damage of national security premises in violation of 18 US Code 2155.[21] Megan Rice was sentenced to 35 months, or just under three years. The other two protesters, Greg Boertje-Obed and Michael Walli, both were sentenced to 62 months, or a little more than five years.[24]

The National Nuclear Security Administration has acknowledged the seriousness of the 2012 Plowshares action, which involved the protesters walking into a high-security zone of the plant, calling the security breach "unprecedented." Independent security contractor, WSI, has since had a weeklong "security stand-down," a halt to weapons production, and mandatory refresher training for all security staff.[25]

Non-proliferation policy experts are concerned about the relative ease with which these unarmed, unsophisticated protesters could cut through a fence and walk into the center of the facility. This is further evidence that nuclear security—the securing of highly enriched uranium and plutonium—should be a top priority to prevent terrorist groups from acquiring nuclear bomb-making material. These experts have questioned "the use of private contractors to provide security at facilities that manufacture and store the government's most dangerous military material".[25]

Main article: Kings Bay Plowshares

On April 4, 2018, seven Plowshares activists calling themselves "Kings Bay Plowshares" were arrested at the Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base. They stated that the action had been planned to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.[26] The activists were arrested, handed over to local authorities, and taken to the county jail. The Kings Bay spokesman, Scott Bennett, said that no one had been threatened and no military personnel or assets were endangered. The base houses 8 Ohio-class submarines, 6 of which carry ballistic missiles and are described by the Navy as "designed specifically for stealth and the precise delivery of nuclear warheads."[27][28] The seven Plowshares were found guilty on October 24, 2019. Liz McAlister was sentenced to time served, 3 years of supervised probation and a portion of the $33,000 restitution.[29] The other defendants remain to be sentenced.[when?] Sentencing guidelines suggest 8 to 33 months of incarceration and/or conditional probation, although they face potentially more than 20 years.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Google Scholar". Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  2. ^ a b Deena Guzder (July 9, 2010). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 7, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  3. ^ McKanan, D. (2011) Religion and war resistance in the Plowshares Movement. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 79(2), 544–547.
  4. ^ a b "A History of Direct Disarmament Actions The Ploughshares movementoriginated in the North American faith". from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  5. ^ Wittner, Lawrence S. (May 12, 2009). Confronting the bomb : a short history of the world nuclear disarmament movement. Stanford, Calif. ISBN 9780804771245. OCLC 469186910.
  6. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ "The W-78 Warhead". from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  8. ^ Commonwealth v. Berrigan, 501 A.2d 266, 509 Pa. 118 (1985)
  9. ^ In the King of Prussia review by Time Out
  10. ^ "Yahoo Movie info". from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  11. ^ "The Trial of the Avco Plowshares".
  12. ^ "Howard Zinn's Testimony in the Cruise Missile and Missile X Factory Trial".
  13. ^ Laffin, Arthur J. . Archived from the original on September 19, 2013.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  15. ^ "Nevada Desert Experience :: Programs :: Non Violence". from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  17. ^ "Waihopai Ploughshares: Crown drops damages claim". from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  18. ^ "Five Arrested for Breaking Into Navy Base". from the original on January 28, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  19. ^ "Where the Nukes Are". from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  20. ^ Sargent, Carole (2022). Transform Now Plowshares: Megan Rice, Gregory Boertje-Obed, and Michael Walli (1st ed.). Collegeville: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814637227.
  21. ^ a b Quigley, Fran (May 15, 2013). "How the US Turned Three Pacifists into Violent Terrorists". CommonDreams.org. from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
  22. ^ "Security stand-down: Government contractor halts all nuclear operations at Y-12". from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  23. ^ U.S. News (May 4, 2016). "Oak Ridge uranium plant shut after protesters breach 4 fences, reach building". NBC News. from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  24. ^ John Huotari (February 19, 2014). "Y-12 protesters: Nun sentenced to three years, men receive five". Oak Ridge Today. from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  25. ^ a b Kennette Benedict (August 9, 2012). "Civil disobedience". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  26. ^ Elizabeth Campbell (April 5, 2018). "7 anti-war activists detained after vandalism on Kings Bay sub base". News4Jax. from the original on June 9, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  27. ^ Lindsey Bever (April 5, 2018). "Anti-nuke activists detained at Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base". The Washington Post. from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  28. ^ Rhodes, Richard, 1937- (2007). Arsenals of folly : the making of the nuclear arms race (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780375414138. OCLC 137325021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "Update on Sentencing Dates, Sept. 3 & 4". May 22, 2020.
  30. ^ Ellen K. Boegel (November 20, 2019). "Explainer: Who are the Kings Bay Plowshares 7, the Catholics convicted of protesting nuclear weapons?". America: The Jesuit Review. Retrieved December 10, 2019.

