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Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

December 10, 2023

The Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone is an American twin-row, supercharged, air-cooled, radial aircraft engine with 18 cylinders displacing nearly 3,350 cubic inches (54.9 L). Power ranged from 2,200 to over 3,700 hp (1,640 to 2,760 kW), depending on the model. Developed before World War II, the R-3350's design required a long time to mature before finally being used to power the Boeing B-29 Superfortress.

R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone
Type Radial engine
National origin United States
Manufacturer Wright Aeronautical
First run May 1937
Major applications Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar
Douglas A-1 Skyraider
Douglas DC-7
Lockheed Constellation
Lockheed P-2 Neptune
Number built 29181[1]
Developed from Wright R-1820 Cyclone
Developed into Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22

After the war, the engine had matured sufficiently to become a major civilian airliner design, notably in its turbo-compound forms, and was used in the Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation airliners into the 1950s. Its main rival was the 4,360 in3 (71.4 L), 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, first run some seven years after the Duplex-Cyclone's beginnings. The engine is commonly used on Hawker Sea Fury and Grumman F8F Bearcat Unlimited Class Racers at the Reno Air Races.

Design and development edit

In 1927, Wright Aeronautical introduced its famous "Cyclone" engine, which powered a number of designs in the 1930s. After merging with Curtiss to become Curtiss-Wright in 1929, an effort was started to redesign the engine to the 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) class. The new Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 first ran successfully in 1935, and became one of the most used aircraft engines in the 1930s and WWII, powering all frontline examples (the -C through -G models) of the B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber aircraft serving in the war, each powerplant assisted by a General Electric-designed turbocharger for maximum power output at high altitudes.

By 1931 Pratt & Whitney had started a development of their equally famous single-row, Wasp nine-cylinder design into a larger and much more powerful fourteen-cylinder, twin-row design — the R-1830 Twin Wasp — of a nearly identical 30-liter displacement figure, that would easily compete with this larger, single-row Cyclone. In 1935 Wright followed P&W's lead, and developed much larger engines based on the mechanics of the Cyclone. The result was two designs with a somewhat shorter stroke, a 14-cylinder design of almost 43 liters displacement that would evolve into the Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone, and a much larger 18-cylinder design that became the R-3350. A larger twin-row 22-cylinder version, the Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22, was experimented with as a competitor to the 71.5 liter-displacement four-row, 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, but was not produced.

With Pratt & Whitney starting development of their own 46 liter-displacement 18-cylinder, twin-row high-output radial as the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp in 1937, Wright's first R-3350 prototype engines — itself having a nearly 55 liter displacement figure — were initially run in May of the same year. Continued development was slow, both due to the complex nature of the engine, as well as the R-2600 receiving considerably more attention. The R-3350 did not fly until 1941, after the prototype Douglas XB-19 had been redesigned from the Allison V-3420 to accept the R-3350.

Things changed dramatically in 1940 with the introduction of a new contract by the USAAC to develop a long-range bomber capable of flying from the US to Germany with a 20,000 lb (9000 kg) bomb load. Although smaller than the Bomber D designs that led to the Douglas XB-19, the new designs required roughly the same amount of power. When preliminary designs were returned in the summer of 1940, three of the four designs were based on the R-3350. Suddenly the engine was seen as the future of army aviation, and serious efforts to get the design into production started. In 1942 Chrysler started the construction of the Dodge Chicago Plant and the new factory, designed by Albert Kahn, was in full operation by early 1944.

 
Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound radial engine. Two exhaust recovery turbines shown outside impeller casing area (top (silver) and lower (red blading)) that are geared to the crankshaft.

