William G. Allen

William Gustavus Allen (c. 1820 – 1 May 1888) was an African-American academic, intellectual, and lecturer. For a time he co-edited The National Watchman, an abolitionist newspaper. While studying law in Boston he lectured widely on abolition, equality, and integration. He was then appointed a professor of rhetoric and Greek at New-York Central College, the second African-American college professor in the United States.^[1]: 39 (The first was his predecessor at Central College, Charles L. Reason.) He saw himself as an academic and intellectual.^[1]: 48

William Gustavus Allen
Born	c. 1820 Urbanna, Virginia, US
Died	May 1, 1888 (aged 67–68) London, England
Occupation(s)	Professor, lecturer
Known for	First Black man to marry white woman in U.S.
Spouse	Mary King
Children	7
Academic background
Education	Oneida Institute
Academic work
Discipline	Languages, rhetoric
Institutions	New-York Central College
Main interests	Abolitionism; African civilization

Frederick Douglass described him as "a gentleman, a scholar, and a Christian. He is an ornament to society."^[2]

Meeting and falling in love with a white student, Mary King, the couple married in secret in 1853. This was one of the first legal marriages between a "colored" man and a Caucasian woman to take place in the United States.^[3] They immediately left the country, never to return, because of the violent prejudice against their relationship. While for a time he continued to lecture in both England and Ireland, and wrote an autobiographical account including his marriage, which sold well, he and his family eventually fell into obscurity and near-poverty.^[4]

Biography

Early life

Allen was born free around 1820 in Urbana, Virginia,^[1]: 1 to a free mixed-race mother and a Welsh American father, both of whom died early in Allen's life.^[5] As he himself noted, he was a quadroon: his ancestry was 75% white and 25% black.^[6]: 3 He was light skinned,^[7]: 89 and he rejected the label of "negro";^[8] nevertheless, under Virginia law he was black ("colored"). Allen was adopted by a free black couple who owned "a flourishing business" at Fort Monroe, Virginia.^[9]: 5

Allen was raised by his birth parents in Norfolk, where he attended a school for African-American children for two years. The school was closed down due as part of the reaction to Nat Turner's slave rebellion of 1831. There was no school for colored children in Fort Monroe, but he received some informal education from Federal soldiers, including some French and German. He had access to libraries and was to some degree self-educated, but took advantage of the few educational opportunities available to a black boy.^[1]: 1–5 A teacher recommended him to Gerrit Smith, a wealthy abolitionist and philanthropist, whose help, along with that of Lewis Tappan,^[7]: 89 made it possible for Allen to attend the Oneida Institute. Oneida was the first college in the country that accepted African Americans as a matter of policy; it was a hotbed of abolitionism.^[10]: 44

College and career

At Oneida, like most college students at the time, William received what in the 20th century would be called ministerial training: Hebrew, Biblical Greek, theology, and philosophy, with small amounts of science, algebra, and public speaking (declamation). During the summer of 1841 he "taught in a school for fugitive slaves in Canada"^[11]: 23 (see Hiram Wilson).

Allen had fond memories of Oneida,^[11]: 9 from which he graduated in 1844.^{[6]: 3 [1]: 40} He settled in Troy, New York, where he was active in a black suffrage organization.^[12] Together with Henry Highland Garnet, also an Oneida alumnus, he edited and published the abolitionist newspaper National Watchman, in which "the selections and editorials show that he [Allen] is a man of sense, education, and good temper".^[13] No surviving copies of the newspaper are known.^[1]: 40 When it ceased publication in 1847,^[14] Allen moved to Boston, studying under and working as a clerk for the abolitionist lawyer Ellis Gray Loring.^[15][16][17]

In Boston, Allen became well known as a lecturer (see below).

In 1850 Allen, who had begun to enjoy fame as a lecturer (see below), was appointed professor of Greek and Rhetoric at New-York Central College (NYCC) in McGraw, New York.^[18][19][20] (In 1853 he described himself as professor of "the Greek and German languages, and of Rhetoric and Belles-lettres".^{[6]: 3 [21]}) Since his predecessor Charles L. Reason had departed earlier in 1852, he was in 1852 and 1853 "the only acting colored Professor in any college in the United States", in Frederick Douglass' words.^[22]

Allen voted (for Franklin Pierce) in the 1852 United States presidential election, since poll workers thought he was white.^[23]

Marriage to Mary King

Before the Civil War, sexual union between white male and black female, usually forced, was common. (See Children of the plantation, Sally Hemings, and Lydia Hamilton Smith.) Sexual contact between black male and white female existed but was much less common; in slave states it was considered to always be rape—the white woman could never have consented—and resulted in the black man's immediate execution. While less serious relations were tolerated in some parts, and Massachusetts (only) had repealed its ban on interracial marriage in 1843,^[24] actual marriage between black and white was so unusual it was reported in the newspaper.^[25] (African Americans were not U.S. citizens and were generally believed to be genetically inferior to whites.) Zephaniah Kingsley, married outside the U.S. to an African woman he had purchased as a slave in Cuba, had to leave Florida after it became a U.S. territory in 1821. It was not until Frederick Douglass's marriage to Helen Pitts in 1884 that a married white–black couple could live openly in Washington, D.C., without violence, although they received much vituperation.

