William Brewster (Mayflower passenger)
William Brewster (c. 1566/67 – 10 April 1644) was an English official and Mayflower passenger in 1620. He became senior elder and the leader of Plymouth Colony, by virtue of his education and existing stature with those immigrating from the Netherlands, being a Brownist (or Puritan Separatist).
William Brewster | |
|---|---|
Published in The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims: And its place in the life of to-day, 1911 | |
| Born | c. 1566/67 |
| Died | 10 April 1644 (aged 76–77) |
| Nationality | English subject |
| Occupation(s) | Postmaster and English teacher of Scrooby, preacher of Plymouth |
| Known for | Pilgrim |
| Spouse | Mary Brewster |
| Children |
|
| Parent(s) | William and Mary (Smythe) (Simkinson) Brewster |
Life in England edit
William Brewster was born in 1566 or 1567,[1] most probably in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England. He was the son of William Brewster and Mary (Smythe) (Simkinson) Brewster and he had a number of step-brothers and step-sisters, including James, Prudence, Henry, George, and Edward Brewster. His paternal grandparents were William Brewster (1510–1558), and Maud Mann (1513–1558).[2][3] Their other children were: Fear, (vicar) Henry, Prudence and Thomas Brewster.[citation needed]
Beginning in 1580, he studied briefly at Peterhouse, Cambridge, before entering the service of William Davison, ambassador to the Netherlands, in 1584, giving him opportunity to hear and see more of reformed religion.[4] Brewster was the only Pilgrim with political and diplomatic experience. With his mentor in prison, Brewster had returned home to Scrooby for a time, where he took up his father's former position as postmaster in 1590.[5] The historian Stephen Tomkins argues that William and Mary became puritans in the mid-to-late 1590s, judging by the names of their children, which became much more puritan after Jonathan.[6] It appears their daughter Fear, born about 1606, was named after her great-aunt Fear Brewster, who died unmarried about two years after William's daughter Fear was born.[citation needed]
Following the campaign led by Archbishop Bancroft to force puritan ministers out of the Church of England, the Brewsters joined the Brownist church led by John Robinson and Richard Clifton, inviting them to meet in their manor house in Scrooby. Restrictions and pressures applied by the authorities convinced the congregation of a need to emigrate to the more sympathetic atmosphere of Holland, and Brewster organized the removal. Leaving England without permission was illegal at the time, so that departure was a complex matter. On its first attempt, in 1607, the group was arrested at Scotia Creek, but in 1608, Brewster and others were successful in leaving from the Humber.[5]
Life in Holland edit
Robinson's church lived for a year in Amsterdam, but in 1609 one of their fellow Brownist churches there led by John Smyth became the first Baptist church. In the controversy that followed, Robinson and Brewster decided to take their church to Leiden.[citation needed]
Brewster lived near St. Peter's church (Dutch: Pieterskerk) in Leiden with his wife and children. He was chosen as assistant and later as an elder to Pastor John Robinson. He was still an elder when he traveled to Plymouth Colony in 1620.[3]
In Leiden, the group managed to make a living. Brewster had struggled for money in Amsterdam, but in Leiden he taught English to university students. In 1610–11, Robinson and Brewster acted as mediators when the Ancient Church, the oldest Brownist congregation in Amsterdam, split into two factions following Francis Johnson and Henry Ainsworth, but they failed to reconcile them.[8]
Brewster printed and published religious books for sale in England, but they were proscribed there. The press was prolific, printing "seven books against the regime of the Church of England in 1618 alone."[9] In 1618, Brewster's press published De regimine Ecclesianae Scoticanae by Scottish minister David Calderwood, which was highly critical of James VI and his government of the Kirk. They followed it up in April 1619 with Perth Assembly. King James ordered an international manhunt for the writer and printer, but Brewster went underground. According to historian Stephen Tomkins, Brewster handed himself over to the Dutch authorities, who refused to send him to his death in England and so told James that they had arrested the wrong person and let him go.[10] Tomkins judges that Brewster's printing operation "came close to ruining his church's plans for America".[9]
Brewster and Robinson were the prime movers in the decision to sail for America, but once he was in hiding the Separatists looked to their deacon John Carver and to Robert Cushman to carry on negotiations with the appropriate officials in London.[11] Brewster returned to the Leiden congregation in 1620, when it was time for the Speedwell to sail to England. He had been hiding out in Holland and perhaps even England for the last year. At the time of his return, Brewster was the highest-ranking layman of the congregation and was their designated elder in Plymouth Colony.[12]
