Wozzeck

For other uses, see Wozzeck (disambiguation).

Wozzeck (German pronunciation: [ˈvɔtsɛk]) is the first opera by the Austrian composer Alban Berg. It was composed between 1914 and 1922 and first performed in 1925. The opera is based on the drama Woyzeck, which the German playwright Georg Büchner left incomplete at his death. Berg attended the first production in Vienna of Büchner's play on 5 May 1914, and knew at once that he wanted to base an opera on it. (At the time, the play was still known as Wozzeck, due to an incorrect transcription by Karl Emil Franzos, who was working from a barely-legible manuscript; the correct title would not emerge until 1921.) From the fragments of unordered scenes left by Büchner, Berg selected 15 to form a compact structure of three acts with five scenes each. He adapted the libretto himself, retaining "the essential character of the play, with its many short scenes, its abrupt and sometimes brutal language, and its stark, if haunted, realism..."^[1]

Wozzeck
Opera by Alban Berg
1974 poster of Oldenburgisches Staatstheater
Librettist	Berg
Language	German
Based on	Woyzeck by Georg Büchner
Premiere	14 December 1925 (1925-12-14) Berlin State Opera

The plot depicts the everyday lives of soldiers and the townspeople of a rural German-speaking town. Prominent themes of militarism, callousness, social exploitation, and casual sadism are brutally and uncompromisingly presented. Toward the end of act 1, scene 2, the title character (Wozzeck) murmurs, "Still, all is still, as if the world died," with his fellow soldier Andres muttering, "Night! We must get back!" seemingly oblivious to Wozzeck's words. A funeral march begins, only to transform into the upbeat song of the military marching band in the next scene. Musicologist Glenn Watkins considers this "as vivid a projection of impending world doom as any to come out of the Great War ...."^[2][3]

Composition history

 

Georg Büchner, illustration in a French edition of his complete works (1879).

Berg began work on the opera in 1914, but was delayed by the start of World War I and able to devote time to finishing it only while on leave from his regiment in 1917 and 1918. His experience of the war had a pronounced impact on Wozzeck. In a June 1918 letter to his wife, he wrote, "There is a little bit of me in his character, since I have been spending these war years just as dependent on people I hate, have been in chains, sick, captive, resigned, in fact, humiliated."^[3] His correspondence and notebooks dating from the war years reveal a painful obsession with completing Wozzeck.

Compositional sketches and notes for both Wozzeck and the Marsch from Three Pieces for Orchestra that Berg made during the war are strewn with disjointed fragments of military ordinances and terminology. In a draft page of the act 1, scene 2 libretto, Berg included notations in the dialogue that refer to Austrian army bugle calls. These military signals were later inserted into the score in a modified, slightly atonal form, but were still likely recognizable to Austrian audiences of the period. The scene of snoring soldiers in the barracks during act 2, scene 5 was influenced by Berg's similar such experience: "this polyphonic breathing, gasping, and groaning is the most peculiar chorus I've ever heard. It is like some primeval music that wells up from the abysses of the soul ..."^[4]

In 1916, Berg devoted himself to attaining the rank of Einjährig-Freiwillige Korporal (Corporal), which he did later that year. During this period, as he wrote to his wife, "For months I haven't done any work on Wozzeck. Everything suffocated. Buried!"^[2] Finishing act 1 by the summer of 1919, act 2 in August 1921, and the final act during the following two months^[1] (with orchestration finalized over the following six months), Berg completed Wozzeck in April 1922. For the climactic section, he used one of his old student pieces in D minor.^[5]

Performance history

Erich Kleiber, "who programmed (the opera) on his own initiative",^[1] conducted the world premiere at the Berlin State Opera on 14 December 1925. Walsh claims that it was "a succès de scandale with disturbances during the performance and a mixed press afterwards, but it led to a stream of productions in Germany and Austria, before the Nazis consigned it to the dustbin of 'degenerate art' after 1933".^[1] Initially, Wozzeck established a solid place for itself in the mainstream operatic tradition and quickly became so well-established in the repertoire of the major European opera houses that Berg found himself able to live a comfortable life off the royalties. He spent a good deal of his time through the 1920s and 30s travelling to attend performances and to give talks about the opera.

The Philadelphia Grand Opera Company gave Wozzeck's American premiere on 19 March 1931^[1] at the Philadelphia Metropolitan Opera House, with Leopold Stokowski conducting.

