In linguistics, back-formation is the process of forming a new word by removing actual affixes, or parts of the word that is re-analyzed as an affix, from other words to create a base.[3] Examples include:
the verb headhunt is a back-formation of headhunter
There are processes for forming new dictionary items which are not considered under the umbrella of word formation.[1] One specific example is semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define as a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form.
References
^ abcdefgBauer, L. (1 January 2006). "Word Formation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition). Elsevier: 632–633. doi:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/04235-8. ISBN9780080448541. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ abBaker, Anne; Hengeveld, Kees (2012). Linguistics. Malden, MA.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 23. ISBN978-0631230366.
^ abcdefKatamba, F. (1 January 2006). "Back-Formation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition): 642–645. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00108-5. ISBN9780080448541.
^Linguistics : the basics. Anne, July 8- Baker, Kees Hengeveld. Malden, MA.: John Wiley & Sons. 2012. p. 217. ISBN978-0-631-23035-9. OCLC 748812931.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ abAronoff, Mark (1983). "A Decade of Morphology and Word Formation". Annual Review of Anthropology. 12: 360. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.002035.
^Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew (2018). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 71. ISBN978-1-4744-2896-5.
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For the geological formation see Word Formation For the study of the origin and historical development of words see Etymology In linguistics word formation is an ambiguous term 1 that can refer to either the processes through which words can change 2 i e morphology or the creation of new lexemes in a particular languageContents 1 Morphological 1 1 Derivation 1 2 Inflection 2 Nonmorphological 2 1 Abbreviation 2 2 Acronyms amp Initialisms 2 3 Back formation 2 4 Blending 2 5 Compounding 3 Word formation vs Semantic change 4 References 5 See alsoMorphological EditA common method of word formation is the attachment of inflectional or derivational affixes Derivation Edit Main article Morphological derivation Examples include the words governor government governable misgovern ex governor and ungovernable are all derived from the base word to govern 3 Inflection Edit Main article Inflection Inflection is modifying a word for the purpose of fitting it into the grammatical structure of a sentence 4 For example manages and managed are inflected from the base word to manage 1 worked is inflected from the verb to work talks talked and talking are inflected from the base to talk 3 Nonmorphological EditAbbreviation Edit Examples includes etc from et caeteraAcronyms amp Initialisms Edit Main article Acronym An acronym is a word formed from the first letters of other words 5 For example NASA is the acronym for National Aeronautics and Space Administration IJAL pronounced aidʒael is the acronym for International Journal of American LinguisticsAcronyms are usually written entirely in capital letters though some words originating as acronyms like radar are now treated as common nouns 6 Initialisms are similar to acronyms but where the letters are pronounced as a series of letters For example ATM for Automated Teller Machine SIA for Singapore International Airlines 1 Back formation Edit Main article Back formation In linguistics back formation is the process of forming a new word by removing actual affixes or parts of the word that is re analyzed as an affix from other words to create a base 3 Examples include the verb headhunt is a back formation of headhunter the verb edit is formed from the noun editor 3 the word televise is a back formation of televisionThe process is motivated by analogy edit is to editor as act is to actor This process leads to a lot of denominal verbs The productivity of back formation is limited with the most productive forms of back formation being hypocoristics 3 Blending Edit Main article Blend word See also Portmanteau A lexical blend is a complex word typically made of two word fragments For example smog is a blend of smoke and fog brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch 5 stagflation is a blend of stagnation and inflation 1 chunnel is a blend of channel and tunnel 1 referring to the Channel TunnelAlthough blending is listed under the Nonmorphological heading there are debates as to how far blending is a matter of morphology 1 Compounding Edit Main article Compound linguistics Compounding is the processing of combining two bases where each base may be a fully fledged word For example desktop is formed by combining desk and top railway is formed by combining rail and way firefighter is formed by combining fire and fighter 3 Compounding is a topic relevant to syntax semantics and morphology 2 Word formation vs Semantic change EditMain article semantic change See also conversion word formation There are processes for forming new dictionary items which are not considered under the umbrella of word formation 1 One specific example is semantic change which is a change in a single word s meaning The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define as a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form References Edit a b c d e f g Bauer L 1 January 2006 Word Formation Encyclopedia of Language amp Linguistics Second Edition Elsevier 632 633 doi 10 1016 b0 08 044854 2 04235 8 ISBN 9780080448541 Retrieved 17 December 2021 a b Baker Anne Hengeveld Kees 2012 Linguistics Malden MA John Wiley amp Sons p 23 ISBN 978 0631230366 a b c d e f Katamba F 1 January 2006 Back Formation Encyclopedia of Language amp Linguistics Second Edition 642 645 doi 10 1016 B0 08 044854 2 00108 5 ISBN 9780080448541 Linguistics the basics Anne July 8 Baker Kees Hengeveld Malden MA John Wiley amp Sons 2012 p 217 ISBN 978 0 631 23035 9 OCLC 748812931 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b Aronoff Mark 1983 A Decade of Morphology and Word Formation Annual Review of Anthropology 12 360 doi 10 1146 annurev an 12 100183 002035 Carstairs McCarthy Andrew 2018 An Introduction to English Morphology Words and Their Structure 2nd ed Edinburgh University Press p 71 ISBN 978 1 4744 2896 5 See also EditNeologism Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Word formation amp oldid 1124395835, 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