Brewster joined the first group of Separatists aboard the Mayflower on the voyage to America. He was accompanied by his wife Mary and his sons Love and Wrestling.[13]
Mayflower voyage edit
Among the people boarding the Mayflower were four unaccompanied children from Shipton, Shropshire. They were placed as indentured servants with senior Separatists William Brewster, John Carver and Robert Cushman, on behalf of Samuel More, husband of the children's mother, Katherine More. The children were placed without their mother's permission after four rancorous years between the Mores over charges of adultery against Katherine and her longtime lover, the children's alleged father. Two children were placed with William and Mary Brewster.[14]
The Mayflower departed Plymouth in England in September 1620. The 100-foot vessel carried 102 passengers and a crew of 30 to 40 in extremely cramped conditions. During the voyage, the ship was buffeted by strong westerly gales. The caulking of its planks was failing to keep out sea water, and the passengers' berths were not always dry. On the journey there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger. After being blown off course by gales, the Mayflower made a landing at Cape Cod. Finding the area near Provincetown occupied by indigenous people, the ship's company decided to continue exploring along the nearby coast. The group arrived in the area near present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, on 21 December 1620. In the space of several months almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh New England winter.[15]
In Plymouth Colony edit
When the passengers of the Mayflower landed at Plymouth Colony, Brewster became the senior elder, and so served as the religious leader of the colony;[citation needed] in the colony, he became a separatist leader and preacher,[16] and eventually,[when?] as an adviser to Governor William Bradford.[citation needed] Brewster's son Jonathan joined the family in November 1621, arriving at Plymouth on the ship Fortune, and daughters Patience and Fear arrived in July 1623 aboard the Anne.[17]
As the only university-educated member of the colony, Brewster took the part of the colony's religious leader until pastor Ralph Smith arrived in 1629. Thereafter, he continued to preach irregularly until his death in April 1644. "He was tenderhearted and compassionate of such as were in misery," Bradford wrote, "but especially of such as had been of good estate and rank and fallen unto want and poverty."[5]
Brewster was granted land among the islands of Boston Harbor, and four of the outer islands (Great Brewster, Little Brewster, Middle Brewster, and Outer Brewster) now bear his name. In 1632, he received lands in nearby Duxbury and removed from Plymouth to create a farm there.[18]
In 1634, smallpox and influenza ravaged both the English and the Indians in the region. Brewster's family had managed to survive the first terrible winter unscathed, but they lost daughters Fear and Patience, now married to Isaac Allerton and Thomas Prence, respectively.[19]
Family and other charges edit
Marriage edit
About 1590 or 1592, William Brewster married a woman named Mary,[3][20] whose surname is unknown, although researchers have proposed Wentworth and Wyrall, along with a handful of children—all of which have been disproved with documentation, as summarized in the 2014 'silver' volume on William Brewster published by the General Society of Mayflower Descendants. No formal record of the marriage of William Brewster appears in the preserved marriage records of Nottinghamshire Archives.[21] Clandestine marriages and marriages without banns or license before an officiant were not unknown in Nottinghamshire around 1590–96. Thus it is possible one of the following officiated at the marriage about 1590–92 of William Brewster: 1) his uncle Henry Brewster, vicar of Sutton-cum-Lound 1565–94; 2) John Naylor, who was vicar of North Clifton 1588–1626+ and was involved in a clandestine marriage 1 December 1591; and 3) Thomas Hancock, curate of Headon until 1592 when curate of West Retford, and who was presented in 1592 for marrying R. Southworth in Scrooby Chapel without banns or license while curate of Headon. The extensive search for further information on Mary continues, and the number of researchers includes Jeremy Bangs, Director of the American Pilgrim Museum in Leiden, Holland; Caleb Johnson; and Louise Throop.[21]
Children edit
Their first surviving child Jonathan was born on 12 August 1593, according to "The Brewster Book" in the handwriting of Jonathan. The first three known children were born in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. A more comprehensive list of children is as follows, although there were possibly children born 1591, 1595, 1597, and 1602, who would have possibly died in the plague of the autumn of 1603 and the winter of 1603–4. Others born 1604 and 1608 may also have died young:[citation needed]
- Jonathan Brewster (12 August 1593 – 7 August 1659) married Lucretia Oldham of Derby on 10 April 1624 and were the parents of 8 children.