By 1943 the ultimate development of the new bomber program, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, was flying. The engines remained temperamental, and showed an alarming tendency for the rear cylinders to overheat, partially due to minimal clearance between the cylinder baffles and the cowl. A number of changes were introduced into the Superfortress' production line to provide more cooling at low speeds, with the aircraft rushed into operational use in the Pacific in 1944. This proved unwise, as the early B-29 tactics of maximum weights, when combined with the high temperatures of the tropical airfields where B-29s were based, produced overheating problems that were not completely solved, and the engines having an additional tendency to swallow their own valves. Because of a high magnesium content in the potentially combustible crankcase alloy, the resulting engine fires — sometimes burning with a core temperature approaching 5,600 °F (3,100 °C)[2] — were often so intense the main spar could burn through in seconds, resulting in catastrophic wing failure.[3]

Early versions of the R-3350 had carburetors, though the poorly designed elbow entrance to the supercharger led to serious problems with fuel/air distribution. Near the end of WWII, the system was changed to use gasoline direct injection where fuel was injected directly into the combustion chamber. This improved engine reliability. After the war the engine was redesigned and became popular for large aircraft, notably the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-7.

Following the war, the Turbo-Compound[4] system was developed to deliver better fuel efficiency. In these versions, three power-recovery turbines (PRT) were inserted into the exhaust piping of each group of six cylinders, and geared to the engine crankshaft by fluid couplings to deliver more power. The PRTs recovered about 20% of the exhaust energy (around 450 horsepower (340 kW)) that would have otherwise been wasted, but reduced engine reliability (Mechanics tended to call them Parts Recovery Turbines, since increased exhaust heat meant a return of the old habit of the engine destroying exhaust valves). The fuel burn for the PRT-equipped aircraft was nearly the same as the older Pratt and Whitney R-2800, while producing more useful power.[5] Effective 15 October 1957 a DA-3/DA-4 engine cost $88,200.[6]

By this point reliability had improved with the mean time between overhauls at 3,500 hours and specific fuel consumption in the order of 0.4 lb/hp/hour (243 g/kWh, giving a 34% fuel efficiency). Engines in use as of the 2020s are limited to 52 inHg (180 kPa) manifold pressure, giving 2,880 horsepower (2,150 kW) with 100/130 octane fuel (or 100LL) instead of the 59.5 inHg (201 kPa) and 3,400 horsepower (2,500 kW) possible with 115/145, or better, octane fuels, which are no longer available because such formulations are exceedingly toxic due to the extremely high tetraethyllead content of these avgas versions.

Several racers at the Reno Air Races use R-3350s. Modifications on one, Rare Bear, include a nose case designed for a slow-turning prop, taken from an R-3350 used on the Lockheed L-1649 Starliner, mated to the power section (crankcase, crank, pistons, and cylinders) taken from an R-3350 used on the Douglas DC-7. The supercharger is taken from an R-3350 used on the Lockheed EC-121 and the engine is fitted with nitrous oxide injection. Normal rated power of a stock R-3350 is 2,800 horsepower (2,100 kW) at 2,600 rpm and 45 inHg (150 kPa) of manifold pressure. With these modifications, Rare Bear's engine produces 4,000 horsepower (3,000 kW) at 3,200 rpm and 80 inHg (270 kPa) of manifold pressure, and 4,500 horsepower (3,400 kW) with nitrous oxide injection.[7]

Variants edit

 
Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound radial engine fitted at the number four position on the starboard wing of a Lockheed Super Constellation
R-3350-13
2,200 shp (1,640 kW)
R-3350-23
2,200 shp (1,640 kW)
R-3350-24W
2,500 shp (1,860 kW)
R-3350-26W
2,800 shp (2,090 kW)
R-3350-30W
R-3350-30WA
R-3350-32W
3,700 shp (2,760 kW)
R-3350-34
3,400 shp (2,540 kW)
R-3350-35A
2,200 shp (1,640 kW)
R-3350-41
Fuel injected Silverplate variant[8]
R-3350-42WA
3,800 shp (2,830 kW)
R-3350-53
2,700 shp (2,010 kW)
R-3350-57
2,200 shp (1,640 kW)
R-3350-85
2,500 shp (1,860 kW)
R-3350-89A
3,500 shp (2,610 kW)
R-3350-93W
3,500 shp (2,610 kW)
972TC18DA1
Commercial equivalent to the -30W without water injection
956C18CA1
Commercial, similar to the -26W
975C18CB1
Commercial, similar to the 956C18CA1

