Woldemar Voigt (German: [foːkt](listen); 2 September 1850 – 13 December 1919) was a German physicist, who taught at the Georg August University of Göttingen. Voigt eventually went on to head the Mathematical Physics Department at Göttingen and was succeeded in 1914 by Peter Debye, who took charge of the theoretical department of the Physical Institute. In 1921, Debye was succeeded by Max Born.
Voigt was born in Leipzig, and died in Göttingen. He was a student of Franz Ernst Neumann.[1] He worked on crystalphysics, thermodynamics and electro-optics. His main work was the Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (textbook on crystal physics), first published in 1910. He discovered the Voigt effect in 1898. The word tensor in its current meaning was introduced by him in 1898.[2]Voigt profile and Voigt notation are named after him. He was also an amateur musician and became known as a Bach expert (see External links).
In 1887 Voigt formulated a form of the Lorentz transformation between a rest frame of reference and a frame moving with speed in the direction. However, as Voigt himself said, the transformation was aimed at a specific problem and did not carry with it the idea of a general coordinate transformation, as is the case in relativity theory.[3]
where . If the right-hand sides of his equations are multiplied by , they become the modern Lorentz transformation. Hermann Minkowski said in 1908 that the transformations which play the main role in the principle of relativity were first examined by Voigt in 1887. Also Hendrik Lorentz (1909) is on record as saying that he could have taken these transformations into his theory of electrodynamics, if only he had known of them, rather than developing his own. It is interesting then to examine the consequences of these transformations from this point of view. Lorentz might then have seen that the transformation introduced relativity of simultaneity, and also time dilation. However, the magnitude of the dilation was greater than the now accepted value in the Lorentz transformations. Moving clocks, obeying Voigt's time transformation, indicate an elapsed time , while stationary clocks indicate an elapsed time .
Since Voigt's transformation preserves the speed of light in all frames, the Michelson–Morley experiment and the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment can not distinguish between the two transformations. The crucial question is the issue of time dilation. The experimental measurement of time dilation by Ives and Stillwell (1938) and others settled the issue in favor of the Lorentz transformation.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
On the Principle of Doppler
Primary Sources
^Olesko, Kahryn M. (1991), Physics as a Calling: Discipline and Practice in the Königsberg Seminar for Physics, Cornell University Press
^Woldemar Voigt, Die fundamentalen physikalischen Eigenschaften der Krystalle in elementarer Darstellung [The fundamental physical properties of crystals in an elementary presentation] (Leipzig, Germany: Veit & Co., 1898), p. 20. From page 20: "Wir wollen uns deshalb nur darauf stützen, dass Zustände der geschilderten Art bei Spannungen und Dehnungen nicht starrer Körper auftreten, und sie deshalb tensorielle, die für sie charakteristischen physikalischen Grössen aber Tensoren nennen." (We therefore want [our presentation] to be based only on [the assumption that] conditions of the type described occur during stresses and strains of non-rigid bodies, and therefore call them "tensorial" but call the characteristic physical quantities for them "tensors".)
^Voigt, W. (1887), "Ueber das Doppler'sche Princip (On the Principle of Doppler)", Göttinger Nachrichten (7): 41–51; Reprinted with additional comments by Voigt in Physikalische ZeitschriftXVI, 381–386 (1915).
Voigt, W. (1887), "Theorie des Lichts für bewegte Medien", Göttinger Nachrichten (8): 177–238; This article ends with the announcement that in a forthcoming article the principles worked out so far shall be applied to the problems of reflection and refraction. The article contains on p. 235, last paragraph, and on p. 236, 2nd paragraph, a judgment on the Michelson experiment of 1886, which Voigt, after a correspondence with H. A. Lorentz in 1887 and 1888, has partly withdrawn in the article announced, namely in a footnote in Voigt (1888). According to Voigt's first judgment, the Michelson experiment must yield a null result, independently of whether the Earth transports the luminiferous aether with it (Fizeau's 1st aether hypothesis), or whether the Earth moves through an entirely independent, self-consistent universal luminiferous aether (Fizeau's 2nd aether hypothesis).