- Patience Brewster (c. 1600 – 12 December 1634) married Gov. Thomas Prence of Lechlade, Gloucestershire, 4 children.
- Fear Brewster (c. 1606 – before 1634), apparently named after her great-aunt Fear Brewster. Married Isaac Allerton of London, 2 children.
- Unnamed child was born, died, and buried in 1609 in Leiden, Holland.
- Love Brewster was born in Leiden, Holland about 1611 and died between 6 October 1650 and 31 January 1650–1 at Duxbury, in Plymouth Colony. At the age of about 9, he traveled on the Mayflower to Plymouth Colony with his father, mother, and brother Wrestling. There he married Sarah Collier on 15 May 1634. Love and Sarah were the parents of four children.
- Wrestling Brewster was born in 1614 in Leiden, Holland, was living in 1627, and died unmarried before the 1644 settlement of his father's estate.[3]
Other charges edit
Three of the Mayflower pilgrims, including William Brewster, took responsibility for children of Samuel More, who accompanied him and others as indentured servants:
- Mary More, age 4, assigned as a servant of William Brewster. She died sometime in the winter of 1620–1. Her burial place is unknown, but may have been on Cole's Hill in Plymouth in an unmarked grave, as with so many others buried there that winter. As with her sister Ellen, she is recognized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb in Plymouth, misidentified after her sister's name as "and a brother (children)," the mistake of calling her "a brother" arising from William Bradford's failing memory years after the event of her death.[citation needed]
- Richard More, age 6, servant of William Brewster. He resided with the Brewster family until about mid-1627 when his term of indentureship expired. His name appears, at age 14, in a census as a member of the Brewster family, in what was called then "New Plimouth". By 1628, Richard was in the employ of Pilgrim Isaac Allerton, who was engaged in trans-Atlantic trading.
In addition to these, Jasper More, age 7, was assigned to John Carver as a servant, but died of a "common infection" in December 1620 while the Mayflower was in Cape Cod Harbor (several weeks after Elinor). He was buried ashore in the area of what is now Provincetown, where a memorial plaque bears his and the names of four others "who died at sea while the ship lay at Cape Cod Harbor" in November/December 1620. Finally, Elinor More, age 8, was assigned to Edward Winslow as a servant, but died in November 1620 soon after the arrival of the Mayflower at Cape Cod Harbor. Her burial place is unknown, but may have been ashore on Cape Cod similar to her brother Jasper. With many others who died that winter, her name appears on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, Cole's Hill, Plymouth, Massachusetts.[22][23][24][25][26]
Death edit
William Brewster died on 10 April 1644,[1] at Duxbury, Plymouth Colony.[27] He was predeceased by his wife, Mary Brewster, who died in April 1627, aged about sixty.[3][28][self-published source]. A cenotaph stone was erected for him and his wife Mary, commemorating his honor; "Elder William Brewster, Patriarch of the Pilgrims and their Ruling Elder 1609–1644".[29] William Brewster was characterized in a 1992 biography as the "father of New England"[30]: 1 and a "sine qua non of the entire Pilgrim adventure, its backbone, its brain and its conscience."[30]: 1
Places and things named after Brewster edit
- Great Brewster Island
- Little Brewster Island
- Middle Brewster Island
- Outer Brewster Island
- Brewster, Massachusetts
- Brewster Gardens
- Brewster Chair
- Brewster, Nebraska
- William Brewstersteeg ("Brewster's Alley"), Leiden[31]
Notable descendants edit
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2015) |
References edit
- ^ a b Stratton, Eugene Aubrey (1986). Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, p. 251, Salt Lake City, UT, US: Ancestry Publishing.