Applications edit

Engines on display edit

Specifications (R-3350-C18-BA) edit

 
A Wright R-3350 radial engine, showing, R to L, propeller shaft, reduction gearcase, magneto (silver) with wiring, two cylinders (rear with connecting rod), impellor casing (and induction pipe outlets) and injection carburetor (black); separate accessory gearbox at extreme left

Data from Jane's.[9]

General characteristics

  • Type: Twin-row 18-cylinder radial engine
  • Bore: 6+1⁄8 in (155.6 mm)
  • Stroke: 6+5⁄16 in (160.3 mm)
  • Displacement: 3,347.9 in3 (54.862 L)
  • Length: 76.26 inches (1,937 mm)
  • Diameter: 55.78 inches (1,417 mm)
  • Dry weight: 2,670 pounds (1,210 kg)

Components

Performance

See also edit

Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  2. ^ Dreizin, Edward L.; Berman, Charles H. & Vicenzi, Edward P. (2000). "Condensed-phase modifications in magnesium particle combustion in air". Scripta Materialia. 122 (1–2): 30–42. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.488.2456. doi:10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00101-2.
  3. ^ "B-29." fighter-planes.com. Retrieved: 15 September 2011.
  4. ^ Gunston 2006, p. 247.
  5. ^ "The Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound Engine". Sport Aviation: 20. April 2012.
  6. ^ American Aviation 4 Nov 1957 p57
  7. ^ "The Bear is Back". Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine. from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  8. ^ Doyle p 71
  9. ^ Jane's 1998, p. 318
  10. ^ Kaiser, Sascha; Donnerhack, Stefan; Lundbladh, Anders; Seitz, Arne (27–29 July 2015). A composite cycle engine concept with hecto-pressure ratio. AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference (51st ed.). doi:10.2514/6.2015-4028.

Bibliography edit

  • Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day. 5th edition, Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2006. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X
  • White, Graham. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 1995. ISBN 1-56091-655-9
  • Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London. Studio Editions, 1998. ISBN 0-517-67964-7.
  • Doyle, David. "B-29 Superfortress Vol. 1" Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2020 ISBN 978-0-7643-5937-8

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wright R-3350.
  • Wright R-3350-57 Cyclone Fact Sheets from the National Museum of the USAF website
  • 1940s film on Chrysler production of Wright's Duplex-Cyclone radials for the Superfortress
  • 150 hour test of Wright 3350-19 with Bendix fuel injection 1943

