Winter wheat (usually Triticum aestivum) are strains of wheat that are planted in the autumn to germinate and develop into young plants that remain in the vegetative phase during the winter and resume growth in early spring. Classification into spring wheat versus winter wheat is common and traditionally refers to the season during which the crop is grown. For winter wheat, the physiological stage of heading (when the ear first emerges) is delayed until the plant experiences vernalization, a period of 30 to 60 days of cold winter temperatures (0° to 5 °C; 32–41 °F).[1]
An ear of winter wheat.Winter wheat with autumn colors in the eastern United States
Winter wheat is usually planted from September to November (in the Northern Hemisphere) and harvested in the summer or early autumn of the next year. In some places (e.g. Chile) a winter-wheat crop fully 'completes' in a year's time before harvest. Winter wheat usually yields more than spring wheat.
So-called "facultative" wheat varieties need shorter periods of vernalization time (15–30 days) and temperatures of 3° to 15 °C (37–59 °F). In many areas facultative varieties can be grown either as winter or as a spring, depending on time of sowing.
In countries that experience mild winters, such as in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh), North Africa, the Middle East and the lower latitudes (e.g. Sonora in Mexico), spring wheat (not requiring a period of vernalization) is also sown in the autumn (November–December) and harvested in late spring (April–May) the next year. This spring wheat planted in the autumn and grown over the winter is sometimes also incorrectly called "winter wheat".
Hard winter wheats have a higher gluten protein content than other wheats. They are used to make flour for yeastbreads, or are blended with soft spring wheats to make the all-purpose flour used in a wide variety of baked products. Pure soft wheat is used for specialty or cake flour. Durum, the hardest wheat, is primarily used for making pasta. Almost all durum wheat grown in North America is spring-planted.[2]
Winter wheat is grown as a cash crop or a cover crop. Optimal growing conditions for winter wheat include high-drainage soil with medium texture. Mid-quality soil nutrient content is best for winter wheat, with an appropriate supply of nitrogen being critical for the wheat to be able to establish itself in time before winter dormancy. In addition, a firm seedbed helps protect the wheat over the winter period.[3]
If used as cover crop, winter wheat prevents soil erosion over winter when many fields lie fallow, and helps maintain topsoil
Winter wheat out-competes many weed varieties
Can be grown as both cover crop and cash crop
Easy to manage while still providing good yield
Helps build soil (through heavy production of organic material) and cycle nutrients through soil[3]
Uses soil moisture more efficiently since it starts to grow earlier in the spring
Crop is harvested earlier in the season, which is beneficial in regions with rainy autumn weather
United Statesedit
Winter wheat was brought to Kansas by German-Russian Mennonites in the 19th century.[4] Bernhard Warkentin and Mark A. Carleton played a major part in the spread of winter wheat as a commercial crop. Warkentin organized mills in central Kansas and imported seed from Ukraine to meet growing demand. Carleton worked for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a crop explorer. He went to Russia to find other wheat varieties and worked with Kansas State University researchers to develop new ones. Winter wheat production quickly spread throughout the Great Plains, and was, as it still is, usually grown using the techniques of dryland farming.[citation needed]
For temperate climate zones, increases in yields for winter wheat due to climate change are predicted for example in the case of spring wheat in Canada.[5] For Ukraine where temperatures are increasing throughout the year and precipitation is predicted to increase, winter wheat yields could increase by 20-40% in the north and northwestern regions by 2050, as compared to 2010.[6]
Referencesedit
^B. C. Curtis, S. Rajaram, H. Gómez Macpherson (eds.). 2002. Bread Wheat: Improvement and Production. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
^ ab"Winter Wheat". Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE).
^Federal Writers' Project of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Kansas (1939). Kansas: A Guide To The Sunflower State. New York: The Viking Press. p. 57. ISBN0403021677.
^Qian, Budong; Zhang, Xuebin; Smith, Ward; Grant, Brian; Jing, Qi; Cannon, Alex J; Neilsen, Denise; McConkey, Brian; Li, Guilong; Bonsal, Barrie; Wan, Hui (2019-07-01). "Climate change impacts on Canadian yields of spring wheat, canola and maize for global warming levels of 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C, 2.5 °C and 3.0 °C". Environmental Research Letters. 14 (7): 074005. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab17fb. ISSN 1748-9326. S2CID 159213414.