Further reading

  • Ayotte, Nancy (2011). "Michigan Peace Team's Newsletter, Volume 17 Issue 3". Michigan Peace Team. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  • Berrigan, Daniel (2005). Genesis: Fair Beginnings, Then Foul. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9780742531925.
  • Falsani, Cathleen (2011). "The Unlikely Voice of a Generation: Dorli Rainey is "Maude" to the Occupy Movement's "Harold"". Sojourners. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  • Gilmore, Susan (2011). "Jackie Hudson, nun and activist for nuclear disarmament, 76". The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
  • Guzder, Deena (2011). Divine Rebels: American Christian Activists for Social Justice. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1569762646.
  • Head, Michael (2011). Crimes Against The State. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754678199.
  • Nepstad, Sharon Erickson (2008). Religion and War Resistance in the Plowshares Movement. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521717670.
  • Nieves, Evelyn (May 2003). "Protesting nuns have not repented: They face lengthy jail terms but they're willing to pay the price". Washington Post. p. E4.
  • Sargent, Carole (2022). Transform Now Plowshares: Megan Rice, Gregory Boertje-Obed, and Michael Walli (1st ed.). Collegeville: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814637227.
  • Sargent, Carole (March 3, 2023). "Chapter 7: Swords Into Plowshares". In Christiansen SJ, Drew; Sargent, Carole (eds.). Forbidden: Receiving Pope Francis's Condemnation of Nuclear Weapons. Georgetown University Press. pp. 90–102. ISBN 9781647122898.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • Strabala, William (2006). WMD, Nukes and Nuns. Algora Publishing. pp. 83–90. ISBN 978-0875864471.
  • Wittner, Lawrence S. (2009). Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, Stanford University Press.
  • "Sister Jacqueline Marie Hudson". Grand Rapids Press. 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2012.

External links

  • Transform Now Plowshares website
  • Photo of the slashed rubber protective dome at Waihopai
  • Elmer Maas Plowshares collection, DePaul University Special Collections and Archives
  • Documentary film about Molly Rush, one of the Plowshares 8
  • Laffin, Arthur J. . Archived from the original on September 19, 2013.