While visiting Fulton, New York, for a series of lectures in the spring of 1851, Allen spent an evening at the home of the abolitionist Reverend Lyndon King,^[15]: 31 who Allen called one of "earth's noble spirits".^[26] Here Allen met King's daughter Mary, who was beginning a term at New-York Central College. They quickly formed a relationship, which Allen described as "much more significant than that of teacher and pupil."^[6]: 5 In January 1853 the two became engaged.^[6]: 6 Her father "at once gave his consent", and her sister "warmly approved". Her brothers, of whom there were many, and Mary's stepmother were bitterly opposed.^[6]: 13 Rev. King felt himself obliged to bar Allen from the household, but he still drove Mary to meet Allen's arrival by train.^[6]: 28

One supportive couple, the Porters, who had also been students at Central College,^[6]: 22 lived in nearby Phillipsville. While Allen and Mary were visiting, a mob of 600 formed around the Porters' house, seeking to lynch him.^{[9]: 17–18} A group within the mob, hoping to calm the anger, negotiated with Allen, King, and the Porters. King was escorted to her parents' house. Allen, after being escorted to the village hotel, was able with difficulty to escape for Syracuse, where he stayed at the Globe Hotel for around a week; Mary took several days to elude her parents, and secretly met with Allen at a trusted friend's house.^[15]: 33

Mary traveled to Pennsylvania, telling her parents she intended to teach school there, and wrote letters to Allen stating she intended to join him. By arrangement, they married in New York City on March 30, 1853, and immediately left for Boston, where they sailed to Liverpool, England,^[15]: 38 never to return. The episode was reported in many newspapers, along with derogatory remarks on the pair, especially Allen.^{[27][28][29][30]}

Porter lost his teaching job;^[6]: 61 "the schoolmaster got his walking papers on Monday, for harboring the 'nigger'."^[31] He lost his next job "when it was discovered that he was 'the Phillipsville School-Master'".^[32]: 27 Central College hired him.^[7]: 91

According to a resolution passed in February, 1853, at a state convention of the Liberty Party in Syracuse, New York, "the recent outrage upon that accomplished and worthy man, Prof. Wm. G. Allen, and the general acquiescence, not to say general rejoicing, in this outrage, are among the fearful evidences that, on the subject of Slavery, the deeply corrupted heart of the American people is past cure."^[33][34]

Exile in England and Ireland

Allen found in England an "absence of prejudice against color. Here the colored man feels himself among friends, and not among enemies".^[35] He and his wife were "happy" there.^[36] They attended the great anti-slavery meeting in Exeter Hall, at which Harriet Beecher Stowe and her husband Calvin Stowe spoke.^[37] A clipping of 1854 shows him lecturing to an anti-slavery meeting in Manchester, with other lectures in the vicinity on "'The origin, past history, and literature of the African race' which proved not to be true as racism later came to plague Allen's professional life as a teacher. 'The probable destiny of the African race', &c. &c." A letter from Lord Shaftesbury said he "sympathises most heartily with Professor Allen, and sincerely wishes him success in his undertaking. It will give Lord Shaftesbury great pleasure to assist in any way that he can a gentleman of the coloured race, who is a hundred times wiser, and better, than his white oppressors."^[38]

They traveled across the United Kingdom, moving to Dublin in 1856, where they had four children.^{[39][better source needed]} In 1860, they moved back to England. He attempted to make a living through his lectures, but the couple was often close to poverty. In 1863, Allen became director of the New Caledonian Trading School in Islington, a school for the poor, the first African-American to direct an English school. However, in five years, finances and the "racism of his competitors" forced him out. Mary started a small school for girls, which failed.^[32]: 28 In 1871 they were living in Islington with six children; William's profession is listed as Professor of Music.^[39] By 1878, they were living in a boarding house in West London, where they survived largely on the charity of friends,^[15]: 39 especially Gerrit Smith.

 

William G. Allen death certificate

William died at St Mary's Hospital, London on May 1, 1888. His death certificate gives his occupation as teacher of languages, and lists nephritis and enlarged prostate as the causes of death.