Arnold Schoenberg's former pupil, the conductor and BBC programme planner Edward Clark, produced a broadcast of fragments of the work in a studio concert on 13 May 1932, with the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Sir Henry Wood.^[6] On 14 March 1934 in the Queen's Hall, Adrian Boult conducted a complete concert performance of Wozzeck, again produced by Edward Clark.^[7][8] The opera was given its first British staged performance at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, on 22 January 1952.^[1]

A typical performance of the work takes slightly over an hour and a half.

Musical style and structure

Wozzeck is generally regarded as the first opera produced in the 20th-century avant-garde style and is also one of the most famous examples of atonality (music that avoids establishing a key) and Sprechgesang. Berg was following in the footsteps of his teacher, Schoenberg, by using free atonality to express emotions and even the thought processes of the characters on the stage. The expression of madness and alienation was amplified with atonal music.

The music is atonal: it does not follow the techniques of the major/minor tonality system dominant in the West during the Baroque, Classical, and Romantic periods. It uses other methods of controlling pitch to direct the harmony; the tritone B–F, for example, represents Wozzeck and Marie, permanently in a struggle with one another. The combination of B♭ and D♭ (a minor third) represents the link between Marie and the child. In this way, the opera continually returns to certain pitches to mark crucial moments in the plot. This is not the same as a key center, but over time the repetition of these pitches establishes continuity and structure.

Leitmotifs

The opera uses a variety of musical techniques to create unity and coherence. The first is leitmotifs. As with most examples of this method, each leitmotif is used in a much subtler manner than being directly attached to a character or object. Still, motifs for the Captain, the Doctor and the Drum Major are very prominent. Wozzeck is clearly associated with two motifs, one often heard as he rushes on or off stage, the other more languidly expressing his misery and helplessness in the face of the pressures he experiences. Marie is accompanied by motifs that express her sensuality, as when she accepts a pair of earrings from the Drum Major. A motif not linked to a physical object is the pair of chords that close each act, used in an oscillating repetition until they almost blur into one another.

The most significant motif is first heard sung by Wozzeck (in the first scene with the Captain), to the words "Wir arme Leut" ("we poor folks"). Tracing out a minor chord with added major seventh, it is frequently heard as the signal of the characters' inability to transcend their situation.

 

Berg also reuses motifs from set pieces heard earlier in the opera to give insight into characters' thoughts. For example, the reappearance of military band music in the last scene of act 1 informs the audience that Marie is musing on the Drum Major's attractiveness.

An almost imperceptible leitmotif is the single pitch B, symbolizing the murder. It is first heard pp at the very end of act 2, after Wozzeck's humiliation, after his words "Einer nach dem andern" ("one after another"), and grows increasingly insistent during the murder scene, with Marie's last cry for help a two-octave jump from B₅ to B₃, until after the murder, when the whole orchestra explodes through a prolonged crescendo on this note, first in unison on B₃, then spread across the whole range of the orchestra in octaves.

Classic forms

Berg decided not to use classic operatic forms such as aria or trio. Instead, each scene is given its own inner coherence by the use of forms more commonly associated with abstract instrumental music. The second scene of act 2 (during which the Doctor and Captain taunt Wozzeck about Marie's infidelity), for instance, consists of a prelude and triple fugue. The fourth scene of act 1, focusing on Wozzeck and the Doctor, is a passacaglia.

The scenes of the third act move beyond these structures and adopt novel strategies. Each scene is a set of variations, but not necessarily on a melody. Thus, scene two is a variation on a single note, B♮, which is heard continuously in the scene, and the only note heard in the powerful orchestral crescendos at the end of act 3, scene 2. Scene 3 is a variation on a rhythmic pattern, with every major thematic element constructed around this pattern. Scene 4 is a variation on a chord, used exclusively for the whole scene. The following orchestral interlude is a freely composed passage firmly grounded in D minor. Finally, the last scene is a moto perpetuo, a variation on a single rhythm (the quaver).