April 21, 2023
plowshares, movement, anti, nuclear, weapons, christian, pacifist, movement, that, advocates, active, resistance, group, often, practices, form, protest, that, involves, damaging, weapons, military, property, movement, gained, notoriety, early, 1980s, when, se. The Plowshares movement is an anti nuclear weapons and Christian pacifist movement that advocates active resistance to war The group often practices a form of protest that involves the damaging of weapons and military property The movement gained notoriety in the early 1980s when several members damaged nuclear warhead nose cones and were subsequently convicted The name refers to the text of prophet Isaiah who said that swords shall be beaten into plowshares 2 On September 9 1980 Daniel Berrigan above his brother Philip and six others the Plowshares Eight began the Plowshares Movement They illegally trespassed onto the General Electric Nuclear Missile facility in King of Prussia Pennsylvania where they damaged nuclear warhead nose cones and poured blood onto documents and files They were arrested and charged with over ten different felony and misdemeanor counts 1 Contents 1 History 2 Actions 2 1 Pouring of blood 3 Recent actions 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory EditThe U S Plowshares group was deeply influenced by Catholicism and in particular the Catholic left movement of the late 1960s and the Catholic Worker Movement 3 The Plowshares movement takes its name from the idea of beating swords to ploughshares in the Book of Isaiah And many people shall go and say Come ye and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD to the house of the God of Jacob and he will teach us of his ways and we will walk in his paths for out of Zion shall go forth the law and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem And he shall judge among the nations and shall rebuke many people and they shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks nation shall not lift up sword against nation neither shall they learn war any more KJV On September 9 1980 Fr Daniel Berrigan SJ his brother Fr Philip Berrigan SSJ and six others the Plowshares Eight began the Plowshares Movement under the premise of beating swords to ploughshares 4 5 They trespassed onto the General Electric Re entry Division 6 in King of Prussia Pennsylvania where Mark 12A reentry vehicles 7 for the Minuteman III missile were made They hammered on two reentry vehicles poured blood on documents and offered prayers for peace They were arrested and charged with more than ten different felony and misdemeanor counts 8 On April 10 1990 after 10 years of appeals the Berrigans group was re sentenced and paroled for up to 23 and 1 2 months in consideration of time already served in prison 4 Their legal battle was re created in Emile de Antonio s 1982 film In the King of Prussia 9 which starred Martin Sheen and featured appearances by the Plowshares Eight as themselves 10 Church Committee Report Book IIIActions EditOther actions followed In 1983 the Plowshares Eight entered AVCO Systems Division a manufacturing plant for MX and Pershing II missiles in Wilmington Massachusetts and damaged plans and equipment They were arrested The subsequent trial including testimony from historian Howard Zinn is documented in the film The Trial of the AVCO Plowshares by Global Village Video 11 12 As of 2000 some 71 such actions happened on several continents 13 There have been several more such actions since 2000 The longest sentences given to individuals were those meted out to the 1984 group the Silo Pruning Hooks two of which were sentenced to 18 years in federal prison for entering a Minuteman II missile silo 14 Pouring of blood Edit Pouring of blood is a controversial symbolic act 15 that has been traditionally conducted by Plowshares activists 1 2 Recent actions EditSee also Anti nuclear protests in the United States On April 30 2008 three Plowshares activists entered the GCSB Waihopai base near Blenheim New Zealand and punctured an inflated radome used in the ECHELON signal interception program causing 1 2 million in damages In March 2010 the three men stood trial by jury at the District Court in Wellington and were acquitted 16 The New Zealand Attorney General then lodged a civil claim on behalf of the GCSB for 1 2 million This claim was dropped in February 2014 17 On November 2 2009 a Plowshares action took place in the U S at Naval Base Kitsap Bangor where Trident nuclear weapons are stored or deployed on Trident submarines 18 These weapons constitute the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the US 19 On July 28 2012 three Plowshares activists Sr Megan Rice SHCJ Greg Boertje Obed and Michael Walli who compose the Transform