The relationship between Allen and Mary King was the basis of Louisa May Alcott's 1863 story M.L.^[15]: 20

Allen's thought

Allen was arguably the most learned African American of his day.^[40] He was well read, including Greek and Latin classics. He was capable of comparing Demosthenes and Cicero at length, as he does in "Orators and oratory". Allen taught Greek, at a time when knowledge of classical Greek was the pinnacle of a humanistic education. He also taught German, the leading scholarly language at the time, and he read French. As put by Wm. Lloyd Garrison, discussing his lectures, Allen had a "cultivated mind", as well as "true refinement of manners".^[41]

Allen as lecturer

Allen's primary vehicle for presenring his views was lectures. Numerous newspaper articles concur that he was an eloquent speaker.^[42][43][44] He excelled as a lecturer, at a time when lectures were much more important than today (2020). "The lecture was one which would have done honor to the mind of the historian Bancroft, while the gentle and modest demeanor of the speaker, together with the gracefulness of his elocution and ready command of language, gave to the performance an additional interest," said the Essex County Freeman.^[45] The Syracuse Daily Standard called him "a colored gentleman, of brilliant talents, and education", and said that his lecture "was one of the best ever delivered in this city".^[46] In sum,

As a speaker, Mr. Allen is far more than ordinary. His style is easy, and his gestures graceful.—He is not noisy—does not talk as though lie wished to out-thunder Niagara; it seems like anylhing but hard work for him to talk, and sure I am, that it is easy to listen.^[44]

That an African American was capable of such learning and eloquency filled his listeners with pleasant surprise (but no hostility). "One individual who had never been known to express any favorable feeling for the colored man and his cause, on leaving the lecture room the other evening confessed that the impression made on him by the subject as presented had given him new and exalted opinions of the class hitherto deemed so inferior."^[47]

When based in Boston (1847–1850), at New-York Central College (1850–1853), and in England and Ireland (1853–), nearly the whole of which he visited,^[9]: 32 he was a frequent speaker, making small trips to the venues where he was to speak. Allen did not publish his lectures—they may not have been written out—and only one, "Orators and Oratory", is preserved completely, having been published in Frederick Douglass' Paper.^[48][49] However, from newspaper reports and his pamphlets, key points in his lectures can be identified.

Allen's pamphlets

Allen evidently preferred to speak, to be in front of a group, than to write, by definition a solitary occupation. Printing, using hand-set type, human-powered presses, and rag paper, was relatively expensive. There was not much of a book industry in the antebellum United States. Lecturing was actually a cost-effective way to transmit ideas, reaching groups rather than individual readers. Lecturing had a hidden benefit for Allen, that of letting society see that an African American could be well educated and well spoken. His appointment as professor at Central College is due in part to his lectures.

All of Allen's pamphlets were self-published and intended to be sold at his lectures to earn whatever he could by that route, besides being sent out to potential lecture venues. In chronological order, they are:

• The African race : an essay for the times (Boston, 1848). Of this pamphlet of 20 pages only two copies are known. It states that it the "article is from the Christian Examiner."
• Wheatley, Banneker and Horton. With selections from the poetical works of Wheatley and Horton, and the letter of Washington to Wheatley, and of Jefferson to Banneker (Boston, 1849). Reprinted in 1970 by Books for Libraries Press, ISBN 0836986571. Studies Phyllis Wheatley, Benjamin Banneker, and George Moses Horton, adding that "we regard Horton as decidedly the superior genius" (p. 7). In addition to the poems and the letters from Washington and Jefferson, he includes "sketches" of the authors "written by white persons distinguished for character and standing" (p. 7).
  • "Introduction", by Allen (pp. 3–7).
  • "Phillis Wheatley", a slightly abbreviated and edited version of the text found in the Boston, 1837 edition of Wheatley's poetry^[50] (pp. 9–20)
  • Letter of George Washington (p. 20)
  • Poems of Phillis Wheatley (pp. 21–27)
  • "Benjamin Banneker", by John H. B. Latrobe (pp. 28–31), a slightly abbreviated version of a paper read before the Maryland Historical Society^[51]
  • Letter of Banneker to Thomas Jefferson (pp. 31–34)
  • Reply of Jefferson to Banneker (p. 35)
  • More by Latrobe? (pp. 35–38)
  • Brief introduction to Horton by Allen (p. 39)
  • "Explanation", taken from first publication of Horton's poetry (pp. 39–41)
  • Poems of Horton (pp. 42–48)
• Allen, William G., "a refugee from American despotism" (1853). The American Prejudice Against Color: An Authentic Narrative, Showing How Easily the Nation Got into an Uproar. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Horton, George Moses; Plácido (Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés) [in Spanish] (1856). Allen, [William G.] (ed.). The African poets, Horton and Placido: with an introduction by Professor Allen. Dublin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Allen, William G. (1860). A Short Personal Narrative. Dublin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (sold by the author)

Allen's topics

The African race

Allen's favorite subject was what he called "the African race". There are more reports of his lectures on this topic than on all other topics combined. He did not use the same title twice, and they ranged from "The Mental Powers and Abilities of the Colored Man" (1849, Boston)^[47] "History, literature, and destiny of the colored race" (1849, Rochester, New York),^[52] "Origen, literature and destiny of the African race" (a series of lectures, 1850, Saxonville, Massachusetts), to "The Origin, History, Characteristics, Condition, and Probable Destiny of the African Race" (1857, Liverpool, England).^[53]

Origin of the African race

Allen "seemed indeed to be perfectly familiar with every branch of the human family, as far back as the days of Noah, and to possess an intimate acquaintance with all the writings extant of every historian, both ancient and modern."^[45] This knowledge led him to the position, avant-garde in his day, that all "races" have a common ancestor. "The human family sprung from one common progenitor; ...climate and habits are sufficient to produce all the difference in the condition of the races inhabiting the different portions of the globe."^[44]