The table below summarizes the dramatic action and forms as prepared by Fritz Mahler.^[9]

Drama		Music
Expositions	Act 1	Five character pieces
Wozzeck and the Captain	Scene 1	Suite
Wozzeck and Andres	Scene 2	Rhapsody
Wozzeck and Marie	Scene 3	Military March and Lullaby
Wozzeck and the Doctor	Scene 4	Passacaglia
Marie and the Drum Major	Scene 5	Andante affettuoso (quasi Rondo)
Dramatic development	Act 2	Symphony in five movements
Marie and her child, later Wozzeck	Scene 1	Sonata movement
The Captain and the Doctor, later Wozzeck	Scene 2	Fantasia and fugue
Marie and Wozzeck	Scene 3	Largo
Garden of a tavern	Scene 4	Scherzo
Guard room in the barracks	Scene 5	Rondo con introduzione
Catastrophe and epilogue	Act 3	Six inventions
Marie and her child	Scene 1	Invention on a theme
Marie and Wozzeck	Scene 2	Invention on a note (B♮)
Tavern	Scene 3	Invention on a rhythm
Death of Wozzeck	Scene 4	Invention on a hexachord
	Interlude	Invention on a key (D minor)
Children playing	Scene 5	Invention on a regular quaver movement

Roles

Roles, voice types, premiere cast

Role	Voice type	Premiere cast, 14 December 1925 Conductor: Erich Kleiber
Wozzeck	baritone	Leo Schützendorf
Marie, his common-law wife	soprano	Sigrid Johanson
Marie's son	treble	Ruth Iris Witting
Captain	buffo tenor	Waldemar Henke
Doctor	buffo bass	Martin Abendroth
Drum Major	heldentenor	Fritz Soot
Andres, Wozzeck's friend	lyric tenor	Gerhard Witting
Margret, Marie's neighbor	contralto	Jessika Koettrik
First Apprentice	deep bass	Ernst Osterkamp
Second Apprentice	high baritone	Alfred Borchardt
Madman	high tenor	Marcel Noé
A Soldier	baritone	Leonhard Kern
Soldiers, apprentices, women, children

Synopsis

Act 1

Scene 1 (Suite)

Wozzeck is shaving the Captain, who lectures him on the qualities of a "decent man" and taunts him for living an immoral life. Wozzeck slavishly replies, "Jawohl, Herr Hauptmann" ("Yes sir, Captain") repeatedly to the Captain's abuse. But when the Captain scorns Wozzeck for having a child "without the blessing of the Church", Wozzeck protests that it is difficult to be virtuous when one is poor, and entreats the Captain to remember the lesson from the gospel, "Lasset die Kleinen zu mir kommen!" ("Suffer the little children to come unto me," Mark 10:14). The Captain is confounded by Wozzeck's theological knowledge and anxiously squeaks, "What do you mean? And what sort of curious answer is that? You make me quite confused!" Wozzeck continues the discussion by positing that it would be easy to be moral if he were wealthy and that, if the poor ever "got to Heaven, we'd all have to manufacture thunder!" The flustered Captain, unable to comprehend Wozzeck, finally concedes that he is "a decent man, only you think too much!" The Captain concludes the discussion, saying it has "quite fatigued" him and again chides Wozzeck to walk slowly before finally exiting.

Scene 2 (Rhapsody and Hunting Song)

Wozzeck and Andres are cutting sticks as the sun is setting. Wozzeck has frightening visions and Andres tries unsuccessfully to calm him.

Scene 3 (March and Lullaby)

A military parade passes by outside Marie's room. Margret taunts Marie for flirting with the soldiers. Marie shuts the window and sings a lullaby to her son. Wozzeck then comes by and tells Marie of the terrible visions he has had, promptly leaving without seeing their son, much to Marie's dismay. She laments being poor.

Scene 4 (Passacaglia)

The Doctor scolds Wozzeck for not following his instructions regarding diet and behavior. But when the Doctor hears of Wozzeck's mental aberrations, he is delighted and congratulates himself on the success of his experiment.

Scene 5 (Rondo)

Marie admires the Drum Major outside her room. He makes advances on her, which she first rejects but then accepts after a short struggle.

 

Johann Christian Woyzeck, the man who Büchner's play is based on.

Act 2

Scene 1 (Sonata-Allegro)

Marie is telling her child to go to sleep while admiring earrings the Drum Major gave her. She is startled when Wozzeck arrives. He asks where she got the earrings, and she says she found them. Though not convinced, Wozzeck gives her some money and leaves. Marie chastises herself for her behavior.

Scene 2 (Fantasia and Fugue on 3 Themes)

The Doctor rushes by the Captain in the street, who urges him to slow down. The Doctor then proceeds to scare the Captain by speculating about what afflictions he may have. When Wozzeck comes by, they insinuate that Marie is being unfaithful to him.

Scene 3 (Largo)

Wozzeck confronts Marie, who does not deny his suspicions. Enraged, Wozzeck is about to hit her when she stops him, saying even her father never dared lay a hand on her. Her statement "better a knife in my belly than your hands on me" plants in Wozzeck's mind the idea for his revenge.