December 10, 2023
wright, 3350, duplex, cyclone, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, this, article, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, book. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Wright R 3350 Duplex Cyclone news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Wright R 3350 Duplex Cyclone is an American twin row supercharged air cooled radial aircraft engine with 18 cylinders displacing nearly 3 350 cubic inches 54 9 L Power ranged from 2 200 to over 3 700 hp 1 640 to 2 760 kW depending on the model Developed before World War II the R 3350 s design required a long time to mature before finally being used to power the Boeing B 29 Superfortress R 3350 Duplex CycloneType Radial engineNational origin United StatesManufacturer Wright AeronauticalFirst run May 1937Major applications Boeing B 29 Superfortress Fairchild C 119 Flying Boxcar Douglas A 1 Skyraider Douglas DC 7 Lockheed Constellation Lockheed P 2 NeptuneNumber built 29181 1 Developed from Wright R 1820 CycloneDeveloped into Wright R 4090 Cyclone 22After the war the engine had matured sufficiently to become a major civilian airliner design notably in its turbo compound forms and was used in the Lockheed L 1049 Super Constellation airliners into the 1950s Its main rival was the 4 360 in3 71 4 L 4 300 hp 3 200 kW Pratt amp Whitney R 4360 Wasp Major first run some seven years after the Duplex Cyclone s beginnings The engine is commonly used on Hawker Sea Fury and Grumman F8F Bearcat Unlimited Class Racers at the Reno Air Races Contents 1 Design and development 2 Variants 3 Applications 4 Engines on display 5 Specifications R 3350 C18 BA 5 1 General characteristics 5 2 Components 5 3 Performance 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Notes 7 2 Bibliography 8 External linksDesign and development editIn 1927 Wright Aeronautical introduced its famous Cyclone engine which powered a number of designs in the 1930s After merging with Curtiss to become Curtiss Wright in 1929 an effort was started to redesign the engine to the 1 000 horsepower 750 kW class The new Wright R 1820 Cyclone 9 first ran successfully in 1935 and became one of the most used aircraft engines in the 1930s and WWII powering all frontline examples the C through G models of the B 17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber aircraft serving in the war each powerplant assisted by a General Electric designed turbocharger for maximum power output at high altitudes By 1931 Pratt amp Whitney had started a development of their equally famous single row Wasp nine cylinder design into a larger and much more powerful fourteen cylinder twin row design the R 1830 Twin Wasp of a nearly identical 30 liter displacement figure that would easily compete with this larger single row Cyclone In 1935 Wright followed P amp W s lead and developed much larger engines based on the mechanics of the Cyclone The result was two designs with a somewhat shorter stroke a 14 cylinder design of almost 43 liters displacement that would evolve into the Wright R 2600 Twin Cyclone and a much larger 18 cylinder design that became the R 3350 A larger twin row 22 cylinder version the Wright R 4090 Cyclone 22 was experimented with as a competitor to the 71 5 liter displacement four row 28 cylinder Pratt amp Whitney R 4360 Wasp Major but was not produced With Pratt amp Whitney starting development of their own 46 liter displacement 18 cylinder twin row high output radial as the Pratt amp Whitney R 2800 Double Wasp in 1937 Wright s first R 3350 prototype engines itself having a nearly 55 liter displacement figure were initially run in May of the same year Continued development was slow both due to the complex nature of the engine as well as the R 2600 receiving considerably more attention The R 3350 did not fly until 1941 after the prototype Douglas XB 19 had been redesigned from the Allison V 3420 to accept the R 3350 Things changed dramatically in 1940 with the introduction of a new contract by the USAAC to develop a long range bomber capable of flying from the US to Germany with a 20 000 lb 9000 kg bomb load Although smaller than the Bomber D designs that led to the Douglas XB 19 the new designs required roughly the same amount of power When preliminary designs were returned in the summer of 1940 three of the four designs were based on the R 3350 Suddenly the engine was seen as the future of army aviation and serious efforts to get the design into production started In 1942 Chrysler started the construction of the Dodge Chicago Plant and the new factory designed by Albert Kahn was in full operation by early 1944 nbsp Wright R 3350 