In an 1850 lecture, Allen, "with one stroke of his logic, ...let the wind out of that sophistical argument put forth the last year in a pamphlet entitled, "Thoughts on Slavery",^[54] in which the [anonymous] author endeavors to prove, by the curse pronounced upon Canaan, that Southern slavery is a Bible institution sanctioned by the God of heaven!! Proceeding in his lecture, Mr. [A. ran] a tilt against Prof. Agassiz, who has recently made an attack upon Divine Revelation, by denying that 'God made of one blood all nations of men to dwell on all the face of the earth,' and completely unhorsing him, knocked him back into the Dark Ages to flounder on through the chaos of his own conflicting opinions with Linnæus, Buffon, Helvetius, Monboddo and Darwin—men who once advocated the same absurd theory, that the human race originated from different sources. Mr. A. also showed that the diversities among the different nations of mankind were produced by the influence which climate, hard treatment, and different kinds of food had upon the animal frame and the color of the skin."^[45]

Characteristics of the African "race"

"Mr. Allen commenced with the somewhat startling assertion, that the Africans originated the arts and sciences [in Ethiopia] and gave the first impulse to civilization."^[45]

The African race, "more than any other race" appreciates "the good, the beautiful, the artistic, [and] the religious". "In musical gifts", it "is superior to other races". These traits are contrasted with those of the "Anglo-Saxon race", which are "physical force, calculating intellect, daring enterprise, and love of gain". It is "fierce, active, and warlike", combining "calculating intellect and physical force".^[55]

Nations require the combination of races

Allen proposed an idea radical in his day: "Nations, worthy of the name, could only be produced by a fusion of races require a mixture of races."^[55] Clearly he is thinking of the United States, and proposing that the black and white "races" are both needed to make America great.

The African race, in musical gifts, is superior to other races; but what sort of a nation [would a race] of mere musicians, however superior[,] be? The African race is superior to other races, also, in kindness and religious tendencies; but what sort of a nation would a race of mere kind, religious folks, however kind and pious, be? The Anglo-Saxon race is superior to other races in calculating intellect and physical force; but what sort of a nation would a race of mere calculating intellects and physical men, however superior, be?

No fact stands out more clearly in the pages of history, to those who are willing to see it, than that nations, worthy of the name, are only produced by a fusion of races. The civilization of the African, unmingled with the civilization of any other race, while it would develop[,] more largely than any other race, the good, the beautiful, the artistic, [and] the religious, [it] would develop too little of physical force, calculating intellect, daring enterprise, and love of gain, to make a nation great, energetic and powerful. The civilization of the Anglo-Saxon, unmingled with the civilization of any other race, would develop too much of the fierce, active, and warlike, and too little of the kind, gentle, charitable, and merciful, to make a nation stable, grand, and truly great. The greatness of the American nation is, unquestionably[,] owing ["owning" in the original] no less to the various elements of which it is composed, than to its climate and favorable circumstances. Harmony of character, which is the soul of true greatness, is only produced, by a bringing together of qualities of mind and heart which are dissimilar, not antagonistic.^[55]

Characteristics of the African race

^[44]

• Allen, Willliam G. (November 5, 1852). "[Letter to the editor]". Frederick Douglass' Paper. Rochester, New York. p. 2. Defends Horace Mann.

• August 27, 1850, Danvers, Massachusetts: "A very able and interesting lecture was delivered last Tuesday evening, in the vestry of the Old South Church in Danvers, by Mr. Wm. G. Allen, a colored law student of Boston, on the 'Origin and History of the Africans.'"

Mr. Allen commenced with the somewhat startling assertion, that the Africans originated the arts and sciences, and gave the first impulse to civilization. How different this idea from the notion entertained by great numbers in this country, at the present day, some of whom would endeavor to persuade themselves and others to believe that the negro is but a mere connecting link between the brute creation and the human race! But the speaker sustained his position by the most irrefragible proofs, drawn from the past history of the world, evincing a depth of research to which few men of any profession can lay claim. He seemed indeed to be perfectly familiar with every branch of the human family, as far back as the days of Noah, and to possess an intimate acquaintance with all the writings extant of every historian, both ancient and modern.

With one stroke of his logic, he let the wind out of that sophistical argument put forth the last year in a pamphlet entitled, "Thoughts on Slavery", in which the author endeavors to prove, by the curse pronounced upon Canaan, that Southern slavery is a Bible institution sanctioned by the God of heaven!! Proceeding in his lecture, Mr. [A. ran] a tilt against Prof. Agassiz, who has recently made an attack upon Divine Revelation, by denying that 'God made of one blood all nations of men to dwell on all the face of the earth,' and completely unhorsing him, knocked him back into the Dark Ages to flounder on through the chaos of his own conflicting opinions with Linnæus, Buffon, Helvetius, Monboddo and Darwin—men who once advocated the same absurd theory, that the human race originated from different sources. Mr. A. also showed that the diversities among the different nations of mankind were produced by the influence which climate, hard treatment, and different kinds of food had upon the animal frame and the color of the skin.