Scene 4 (Scherzo)

Among a crowd, Wozzeck sees Marie dancing with the Drum Major. After a brief hunter's chorus, Andres asks Wozzeck why he is sitting by himself. An Apprentice delivers a drunken sermon, then an Idiot approaches Wozzeck and cries out that the scene is "Lustig, lustig...aber es riecht ...Ich riech, ich riech Blut!" ("joyful, joyful, but it reeks...I smell, I smell blood").

Scene 5 (Rondo)

In the barracks at night, Wozzeck, unable to sleep, is keeping Andres awake. The Drum Major comes in, intoxicated, and rouses Wozzeck out of bed to fight with him.

Act 3

Scene 1 (Invention on a Theme)

In her room at night, Marie reads to herself from the Bible. She cries out that she wants forgiveness.

Scene 2 (Invention on a Single Note (B))

Wozzeck and Marie are walking in the woods by a pond. Marie is anxious to leave, but Wozzeck restrains her. As a blood-red moon rises, Wozzeck says that if he can't have Marie, no one else can, and stabs her.

Scene 3 (Invention on a Rhythm)

People are dancing in a tavern. Wozzeck enters, and upon seeing Margret, dances with her and pulls her onto his lap. He insults her, and then asks her to sing him a song. She sings, but then notices blood on his hand and elbow; everyone begins shouting at him, and Wozzeck, agitated and obsessed with the blood, rushes out of the tavern.

Scene 4 (Invention on a Hexachord)

Having returned to the murder scene, Wozzeck becomes obsessed with the thought that the knife he killed Marie with will incriminate him, and throws it into the pond. When the blood-red moon appears again, Wozzeck, fearing that he has not thrown the knife far enough from shore and also wanting to wash away the blood staining his clothing and hands, wades into the pond and drowns. The Captain and the Doctor, passing by, hear Wozzeck moaning and rush off in fright.

Interlude (Invention on a Key (D minor))

This interlude leads to the finale.

Scene 5 (Invention on an Eighth-Note moto perpetuo, quasi toccata)

The next morning, children are playing in the sunshine. The news spreads that Marie's body has been found, and they all run off to see, except for Marie's son, who after an oblivious moment, follows after the others.

Instrumentation

Wozzeck uses a fairly large orchestra and has three onstage ensembles in addition to the pit orchestra (a marching band in act 1, scene 3; a chamber orchestra in act 2, scene 3; and a tavern band in act 2, scene 4; an upright piano is also played in act 3, scene 3). The instrumentation is:^[10]

Pit orchestra

Woodwinds 4 flutes (all double piccolos) 4 oboes (4th doubles English horn) 4 clarinets in B♭ (1st doubles clarinet in A, 3rd and 4th double clarinets in E♭) 1 bass clarinet in B♭ 3 bassoons 1 contrabassoon Brass 4 horns in F 4 trumpets in F 4 trombones (1 alto, 2 tenor, 1 bass) 1 tuba

Percussion 4 timpani 2 bass drums (one with rute) several pairs of cymbals (a pair, suspended, and one attached to the bass drum) snare drum 2 tam-tams (one smaller than the other) triangle xylophone Keyboards celesta Strings harp violins I violins II violas cellos double basses

Special groups

Marching band (Act I, scene iii):

Woodwinds 1 piccolo 2 flutes 2 oboes 2 clarinets in E♭ 2 bassoons

Brass 2 horns in F 2 trumpets in F 3 trombones 1 tuba

Percussion bass drum with cymbals snare drum triangle

Berg notes that marching band members may be taken from the pit orchestra, indicating exactly where the players can leave with a footnote near the end of Act I, scene ii.

Tavern band (Act II, scene iv):

Woodwinds 1 clarinet in C Brass 1 bombardon in F (or tuba, if it can be muted)

Keyboard accordion Strings guitar 2 fiddles (violins with steel strings)

In addition, for the Tavern scene in Act III, scene iii, Berg calls for an out-of-tune upright piano.

Chamber orchestra (Act II, scene iii):

Woodwinds 1 flute (doubling piccolo) 1 oboe, 1 English horn 1 clarinet in E♭ 1 clarinet in A 1 bass clarinet in B♭ 1 bassoon 1 contrabassoon

Brass 2 horns Strings 2 violins 1 viola 1 violoncello 1 double bass

The instrumentation matches that of Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony No. 1.