Turbo Compound radial engine Two exhaust recovery turbines shown outside impeller casing area top silver and lower red blading that are geared to the crankshaft By 1943 the ultimate development of the new bomber program the Boeing B 29 Superfortress was flying The engines remained temperamental and showed an alarming tendency for the rear cylinders to overheat partially due to minimal clearance between the cylinder baffles and the cowl A number of changes were introduced into the Superfortress production line to provide more cooling at low speeds with the aircraft rushed into operational use in the Pacific in 1944 This proved unwise as the early B 29 tactics of maximum weights when combined with the high temperatures of the tropical airfields where B 29s were based produced overheating problems that were not completely solved and the engines having an additional tendency to swallow their own valves Because of a high magnesium content in the potentially combustible crankcase alloy the resulting engine fires sometimes burning with a core temperature approaching 5 600 F 3 100 C 2 were often so intense the main spar could burn through in seconds resulting in catastrophic wing failure 3 Early versions of the R 3350 had carburetors though the poorly designed elbow entrance to the supercharger led to serious problems with fuel air distribution Near the end of WWII the system was changed to use gasoline direct injection where fuel was injected directly into the combustion chamber This improved engine reliability After the war the engine was redesigned and became popular for large aircraft notably the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC 7 Following the war the Turbo Compound 4 system was developed to deliver better fuel efficiency In these versions three power recovery turbines PRT were inserted into the exhaust piping of each group of six cylinders and geared to the engine crankshaft by fluid couplings to deliver more power The PRTs recovered about 20 of the exhaust energy around 450 horsepower 340 kW that would have otherwise been wasted but reduced engine reliability Mechanics tended to call them Parts Recovery Turbines since increased exhaust heat meant a return of the old habit of the engine destroying exhaust valves The fuel burn for the PRT equipped aircraft was nearly the same as the older Pratt and Whitney R 2800 while producing more useful power 5 Effective 15 October 1957 a DA 3 DA 4 engine cost 88 200 6 By this point reliability had improved with the mean time between overhauls at 3 500 hours and specific fuel consumption in the order of 0 4 lb hp hour 243 g kWh giving a 34 fuel efficiency Engines in use as of the 2020s are limited to 52 inHg 180 kPa manifold pressure giving 2 880 horsepower 2 150 kW with 100 130 octane fuel or 100LL instead of the 59 5 inHg 201 kPa and 3 400 horsepower 2 500 kW possible with 115 145 or better octane fuels which are no longer available because such formulations are exceedingly toxic due to the extremely high tetraethyllead content of these avgas versions Several racers at the Reno Air Races use R 3350s Modifications on one Rare Bear include a nose case designed for a slow turning prop taken from an R 3350 used on the Lockheed L 1649 Starliner mated to the power section crankcase crank pistons and cylinders taken from an R 3350 used on the Douglas DC 7 The supercharger is taken from an R 3350 used on the Lockheed EC 121 and the engine is fitted with nitrous oxide injection Normal rated power of a stock R 3350 is 2 800 horsepower 2 100 kW at 2 600 rpm and 45 inHg 150 kPa of manifold pressure With these modifications Rare Bear s engine produces 4 000 horsepower 3 000 kW at 3 200 rpm and 80 inHg 270 kPa of manifold pressure and 4 500 horsepower 3 400 kW with nitrous oxide injection 7 Variants edit nbsp Wright R 3350 Turbo Compound radial engine fitted at the number four position on the starboard wing of a Lockheed Super ConstellationR 3350 13 2 200 shp 1 640 kW R 3350 23 2 200 shp 1 640 kW R 3350 24W 2 500 shp 1 860 kW R 3350 26W 2 800 shp 2 090 kW R 3350 30W R 3350 30WA R 3350 32W 3 700 shp 2 760 kW R 3350 34 3 400 shp 2 540 kW R 3350 35A 2 200 shp 1 640 kW R 3350 41 Fuel injected Silverplate variant 8 R 3350 42WA 3 800 shp 2 830 kW R 3350 53 2 700 shp 2 010 kW R 3350 57 2 200 shp 1 640 kW R 3350 85 2 500 shp 1 860 kW R 3350 89A 3 500 shp 2 610 kW R 3350 93W 3 500 shp 2 610 kW 972TC18DA1 Commercial equivalent to the 30W without water injection 956C18CA1 Commercial similar to the 26W 975C18CB1 Commercial similar to the 956C18CA1Applications editBeechcraft XA 38 Grizzly Boeing B 29 Superfortress Boeing XC 97 