Voigt, W. (1888), "Theorie des Lichts für bewegte Medien", Annalen der Physik, 35 (10): 370–396, 524–551, Bibcode:1888AnP...271..370V, doi:10.1002/andp.18882711011; In a footnote on p. 390 of this article, Voigt corrects his earlier judgment, made in Göttinger Nachrichten No. 8, p. 235 and p. 236 (1887), and states indirectly that, after a correspondence with H. A. Lorentz, he can no longer maintain that in the case of the validity of Fizeau's 2nd aether hypothesis the Michelson experiment must yield a null result too.
Bucherer, A. H. (1908), "Messungen an Becquerelstrahlen. Die experimentelle Bestätigung der Lorentz-Einsteinschen Theorie", Physikalische Zeitschrift, 9 (22): 755–762; For Minkowski's statement see p. 762.
Lorentz, H.A (1916), The theory of electrons, Leipzig & Berlin: B.G. Teubner; See p. 198.
Lorentz 1904, Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light
Secondary sources
Macrossan, M. N. (1986), "A Note on Relativity Before Einstein", Br. J. Philos. Sci., 37 (2): 232–234, CiteSeerX10.1.1.679.5898, doi:10.1093/bjps/37.2.232
woldemar, voigt, german, aerospace, engineer, engineer, german, foːkt, listen, september, 1850, december, 1919, german, physicist, taught, georg, august, university, göttingen, voigt, eventually, went, head, mathematical, physics, department, göttingen, succee. For the German aerospace engineer see Woldemar Voigt engineer Woldemar Voigt German foːkt listen 2 September 1850 13 December 1919 was a German physicist who taught at the Georg August University of Gottingen Voigt eventually went on to head the Mathematical Physics Department at Gottingen and was succeeded in 1914 by Peter Debye who took charge of the theoretical department of the Physical Institute In 1921 Debye was succeeded by Max Born Woldemar VoigtWoldemar Voigt 1850 1919 Born 1850 09 02 2 September 1850Leipzig Kingdom of SaxonyDied13 December 1919 1919 12 13 aged 69 Gottingen GermanyNationalityGermanAlma materUniversity of KonigsbergKnown forPiezoelectricityPyroelectricityVoigt effectVoigt modelVoigt notationVoigt profileVoigt transformationVoigt Thomson lawKelvin Voigt materialAwardsForMemRS 1913 Scientific careerFieldsPhysicistInstitutionsUniversity of GottingenDoctoral advisorFranz Ernst NeumannDoctoral studentsPaul Drude Contents 1 Biography 2 The Voigt transformation 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksBiography EditVoigt was born in Leipzig and died in Gottingen He was a student of Franz Ernst Neumann 1 He worked on crystal physics thermodynamics and electro optics His main work was the Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik textbook on crystal physics first published in 1910 He discovered the Voigt effect in 1898 The word tensor in its current meaning was introduced by him in 1898 2 Voigt profile and Voigt notation are named after him He was also an amateur musician and became known as a Bach expert see External links In 1887 Voigt formulated a form of the Lorentz transformation between a rest frame of reference and a frame moving with speed v displaystyle v in the x displaystyle x direction However as Voigt himself said the transformation was aimed at a specific problem and did not carry with it the idea of a general coordinate transformation as is the case in relativity theory 3 The Voigt transformation EditFurther information History of Lorentz transformations In modern notation Voigt s transformation was x x v t displaystyle x x vt y y g displaystyle y y gamma z z g displaystyle z z gamma t t v x c 2 displaystyle t t vx c 2 where g 1 1 v 2 c 2 displaystyle gamma 1 sqrt 1 v 2 c 2 If the right hand sides of his equations are multiplied by g displaystyle gamma they become the modern Lorentz transformation Hermann Minkowski said in 1908 that the transformations which play the main role in the principle of relativity were first examined by Voigt in 1887 Also Hendrik Lorentz 1909 is on record as saying that he could have taken these transformations into his theory of electrodynamics if only he had known of them rather than developing his own It is interesting then to examine the consequences of these transformations from this point of view Lorentz might then have seen that the transformation introduced relativity of simultaneity and also time dilation However the magnitude of the dilation was greater than