Other versions of Wozzeck

There are several different versions of Wozzeck in the opera repertoire apart from Berg's. German composer Manfred Gurlitt's Wozzeck, also based on Büchner's play, was first performed four months after Berg's work. Gurlitt's Wozzeck, which was created without any knowledge of Berg's, has remained in its shadow.^[11]

Arrangements of Berg's setting include one for 22 singers and 21 instrumental parts by Canadian composer John Rea^[10] and one for a reduced orchestra of about 60 players for smaller theatres by composer and fellow Schoenberg student Erwin Stein^[12] in collaboration with Berg.^[13]

Influences

The orchestra's rising chords during Wozzeck's drowning are quoted in Luciano Berio's Sinfonia (1968–69).^[14]

Recordings

• Roman Trekel (Wozzeck), Anne Schwanewilms (Marie), Gordon Gietz (Tambourmajor), Nathan Berg (Doktor), Robert McPherson (Andres), Marc Molomot (Hauptmann), Katherine Ciesinski (Margret), Houston Grand Opera Children's Chorus, Chorus of Students and Alumni, Shepherd School of Music, Rice University, Houston Symphony, conducted by Hans Graf. Label: Naxos, 2017.
• Franz Hawlata (Wozzeck), Angela Denoke (Marie), Reiner Goldberg (Tambourmajor), Johann Tilli (Doktor), Hubert Delamboye (Hauptmann), Vivian Tierney (Margret), Vivaldi Chorus; IPSI; Petits Cantors de Catalunya; Orchestra & Chorus of the Gran Teatre del Liceu, conducted by Sebastian Weigle, directed by Calixto Bieito. Label: Opus Arte, 2006.
• Andrew Shore (Wozzeck), Josephine Barstow (Marie), Alan Woodrow (Tambourmajor), Peter Bronder (Andres), Stuart Kale (Hauptmann), Clive Bailey (Doktor), Jean Rigby (Margret), Philarmonia Orchestra, conducted by Paul Daniel, Label: Chandos (Chan 3094), 2003 (sung in English).
• Franz Grundheber (Wozzeck), Waltraud Meier (Marie), Mark Baker (Tambourmajor), Endrik Wottrich (Andres), Graham Clark (Hauptmann), Günter von Kannen (Doktor), Dalia Schaechter (Margret), Chorus and Children's Choir of the Deutsche Oper Berlin, Staatskapelle Berlin, conducted by Daniel Barenboim, Label: Teldec, 1994.
• Franz Grundheber (Wozzeck), Hildegard Behrens (Marie), Walter Raffeiner (Tambourmajor), Philip Langridge (Andres), Heinz Zednik (Hauptmann), Aage Haugland (Doktor), Anna Gonda (Margret), Wiener Staatsopernchor, Vienna Philharmonic, conducted by Claudio Abbado, Label: Deutsche Grammophon, 1987.
• Eberhard Waechter (Wozzeck), Anja Silja (Marie), Hermann Winkler (Tambourmajor), Horst Laubenthal (Andres), Heinz Zednik (Hauptmann), Alexander Malta (Doktor), Gertrude Jahn (Margret), Wiener Staatsopernchor, Vienna Philharmonic, conducted by Christoph von Dohnányi, Label: Decca, 1979.
• Toni Blankenheim (Wozzeck), Sena Jurinac (Marie), Richard Cassilly (Tambourmajor), Peter Haage (Andres), Gerhard Unger (Hauptmann), Hans Sotin (Doktor), Elisabeth Steiner (Margret), Chorus of the Hamburg State Opera, Hamburg Philharmonic State Orchestra, conducted by Bruno Maderna, directed by Rolf Liebermann, Label: Arthaus Musik, 1970.
• Walter Berry (Wozzeck), Isabel Strauss (Marie), Fritz Uhl (Tambourmajor), Richard van Vrooman (Andres), Albert Weikenmeier (Hauptmann), Karl Dönch (Doktor), Ingeborg Lasser (Margret), Chorus and Orchestra of the Paris Opera, conducted by Pierre Boulez, Label: Columbia, 1966.^[15]
• Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Wozzeck), Evelyn Lear (Marie), Helmut Melchert (Tambourmajor), Fritz Wunderlich (Andres), Gerhard Stolze (Hauptmann), Karl-Christian Kohn (Doktor), Alice Oelke (Margret), Chorus and Orchestra of the Deutsche Oper Berlin, conducted by Karl Böhm, Label: Deutsche Grammophon, 1965.
• Tito Gobbi (Wozzeck), Dorothy Dow (Marie), Mirto Picchi (Tambourmajor), Italo Tajo (Doktor), Petre Munteanu (Andres), Hugues Cuénod (Hauptmann), Maria Teresa Mandalari (Margret), RAI Chorus and Symphony Orchestra of Rome, conducted by Nino Sanzogno, Label: /RAI/Myto, 1955 (sung in Italian).
• Mack Harrell (Wozzeck), Eileen Farrell (Marie), Frederick Jagel (Tambourmajor), David Lloyd (Andres), Joseph Mordino (Hauptmann, Soldat, Idiot), Ralph Herbert (Doktor), Edwina Eustis (Margret), New York Philharmonic, conducted by Dimitri Mitropoulos, Label: Columbia (FCX 157–FCX 158), 1951.