The lecture was one which would have done honor to the mind of the historian Bancroft, while the gentle and modest demeanor of the speaker, together with the gracefulness of his elocution and ready command of language, gave to the performance an additional interest.^[45]

• "The African Race. Lecture". Liverpool Mercury (Liverpool, England). August 26, 1857. p. 4. from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019 – via newspapers.com. The newspaper called Allen's lecture it "a real intellectual treat":

Professor Allen then proceeded with his lecture, and from the eloquence and learning which he displayed in dealing with the subject appeared to take the audience completely by surprise. He took a Scriptural view of the origin of the Ethiopians, Egyptians, and other races of ancient Africa, arguing that they were descended from the four sons of Ham; and showed from classic authority the high civilisation to which they had attained when Greece was yet barbarous, and before Rome arose. Herodotus had spoken of the Ethiopians as remarkable for their stature, longevity, and physical beauty; and although in the eyes of the white man they were not remarkable for the latter quality at present, the influence of adverse circumstances and of centuries of oppression should be taken into account. There was scarcely a race, he showed, on the face of the earth, which had not declined in intellectual power and physical beauty under the same influences, and in the mediæval ages, when Englishmen were sold as slaves, they were described by their purchasers, the Irishmen and Romans, as ugly and stupid. The lecturer then dwelt more particularly upon the leading characteristics of the African race, their religious tendency, and the predominance of the moral over the intellectual in their character—the affeetionateness of their disposition, their love of humour, &c. He gave many weighty hits at Anglo-Saxon civilisation, which told well with the audience, who appeared very much delighted. He was listened to with deep attention, and loudly applauded.^[53]

• Allen, William G. (December 10, 1853). "Professor Allen and the slavery of America". Leeds Times. Retrieved 5 May 2020. The speaker offered his views on the ways in which the African race had distinguished itself over countless generations as a race focused on morality and love of mankind. He denounced plans regarding the colonization of Siberia with nominally free black citizens, and emphasized the love of America that was pervasive among the African American people. Available at the same url is an mp3 audio file.

According to Allen, nations are born of a combination of races.

"American Slavery, the present aspects of the anti-slavery cause, and our duty in relation thereto"

Allen delivered many lectures across England and Ireland. The above title was one of two lectures he delivered in Belfast, Ireland, in 1855.^[56]

[T]he American nation stands before the world in a shameful position. It has planted its iron heel on a whole race of God's children. It makes its highest mission to be crushing out of existence the mind, conscience, soul of a great race, and then impiously maintaining that mind, conscience, soul, never belonged to that race. When we look at Douglass and others, who, under a mountainload of difficulties, have struggled and risen to their present eminence, we cannot but feel how many noble intellects and exalted spirits of which the world has had no cognizance, have been murdered by this great but rapacious Republic.^[57]

He "illustrated the condition of the nominally free colored American—his disabilities in the various states of the Union—also the prevalence and force of that vulgar prejudice which had been so truthfully delineated."^[58] In England and Ireland, he spoke about his barely escaping lynching, and having to exile himself, because his skin was the wrong color to marry a white young lady. "Prof. Allen, of New York, gave the audience account of the aristocracy of complexion as established by custom in America, and of the dangers he had incurred, because be had ventured to think and act for himself, without regard to such a regency."^[59]

Allen had printed in London and Dublin accounts of his near-lynching and exile, which were sold at his lectures to raise money.

America and the Americans

A topic of his lectures in Ireland: "America and the Americans".^[9]: 32

"The great men of a nation are a nation's vitality"

On mid-January 1853, Allen gave a lecture "before the Literary Association of this village" (Cortland, New York). His subject was: "The great men of a nation are a nation's vitality, which he illustrated by reference to distinguished statesmen, patriots and reformers, occasionally bringing in a touch of the radicalism [abolitionism] peculiar to that class of men with whom the gentleman acts, and giving the conservatism of the day some rather severe hits."^[43]

Orators and oratory

• "The following is an extract from an address delivered by Prof. Wm. G. Allen, of N.Y. Central College, before the Dialexian Society, of that Institution. We copy it because it is so beautifully written and truthful. The excellent oration from which we have made the extract, we shall lay in part, if not entire, before our readers. For the present, suffice it to say, Mr. Allen, though a colored man, sustains a high literary reputation, and by his learning and ability, is doing much to give character to the Institution with which he is connected."^[60]