the now accepted value in the Lorentz transformations Moving clocks obeying Voigt s time transformation indicate an elapsed time D t Voigt g 2 D t g 1 D t Lorentz displaystyle Delta t text Voigt gamma 2 Delta t gamma 1 Delta t text Lorentz while stationary clocks indicate an elapsed time D t displaystyle Delta t Since Voigt s transformation preserves the speed of light in all frames the Michelson Morley experiment and the Kennedy Thorndike experiment can not distinguish between the two transformations The crucial question is the issue of time dilation The experimental measurement of time dilation by Ives and Stillwell 1938 and others settled the issue in favor of the Lorentz transformation See also EditDyakonov Voigt wave Stark effect German inventors and discoverersReferences Edit Wikisource has original text related to this article On the Principle of Doppler Primary Sources Olesko Kahryn M 1991 Physics as a Calling Discipline and Practice in the Konigsberg Seminar for Physics Cornell University Press Woldemar Voigt Die fundamentalen physikalischen Eigenschaften der Krystalle in elementarer Darstellung The fundamental physical properties of crystals in an elementary presentation Leipzig Germany Veit amp Co 1898 p 20 From page 20 Wir wollen uns deshalb nur darauf stutzen dass Zustande der geschilderten Art bei Spannungen und Dehnungen nicht starrer Korper auftreten und sie deshalb tensorielle die fur sie charakteristischen physikalischen Grossen aber Tensoren nennen We therefore want our presentation to be based only on the assumption that conditions of the type described occur during stresses and strains of non rigid bodies and therefore call them tensorial but call the characteristic physical quantities for them tensors Voigt W 1887 Ueber das Doppler sche Princip On the Principle of Doppler Gottinger Nachrichten 7 41 51 Reprinted with additional comments by Voigt in Physikalische Zeitschrift XVI 381 386 1915 Voigt W 1887 Theorie des Lichts fur bewegte Medien Gottinger Nachrichten 8 177 238 This article ends with the announcement that in a forthcoming article the principles worked out so far shall be applied to the problems of reflection and refraction The article contains on p 235 last paragraph and on p 236 2nd paragraph a judgment on the Michelson experiment of 1886 which Voigt after a correspondence with H A Lorentz in 1887 and 1888 has partly withdrawn in the article announced namely in a footnote in Voigt 1888 According to Voigt s first judgment the Michelson experiment must yield a null result independently of whether the Earth transports the luminiferous aether with it Fizeau s 1st aether hypothesis or whether the Earth moves through an entirely independent self consistent universal luminiferous aether Fizeau s 2nd aether hypothesis Voigt W 1888 Theorie des Lichts fur bewegte Medien Annalen der Physik 35 10 370 396 524 551 Bibcode 1888AnP 271 370V doi 10 1002 andp 18882711011 In a footnote on p 390 of this article Voigt corrects his earlier judgment made in Gottinger Nachrichten No 8 p 235 and p 236 1887 and states indirectly that after a correspondence with H A Lorentz he can no longer maintain that in the case of the validity of Fizeau s 2nd aether hypothesis the Michelson experiment must yield a null result too Bucherer A H 1908 Messungen an Becquerelstrahlen Die experimentelle Bestatigung der Lorentz Einsteinschen Theorie Physikalische Zeitschrift 9 22 755 762 For Minkowski s statement see p 762 Lorentz H A 1916 The theory of electrons Leipzig amp Berlin B G Teubner See p 198 Lorentz 1904 Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of lightSecondary sourcesMacrossan M N 1986 A Note on Relativity Before Einstein Br J Philos Sci 37 2 232 234 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 679 5898 doi 10 1093 bjps 37 2 232 Ernst Andreas amp Hsu Jong Ping June 2001 First Proposal of the Universal Speed of Light by Voigt in 1887 pdf Chinese Journal of PhysicsExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woldemar Voigt Works by or about Woldemar Voigt at Internet Archive Woldemar Voigt at the Mathematics Genealogy Project The relativity of light MathPages Bach expert Woldemar Voigt Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Woldemar Voigt amp oldid 1152203575, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