Now Plowshares movement breached security at the U S Department of Energy s Y 12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge Tennessee causing the government to temporarily shut down the weapons facility 20 21 Once inside a secure area the activists hung protest banners on a uranium storage site poured human blood and spray painted the walls with anti war slogans 22 23 Following a controversial trial the three activists were convicted in early May 2013 on the charges of damaging property in violation of 18 US Code 1363 damaging federal property in excess of 1000 in violation of 18 US Code 1361 and intending to injure interfere with or obstruct the national defense of the United States and willful damage of national security premises in violation of 18 US Code 2155 21 Megan Rice was sentenced to 35 months or just under three years The other two protesters Greg Boertje Obed and Michael Walli both were sentenced to 62 months or a little more than five years 24 The National Nuclear Security Administration has acknowledged the seriousness of the 2012 Plowshares action which involved the protesters walking into a high security zone of the plant calling the security breach unprecedented Independent security contractor WSI has since had a weeklong security stand down a halt to weapons production and mandatory refresher training for all security staff 25 Non proliferation policy experts are concerned about the relative ease with which these unarmed unsophisticated protesters could cut through a fence and walk into the center of the facility This is further evidence that nuclear security the securing of highly enriched uranium and plutonium should be a top priority to prevent terrorist groups from acquiring nuclear bomb making material These experts have questioned the use of private contractors to provide security at facilities that manufacture and store the government s most dangerous military material 25 Main article Kings Bay Plowshares On April 4 2018 seven Plowshares activists calling themselves Kings Bay Plowshares were arrested at the Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base They stated that the action had been planned to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr 26 The activists were arrested handed over to local authorities and taken to the county jail The Kings Bay spokesman Scott Bennett said that no one had been threatened and no military personnel or assets were endangered The base houses 8 Ohio class submarines 6 of which carry ballistic missiles and are described by the Navy as designed specifically for stealth and the precise delivery of nuclear warheads 27 28 The seven Plowshares were found guilty on October 24 2019 Liz McAlister was sentenced to time served 3 years of supervised probation and a portion of the 33 000 restitution 29 The other defendants remain to be sentenced when Sentencing guidelines suggest 8 to 33 months of incarceration and or conditional probation although they face potentially more than 20 years 30 See also EditBryan Law Catonsville Nine Chicago Seven Civil disobedience Evangelical environmentalism Gainesville Eight Harrisburg Seven Jonah House Pitstop Ploughshares Ploughshares Fund The Baltimore Four Seeds of Hope The Camden 28 The Saint Patrick s Day Four Thomas activist Trident Ploughshares Carol Gilbert Ardeth Platte Jackie Hudson Sister Megan Rice Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack Dorothy Day Carl Kabat Martin Newell Ciaron O ReillyReferences Edit a b Google Scholar Retrieved May 4 2016 a b Deena Guzder July 9 2010 Nuclear swords to God s plowshares The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 7 2012 Retrieved May 16 2012 McKanan D 2011 Religion and war resistance in the Plowshares Movement Journal of the American Academy of Religion 79 2 544 547 a b A History of Direct Disarmament Actions The Ploughshares movementoriginated in the North American faith Archived from the original on June 16 2016 Retrieved May 4 2016 Wittner Lawrence S May 12 2009 Confronting the bomb a short history of the world nuclear disarmament movement Stanford Calif ISBN 9780804771245 OCLC 469186910 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on October 28 2017 Retrieved March 30 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link The W 78 Warhead Archived from the original on May 2 2012 Retrieved March 30 2018 Commonwealth v Berrigan 501 A 2d 266 509 Pa 118 1985 In the King of Prussia review by Time Out Yahoo Movie info Archived from the original on June 28 2011 Retrieved January 9 2017 The Trial of the Avco Plowshares Howard Zinn s Testimony in the Cruise Missile and Missile X Factory Trial Laffin Arthur J The Plowshares Disarmament Chronology 1980 2003 Archived from the original on