Writings

• Books and pamphlets
  • Allen, William G. (1860). A Short Personal Narrative. Dublin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (sold by the author)
  • Horton, George Moses; Plácido (Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés) [in Spanish] (1856). Allen, [William G.] (ed.). The African poets, Horton and Placido: with an introduction by Professor Allen. Dublin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Allen, William G., "a refugee from American despotism" (1853). The American Prejudice Against Color: An Authentic Narrative, Showing How Easily the Nation Got into an Uproar. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Allen, William G. (1849). Wheatley, Banneker and Horton. With selections from the poetical works of Wheatley and Horton, and the letter of Washington to Wheatley, and of Jefferson to Banneker. Boston. Reprinted in 1970 by Books for Libraries Press, ISBN 0836986571 Studies Phyllis Wheatley, Benjamin Banneker, and George Moses Horton.
  • Allen, William G. (1848). The African race: an essay for the times. Boston. OCLC 480197709.
• Published correspondence
  • Allen, Wm. G. (August 15, 1853). "Letter to William B. Garrison". Frederick Douglass' Paper – via accessiblearchives.com.
  • Allen, Wm. G. (July 22, 1853). "Letter from Professor Wm. G. Allen" (PNG). The Liberator. p. 4. Comments on England. Reprinted in Frederick Douglass' Paper, August 5, 1853.
  • Allen, Wm G. (18 February 1853). "To the public". The Liberator. p. 3 – via newspapers.com.
  • Allen, William G. (November 26, 1852). "Letter from Prof. Wm. G. Allen" (PNG). The Liberator. p. 2. On Horace Mann.
  • Allen, Wm. G. (November 12, 1852). "Letter from Wm. G. Allen". Frederick Douglass' Paper – via accessiblearchives.con. On Beriah Green.
  • Allen, William G. (October 29, 1852). "Jerry rescue celebration". Frederick Douglass' Paper. p. 1 – via accessiblearchives.com. Reprinted from the Pennsylvania Freeman.
  • Allen, William G. (August 13, 1852). "Letter from William G. Allen". Frederick Douglass' Paper. p. 3 – via accessiblearchives.com.
  • Allen, William G. (June 30, 1852). "Letter from William G. Allen". Frederick Douglass' Paper – via accessible-archives.com. On Jews and on races.
  • Allen, William G. (June 10, 1852). "Letter from William G. Allen". Frederick Douglass' Paper – via accessible-archives.com. On the Anglo-Saxon and African "nationalities".
  • Allen, William G. (May 20, 1852). "Letter from Wm. G. Allen". Frederick Douglass' Paper – via accessiblearchives.com. [I]ts descriptions stir the blood" and "indeed almost make it leap out of the heart". However, he regretted "that the chapter favoring colonization was ever written. Includes discussion of Uncle Tom's Cabin
  • Allen, William G. (April 29, 1852). "Letter from William G. Allen". Frederick Douglass' Paper – via accessible-archives.com. On Benjamin Banneker
  • Allen, William G. (January 1, 1852). "Letter from William G. Allen". Frederick Douglass' Paper. p. 1 – via accessiblearchives.com. On the Hungarian hero Lajos Kossuth. Reprinted in The Liberator, January 9, 1852.
  • Allen, William G. (December 11, 1851). "Letter from William G. allen". Frederick Douglass' Paper – via accessiblearchives.com. Pledges $10 as support "for the establishing of a Semi-Weekly paper published by yourself".
  • Allen, William G. (June 26, 1851). "[Letter to the editor]". Frederick Douglass' Paper – via accessiblearchives.com. Forwards "some lines written by a young lady of this Institution, upon the death of Miss Anna E. Pierce and Joseph P. Purvis, students of New York Central College".
  • Allen, William G. (June 1, 1851). "Letter to the editor". Voice of the Fugitive. Retrieved May 20, 2020 – via Center for Research Libraries. Editorial note on Allen in same issue
• Manuscript
  • Allen, William G.; Allen, Mary King (c. 1853). Sea-weeds collected on the British coast, presented to the Boston Anti-Slavery Bazaar. Leeds, England. OCLC 63891436. "30 leaves, 20 of them with delicately mounted sea weed specimens with mss. descriptions, poetry, religious sentiments interspersed." Held by Cornell University Library.
  • Allen, William G. (June 22, 1853), Cover letter accompanying letter sent to Garrison for publication (above), Boston Public Library{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Studies of Allen

• Sherwood, Marika (2011). "William G. Allen in Britain". Ethnicity and Race in a Changing World. 2 (2): 53+. Retrieved 5 May 2020 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
• McClish, Glen (2005). "William G. Allen's 'Orators and Oratory': Inventional Amalgamation, Pathos, and the Characterization of Violence in African-American Abolitionist Rhetoric". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 35 (1): 47–72. doi:10.1080/02773940509391303. JSTOR 40232452. S2CID 143786341.
• Elbert, Sarah (2002). "An Inter-Racial Love Story in Fact and Fiction: William and Mary King Allen's Marriage and Louisa May Alcott's Tale, 'M.L.'". History Workshop Journal. 53 (1): 17–42. doi:10.1093/hwj/53.1.17. JSTOR 4289772.
• Blackett, R. J. M. (March 1980). "William G. Allen: The Forgotten Professor". Civil War History. 26 (1): 39–52. doi:10.1353/cwh.1980.0018. S2CID 144941523.