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For the musical recording by John K Samson see Winter Wheat album Winter wheat usually Triticum aestivum are strains of wheat that are planted in the autumn to germinate and develop into young plants that remain in the vegetative phase during the winter and resume growth in early spring Classification into spring wheat versus winter wheat is common and traditionally refers to the season during which the crop is grown For winter wheat the physiological stage of heading when the ear first emerges is delayed until the plant experiences vernalization a period of 30 to 60 days of cold winter temperatures 0 to 5 C 32 41 F 1 An ear of winter wheat Winter wheat with autumn colors in the eastern United StatesWinter wheat is usually planted from September to November in the Northern Hemisphere and harvested in the summer or early autumn of the next year In some places e g Chile a winter wheat crop fully completes in a year s time before harvest Winter wheat usually yields more than spring wheat So called facultative wheat varieties need shorter periods of vernalization time 15 30 days and temperatures of 3 to 15 C 37 59 F In many areas facultative varieties can be grown either as winter or as a spring depending on time of sowing In countries that experience mild winters such as in South Asia India Pakistan Nepal Bangladesh North Africa the Middle East and the lower latitudes e g Sonora in Mexico spring wheat not requiring a period of vernalization is also sown in the autumn November December and harvested in late spring April May the next year This spring wheat planted in the autumn and grown over the winter is sometimes also incorrectly called winter wheat Hard winter wheats have a higher gluten protein content than other wheats They are used to make flour for yeast breads or are blended with soft spring wheats to make the all purpose flour used in a wide variety of baked products Pure soft wheat is used for specialty or cake flour Durum the hardest wheat is primarily used for making pasta Almost all durum wheat grown in North America is spring planted 2 Winter wheat is grown throughout Europe and North America and in Siberia Contents 1 Cultivation 2 Benefits of growing winter wheat 3 United States 4 Effects of climate change 5 ReferencesCultivation editWinter wheat is grown as a cash crop or a cover crop Optimal growing conditions for winter wheat include high drainage soil with medium texture Mid quality soil nutrient content is best for winter wheat with an appropriate supply of nitrogen being critical for the wheat to be able to establish itself in time before winter dormancy In addition a firm seedbed helps protect the wheat over the winter period 3 Benefits of growing winter wheat editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message If used as cover crop winter wheat prevents soil erosion over winter when many fields lie fallow and helps maintain topsoil Winter wheat out competes many weed varieties Can be grown as both cover crop and cash crop Easy to manage while still providing good yield Helps build soil through heavy production of organic material and cycle nutrients through soil 3 Uses soil moisture more efficiently since it starts to grow earlier in the spring Crop is harvested earlier in the season which is beneficial in regions with rainy autumn weatherUnited States editWinter wheat was brought to Kansas by German Russian Mennonites in the 19th century 4 Bernhard Warkentin and Mark A Carleton played a major part in the spread of winter wheat as a commercial crop Warkentin organized mills in central Kansas and imported seed from Ukraine to meet growing demand Carleton worked for the United States Department of Agriculture USDA as a crop explorer He went to Russia to find other wheat varieties and worked with Kansas State University researchers to develop new ones Winter wheat production quickly spread throughout the Great Plains and was as it still is usually grown using the techniques of dryland farming citation needed Effects of climate change editFurther information Effects of climate change on agriculture Wheat For temperate climate zones increases in yields for winter wheat due to climate change are predicted for example in the case of spring wheat in Canada 5 For Ukraine where temperatures are increasing throughout the year and precipitation is predicted to increase winter wheat yields could increase by 20 40 in the north and northwestern regions by 2050 as compared to 2010 6 References edit B C Curtis S Rajaram H Gomez Macpherson eds 2002 Bread Wheat Improvement and Production Rome Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Oulton Randall Durum Wheat CooksInfo com a b Winter Wheat Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education SARE Federal Writers Project of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Kansas 1939 Kansas A Guide To The Sunflower State New York The Viking Press p 57 ISBN 0403021677 Qian Budong Zhang Xuebin Smith Ward Grant Brian Jing Qi Cannon Alex J Neilsen Denise McConkey Brian Li Guilong Bonsal Barrie Wan Hui 2019 07 01 Climate change impacts on Canadian yields of spring wheat canola and maize for global warming levels of 1 5 C 2 0 C 2 5 C and 3 0 C Environmental Research Letters 14 7 074005 doi 10 1088 1748 9326 ab17fb ISSN 1748 9326 S2CID 159213414 World Bank 2021 Ukraine Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture and Forestry 151p https documents1 worldbank org curated en 893671643276478711 pdf Ukraine Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture and Forestry pdf Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Winter wheat amp oldid 1181425287, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