September 19 2013 SILO PRUNING HOOKS Archived from the original on July 24 2008 Retrieved May 4 2016 Nevada Desert Experience Programs Non Violence Archived from the original on August 27 2012 Retrieved September 3 2012 Waihopai Three can t pay won t pay NZNews Newshub Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved May 4 2016 Waihopai Ploughshares Crown drops damages claim Archived from the original on June 5 2016 Retrieved May 4 2016 Five Arrested for Breaking Into Navy Base Archived from the original on January 28 2014 Retrieved May 4 2016 Where the Nukes Are Archived from the original on June 22 2011 Retrieved April 25 2010 Sargent Carole 2022 Transform Now Plowshares Megan Rice Gregory Boertje Obed and Michael Walli 1st ed Collegeville Liturgical Press ISBN 978 0814637227 a b Quigley Fran May 15 2013 How the US Turned Three Pacifists into Violent Terrorists CommonDreams org Archived from the original on May 16 2013 Retrieved May 18 2013 Security stand down Government contractor halts all nuclear operations at Y 12 Archived from the original on August 4 2012 Retrieved August 3 2012 U S News May 4 2016 Oak Ridge uranium plant shut after protesters breach 4 fences reach building NBC News Archived from the original on April 1 2016 Retrieved May 4 2016 John Huotari February 19 2014 Y 12 protesters Nun sentenced to three years men receive five Oak Ridge Today Archived from the original on June 5 2016 Retrieved May 4 2016 a b Kennette Benedict August 9 2012 Civil disobedience Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Archived from the original on April 25 2013 Retrieved December 30 2013 Elizabeth Campbell April 5 2018 7 anti war activists detained after vandalism on Kings Bay sub base News4Jax Archived from the original on June 9 2018 Retrieved May 30 2018 Lindsey Bever April 5 2018 Anti nuke activists detained at Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 9 2018 Retrieved May 30 2018 Rhodes Richard 1937 2007 Arsenals of folly the making of the nuclear arms race 1st ed New York Alfred A Knopf ISBN 9780375414138 OCLC 137325021 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Update on Sentencing Dates Sept 3 amp 4 May 22 2020 Ellen K Boegel November 20 2019 Explainer Who are the Kings Bay Plowshares 7 the Catholics convicted of protesting nuclear weapons America The Jesuit Review Retrieved December 10 2019 Further reading EditAyotte Nancy 2011 Michigan Peace Team s Newsletter Volume 17 Issue 3 Michigan Peace Team Archived from the original PDF on October 19 2017 Retrieved April 7 2012 Berrigan Daniel 2005 Genesis Fair Beginnings Then Foul Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 9780742531925 Falsani Cathleen 2011 The Unlikely Voice of a Generation Dorli Rainey is Maude to the Occupy Movement s Harold Sojourners Retrieved August 22 2012 Gilmore Susan 2011 Jackie Hudson nun and activist for nuclear disarmament 76 The Seattle Times Retrieved April 6 2012 Guzder Deena 2011 Divine Rebels American Christian Activists for Social Justice Chicago Review Press ISBN 978 1569762646 Head Michael 2011 Crimes Against The State Farnham Surrey Ashgate Publishing ISBN 9780754678199 Nepstad Sharon Erickson 2008 Religion and War Resistance in the Plowshares Movement Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521717670 Nieves Evelyn May 2003 Protesting nuns have not repented They face lengthy jail terms but they re willing to pay the price Washington Post p E4 Sargent Carole 2022 Transform Now Plowshares Megan Rice Gregory Boertje Obed and Michael Walli 1st ed Collegeville Liturgical Press ISBN 978 0814637227 Sargent Carole March 3 2023 Chapter 7 Swords Into Plowshares In Christiansen SJ Drew Sargent Carole eds Forbidden Receiving Pope Francis s Condemnation of Nuclear Weapons Georgetown University Press pp 90 102 ISBN 9781647122898 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Strabala William 2006 WMD Nukes and Nuns Algora Publishing pp 83 90 ISBN 978 0875864471 Wittner Lawrence S 2009 Confronting the Bomb A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement Stanford University Press Sister Jacqueline Marie Hudson Grand Rapids Press 2011 Retrieved August 22 2012 External links EditTransform Now Plowshares website A Plowshares website Photo of the slashed rubber protective dome at Waihopai Elmer Maas Plowshares collection DePaul University Special Collections and Archives Documentary film about Molly Rush one of the Plowshares 8 Laffin Arthur J The Plowshares Disarmament Chronology 1980 2003 Archived from the original on September 19 2013 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plowshares movement amp oldid 1144501675, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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