References

1. Blackett, R. J. M. (March 1980). "William G. Allen: The Forgotten Professor". Civil War History. 26 (1): 39–52. doi:10.1353/cwh.1980.0018. S2CID 144941523.
2. Douglass, Frederick (March 4, 1853). "A Brutal and Scandalous Outrage". Frederick Douglass's Paper (Rochester, New York). from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via accessiblearchives.com.
3. Viñas-Nelson, Jessica (September 2017). "Interracial Marriage in 'Post-Racial' America". Origins. 10 (12). from the original on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
4. Welbourne, Penny Anne (2006). "Allan William G". In Finkleman (ed.). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895 : from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0195167775. OCLC 62430770.
5. "William G. Allen: Tarred, Feathered & Beaten all in the Name of Love". 22 June 2021. from the original on 2021-06-22. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
6. Allen, William G. (1853). The American Prejudice against Color; an authentic narrative, showing how easily the nation got into an uproar. London: W. and F. G. Cash. from the original on 2019-12-16. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
7. Mabee, Carleton (1979). Black Education in New York State: From Colonial to Modern Times. Syracuse University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9b2x9d.9. JSTOR j.ctv9b2x9d.9.
8. Allen, Wm G. (18 February 1853). "To the public". The Liberator. p. 3. from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2020 – via newspapers.com.
9. Allen, William G. (1860). A Short Personal Narrative. Dublin: The author. from the original on 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2020-04-21. Reprinted in The American Prejudice Against Color: William G. Allen, Mary King, Louisa May Alcott.
10. Sernett, Milton C. (1986). Abolition's axe: Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black freedom struggle. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815623700. from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
11. Elbert, Sarah, ed. (2002). "Introduction". The American Prejudice against Color. William G. Allen, Mary King, Louisa May Alcott. Boston: Northeastern University Press. pp. 1–34. ISBN 1555535453.
12. "A Sufrage [sic] Meeting". Lansingburgh Democrat and Rensselaer County Gazette (Lansingburgh, New York). March 14, 1846. p. 2. from the original on 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
13. "Our Exchanges". The National Era (Washington, D.C.). June 24, 1847. p. 2. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2020 – via accessible-archives.com.
14. Wesley, Charles H. (1939). "The Negroes of New York in the Emancipation Movement". Journal of Negro History. Vol. 24. p. 90.
15. Elbert, Sarah (2002). "An Inter-Racial Love Story in Fact and Fiction: William and Mary King Allen's Marriage and Louisa May Alcott's Tale, 'M.L.'". History Workshop Journal. 53 (1): 17–42. doi:10.1093/hwj/53.1.17. JSTOR 4289772.
16. "From the Washington Union". The Liberator. 3 January 1851. p. 1. from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2020 – via newspapers.com.
17. "(Untitled)". Missouri Whig (Palmyra, Missouri). January 2, 1851. p. 3. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2020 – via newspaperarchive.com.
18. "City Intelligence". The Evening Post (New York). December 14, 1850. p. 2. from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2019 – via newspapers.com.
19. "A Rare Chance!". Richmond Enquirer (Richmond, Virginia). December 31, 1850. p. 4. from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2019 – via newspapers.com. (Reprinted from the Lynchburg Republican)
20. "Professor of Greek and Rhetoric". Pittsburgh Gazette. January 17, 1851. p. 2. from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019 – via newspapers.com.
21. "New York Central College". The Anti-Slavery Bugle (Lisbon, Ohio). August 26, 1854. p. 3. from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
22. Douglass, Frederick (December 17, 1852). "(Editorial)". Frederick Douglass's Paper (Rochester, New York). p. 1. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via accessiblearchives.com.
23. Allen, Wm. G. (November 12, 1852). "Letter from Wm. G. Allen". Frederick Douglass's Paper. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via accessiblearchives.con.
24. Nash, Gary B. (1999). "Mixed-Race Couples in Early America". Forbidden Love. WGBH. from the original on 2020-01-30. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
25. "The Colored Vote". The Columbia Washingtonian. Hudson, New York. November 12, 1846. p. 1. from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2022-04-07 – via NYS Historic Newspapers.
26. Allen, William G. (May 20, 1852). "Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin". Frederick Douglass' Paper. from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
27. "Married". Buffalo Commercial (Buffalo, New York). 21 April 1853. p. 2. from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2020 – via newspapers.com.
28. "Married". Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn, New York). April 26, 1853. p. 2. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
29. "Married". The Liberator. May 6, 1853. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2020 – via newspapers.com. Reprinted from the Utica Gazette.
30. "The Fruits of Abolition". Warrick Democrat (Newburgh, Indiana). May 7, 1853. p. 2. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2020 – via newspaperarchive.com. First published in the Syracuse Star, reprinted in The Liberator and with comment in the Cleveland Herald.
31. "Another rescue". The Liberator. 11 February 1853. p. 2. from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2020 – via newspapers.com. The following is from a dirty pro-slavery, rum and rowdy organ, called the Syracuse Star.