Film adaptation

The 1970 Hamburg State Opera production was filmed for the 1972 TV film Wozzeck, directed by Joachim Hess and broadcast on Norddeutscher Rundfunk. Filming was done in and around a deserted castle.^[16]

References

1. Walsh 2001, pp. 61–63
2. Hall, Patricia (2011). Berg's Wozzeck. Oxford University Press. pp. 26–38. ISBN 978-0195342611. Retrieved 2015-05-09.
3. Watkins, Glenn (2002). Proof Through the Night: Music and the Great War. University of California Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0520927896. Retrieved 2015-05-09.
4. Rose, Michael (2013). The Birth of an Opera: Fifteen Masterpieces from Poppea to Wozzeck. W. W. Norton. p. 375. ISBN 978-0393060430. Retrieved 2015-05-09.
5. Ross 2008, p. 530.
6. Nicholas Chadwick. "Alban Berg and the BBC" (PDF). Bl.uk. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
7. Bray, Trevor. "Frank Bridge: A Life in Brief ~ Isolation: 62". Trevor-bray-music-research.co.uk.
8. Denis Apivor. "Memories of 'The Warlock Circle'". Musicweb-international.com.
9. Pople 1997, p. 148.
10. "Alban Berg – Wozzeck – Reduzierte Fassung (21 instrumente) – John Rea". Universal Edition. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
11. "Gurlitt: Wozzeck (Roland Hermann, Celina Lindsley, Anton...) – review". Classical-music.com.
12. "Alban Berg – Wozzeck – reduced version (Stein)", Universal Edition. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
13. Simms 1996, p. 36.
14. Berio's Sinfonia, Symphony in J, 26 July 2009
15. The set included a bonus LP record of Alban Berg's lecture on 'Wozzeck', read in English by the music critic Noël Goodwin, with music examples conducted by Boulez.
16. Levine, Robert. "Berg: Wozzeck, 1970/Hamburg DVD". Classics Today.

Cited sources

• Pople, Anthony (24 April 1997). The Cambridge Companion to Berg. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521563747.
• Ross, Alex (2008). The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century (1st Picador ed.). New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-42771-9.
• Simms, Bryan R. (1996). Alban Berg: A Guide to Research. Routledge.
• Walsh, Stephen (2001). "Alban Berg". In Holden, Amanda (ed.). The New Penguin Opera Guide. New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4.

Other sources

• Adorno, Theodor W. (1991), Alban Berg: Master of the Smallest Link. Trans. Juliane Brand and Christopher Hailey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33016-5
• Bonds, M. E. (2020). “Wozzeck’s Worst Hours”: Alban Berg’s Presentation Copy of Wozzeck to Eduard Steuermann. Notes, 76(4), 527–534.
• Hall, Patricia (2011), "Berg's Wozzeck". Studies in Musical Genesis, Structure, and Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534261-1 | www.oup.com/us/bergswozzeck; Username: Music2 Password: Book4416 (accessed 29 October 2012)
• Jarman, Douglas (1979), The Music of Alban Berg. London and Boston: Faber & Faber ISBN 0-571-10956-X ; Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03485-6
• Jarman, Douglas (1989), "Alban Berg, Wozzeck". Cambridge Opera Handbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24151-0 (cloth) ISBN 0-521-28481-3 (pbk)
• Perle, George (1980), The Operas of Alban Berg, Vol 1: "Wozzeck". Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03440-6
• Schmalfeldt, Janet (1983), "Berg's Wozzeck", Harmonic Language and Dramatic Design. New Haven: Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-02710-9

External links

•   Media related to Wozzeck at Wikimedia Commons
• Wozzeck: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
• How does Berg use Sprechgesang in Wozzeck? (The Royal Opera) on YouTube
• Portrait of the opera in the online opera guide opera-inside.com