Stratofreighter Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger Canadair CP 107 Argus Consolidated B 32 Dominator Curtiss XBTC 2 Curtiss XF14C Curtiss XP 62 Douglas A 1 Skyraider Douglas BTD Destroyer Douglas DC 7 Douglas XB 19 Douglas XB 31 Fairchild C 119 Flying Boxcar Fairchild AC 119 Grumman F8F Bearcat See the Rare Bear Hawker Sea Fury Lockheed Constellation Lockheed L 049 Constellation Lockheed C 69 Constellation Lockheed L 649 Constellation Lockheed L 749 Constellation Lockheed L 1049 Super Constellation Lockheed C 121 Constellation Lockheed R7V 1 Constellation Lockheed EC 121 Warning Star Lockheed L 1649A Starliner Lockheed P 2 Neptune Lockheed XB 30 Martin JRM Mars Martin XB 33 Super Marauder Martin P5M Marlin Stroukoff YC 134Engines on display editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Wright R 3350 89 is on public display at the Aerospace Museum of California Wright R 3350 is on public display at Flyhistorisk Museum Sola near Stavanger Norway Wright R 3350 35A is on public display at Texas Air Museum Stinson Chapter San Antonio Texas Wright R 3350 is on public display in the Mackenzie Engineering Building at Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada nbsp R 3350 on display at the Air Zoo nbsp R 3350 on display at Museum of Aviation Robins AFB nbsp R 3350 on display at Carleton UniversitySpecifications R 3350 C18 BA edit nbsp A Wright R 3350 radial engine showing R to L propeller shaft reduction gearcase magneto silver with wiring two cylinders rear with connecting rod impellor casing and induction pipe outlets and injection carburetor black separate accessory gearbox at extreme leftData from Jane s 9 General characteristics Type Twin row 18 cylinder radial engine Bore 6 1 8 in 155 6 mm Stroke 6 5 16 in 160 3 mm Displacement 3 347 9 in3 54 862 L Length 76 26 inches 1 937 mm Diameter 55 78 inches 1 417 mm Dry weight 2 670 pounds 1 210 kg Components Valvetrain Pushrod two valves per cylinder Supercharger Two speed single stage Fuel system Chandler Evans downdraft carburetor Fuel type 100 130 RON Oil system Dry sump Cooling system Air cooledPerformance Power output 2 200 hp 1 600 kW at 2 800 rpm takeoff Specific power 0 66 hp in Compression ratio 6 85 1 Specific fuel consumption Takeoff 0 38 lb hp h 0 17 kg hp h 0 23 kg kWh 10 Power to weight ratio 0 82 hp lbSee also editPratt amp Whitney Wasp seriesRelated development Wright Cyclone series Wright R 1300 Cyclone 7 Wright R 1820 Cyclone 9 Wright R 2600 Cyclone 14 Wright R 4090 Cyclone 22Comparable engines BMW 802 Bristol Centaurus Dobrynin VD 4K Gnome Rhone 18L Nakajima Homare Pratt amp Whitney R 4360 Wasp Major Shvetsov ASh 73Related lists List of aircraft enginesReferences editNotes edit SUMMARY OF WRIGHT ENGINE SHIPMENTS 1920 1930 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2021 10 10 Retrieved 2023 09 18 Dreizin Edward L Berman Charles H amp Vicenzi Edward P 2000 Condensed phase modifications in magnesium particle combustion in air Scripta Materialia 122 1 2 30 42 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 488 2456 doi 10 1016 S0010 2180 00 00101 2 B 29 fighter planes com Retrieved 15 September 2011 Gunston 2006 p 247 The Wright R 3350 Turbo Compound Engine Sport Aviation 20 April 2012 American Aviation 4 Nov 1957 p57 The Bear is Back Smithsonian Air amp Space Magazine Archived from the original on 23 April 2022 Retrieved 29 August 2022 Doyle p 71 Jane s 1998 p 318 Kaiser Sascha Donnerhack Stefan Lundbladh Anders Seitz Arne 27 29 July 2015 A composite cycle engine concept with hecto pressure ratio AIAA SAE ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference 51st ed doi 10 2514 6 2015 4028 Bibliography edit Gunston Bill World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines From the Pioneers to the Present Day 5th edition Stroud UK Sutton 2006 ISBN 0 7509 4479 X White Graham Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II Warrendale Pennsylvania SAE International 1995 ISBN 1 56091 655 9 Jane s Fighting Aircraft of World War II London Studio Editions 1998 ISBN 0 517 67964 7 Doyle David B 29 Superfortress Vol 1 Schiffer Publishing Ltd 2020 ISBN 978 0 7643 5937 8External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wright R 3350 Wright R 3350 57 Cyclone Fact Sheets from the National Museum of the USAF website 1940s film on Chrysler production of Wright s Duplex Cyclone radials for the Superfortress 150 hour test of Wright 3350 19 with Bendix fuel injection 1943 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wright R 3350 Duplex Cyclone amp oldid 1187924037, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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