32. Elbert, Sarah (2002). "Introduction". The American Prejudice Against Color: William G. Allen, Mary King, Louisa May Alcott. Northeastern University Press. p. 1. ISBN 1555535453.
33. "Liberty Party State Convention". National Anti-Slavery Standard. March 3, 1853. p. 2 (162). from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via accessible-archives.com.
34. "Liberty Party Convention". Frederick Douglass' Paper. March 4, 1853. p. 1. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via accessiblearchives.com.
35. Allen, Wm. G. (22 July 1853). "Letter from Professor Wm. G. Allen [dated June 20, 1853]". The Liberator. p. 4. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2020 – via newspapers.com. Reprinted in Frederick Douglass' Paper, August 5, 1853.
36. Allen, Wm. G. (June 21, 1853). "[Cover letter accompanying letter to be published]". Letter to Wm. Lloyd Garrison.
37. Brown, William W. (3 June 1853). "Letter from William W. Brown". The Liberator. p. 3. from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2020 – via newspapers.com.
38. "Local News. Anti Slavery Meeting". Manchester Weekly Times and Examiner (Manchester, England). November 1, 1854. p. 5. from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019 – via newspapers.com.
39. "1871 Census England". FamilySearch.
40. Brawley, Benjamin (1968). "Introduction". Early Negro American writers: selections with biographical and critical introductions. Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press. pp. 8–15. ISBN 0836902467. First published in 1975 by the University of North Carolina Press.
41. Garrison, Wm. Lloyd (January 21, 1853). "Prof. Allen's lecture". The Liberator. p. 3. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
42. "Gerrit Smith's election". The Liberator. 19 November 1852. p. 3. from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2020 – via newspapers.com. Reports a celebration at New York Central College
43. "Prof. Allen's lecture". The Liberator. January 21, 1853. p. 3. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2020. Reprinted from the Cortland Democrat.
44. "Mr. Allen's lectures". The Liberator. 26 March 1852. p. 4. from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020 – via newspapers.com. Reprinted from Banner of the Times (DeRuyter, New York)
45. "Wm. G. Allen". The Liberator. 30 August 1850. p. 4. from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2020 – via newspapers.com. Reprinted from the Essex County Freeman.
46. "City Items". Daily Standard (Syracuse, New York). April 19, 1851. Included in Marlene K. Parks (11 July 2017). New York Central College 1849–1860. Vol. 2, part 1. McGrawville, New York: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 1. ISBN 978-1548505752.
47. "Meetings of the Friends of Equal School Rights", The Liberator, p. 4, November 9, 1849, from the original on July 21, 2021, retrieved May 11, 2020 – via newspapers.com, showing, in a peculiarly happy manner, that a man's a man, or black or white.
48. Allen, Wm. G. (October 22, 1852). "Orators and Oratory. An address by Prof. Wm. G. Allen, before the Dialexian Society of New York Central College, June 22, 1852". Frederick Douglass' Paper. p. 1. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
49. Allen, Wm. G. (1986). Calloway-Thomas, Carolyn (ed.). "On "Orators and oratory"". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 16 (1–2): 31–42. doi:10.1080/02773948609390735. JSTOR 2784510 – via Taylor & Francis.
50. Wheatley, Phillis (1837). Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley, A Native African and a Slave. Boston: George W. Light. from the original on 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
51. Latrobe, John (1845). Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read Before the Maryland Historical Society, at the monthly meeting, May 1, 1845'. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society.
52. "Items from a Spectator's Journal". The North Star (Rochester, New York). July 6, 1849. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via accessiblearchives.com. WILLIAM G. ALLEN former editor of the Troy National Watchman, is now lecturing in this vicinity [Rochester, New York] on the history, literature, and destiny of the colored race, and with gratifying acceptance. One individual who had never been known to express any favorable feeling for the colored man and his cause, on leaving the lecture room the other evening confessed that the impression made on him by the subject as presented had given him new and exalted opinions of the class hitherto deemed so inferior. - Thus a chord had been struck in his breast never before vibrating to such sentiments.
53. "The African Race. Lecture". Liverpool Mercury (Liverpool, England). August 26, 1857. p. 4. from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019 – via newspapers.com.
54. (Anonymous) (1848). Thoughts on slavery. Lowell, Massachusetts: Daniel Bixby.
55. Allen, William G. (June 10, 1852). "Letter from William G. Allen". Frederick Douglass' Paper. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via accessible-archives.com. On the Anglo-Saxon and African "nationalities".
56. "Lectures on the African Race and American Slavery". Belfast News-Letter. June 20, 1855. p. 3. from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
57. Buffum, James N. (August 25, 1848). "First of August in Lynn". The Liberator. p. 1. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via accessiblearchives.com.
58. "Reception of Frederick Douglas at the Belknap-Street Church, Boston". The Liberator. May 21, 1847. p. 1. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
59. "Anti-Slavery in England". The Liberator. November 25, 1853. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
60. "The Banner of the Times thus introduces the address of Prof. Allen to the readers". Frederick Douglass's Paper. November 11, 1852. p. 3. from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2020. Reprinted from Banner of the Times (DeRuyter, New York)