- ^ a b Merrick, Barbara Lambert [Ed., Comp.] (2000). William Brewster of the Mayflower and His Descendants for Four Generations, 3rd Rev. Edn., pp. 1–5, 30-35, Plymouth, MA, US: General Society of Mayflower Descendants.
- ^ a b c d e A genealogical profile of William Brewster (a collaboration between Plymouth Plantation and New England Historic Genealogical Society)
- ^ "Brewster, William (BRWR580W)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ a b c Philbrick, pp. 16-18.
- ^ Tomkins, Stephen (2020). The Journey to the Mayflower. New York and London: Pegasus. p. 259. ISBN 9781473649101.
- ^ Wallace Nutting (1921). Furniture of the Pilgrim century: 1620–1720, including colonial utensils and hardware. Marshall Jones Company. p. 182.
- ^ Tomkins. The Journey to the Mayflower. p. 289.
- ^ a b Tomkins. The Journey to the Mayflower. p. 320.
- ^ Tomkins. The Journey to the Mayflower. p. 325.
- ^ Philbrick, p. 19.
- ^ Philbrick, p. 25.
- ^ David Lindsay, Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) p. 31
- ^ Donald F. Harris, PhD., the Mayflower Descendant (July 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 pp. 112–114.
- ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 413
- ^ Philbrick, p. 46.
- ^ Philbrick, p. 125.
- ^ Steele, Ashbel (1857). Chief of the Pilgrims: Or, The Life and Time of William Brewster, Ruling Elder of the Pilgrim Company That Founded New Plymouth, the Parent Colony of New England, in 1620, p. 353, Philadelphia, PA, US: J.B. Lippincott.
- ^ Philbrick, p. 172.
- ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620, the Fortune in 1621, and the Anne and the Little James in 1623 (Baltimore, MD.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) pp. 36, 37
- ^ a b Bangs, Jeremy Dupertius (2012). The Mayflower Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 2 (June), p. 145.
- ^ David Lindsay, Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger Amongst the Pilgrims (New York: St. Martins Press, 2002), pp 102–104 and pp. 25–27, 102–104, 150–152
- ^ Harris, Donald F. (1994). "The More Children of the Mayflower, Part III," The Mayflower Descendant, Vol. 44, no. 2 (July), p. 4.
- ^ Philbrick, p. 26, 76.
- ^ Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and Their New World, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010) pp. 253–254
- ^ Mayflower Families Volume 15 Family of Richard More (Published by General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1997), p. 151, Plymouth, MA, US: General Society of Mayflower Descendants.
- ^ Bradford, William. Of Plymouth Colony: 1608-1650.
- ^ Caleb H. Johnson, The Mayflower and Her Passengers (Indiana: Xlibris Corp., copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson), pp. 94 & 98
- ^ Note that at the bottom of the carved stone it states that both are in "Unknown graves in Plymouth possibly in or near Burial Hill". Only one other cemetery existed at the time called "Coles Hill".Memorial for William Brewster at findagrave
- ^ a b Kirk-Smith, Harold (1992). William Brewster: "The father of New England": his life and times 1567-1644. Boston, Lincolnshire, UK: Richard Kay. ISBN 0-902662-93-7.
- ^ "William Brewstersteeg". Leiden: Key to Discovery. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ Jones, 38
- ^ Cottrell, Robert C. (2010). . Harvard Square Library. pp. 1–12. ISBN 9780231119726. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Roberts, Gary Boyd (1983). Genealogies of Connecticut Families: From the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, p. 649, 668, Baltimore, MD, US: Genealogical Publishing, ISBN 9780806310305.
- ^ a b c Jones, 766
- ^ a b c Jones, 767
- ^ a b c Jones, 768
- ^ Johnson, Caleb (2007). . Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ Wright, R.W. (1878). Biographical Record: Yale University, Class of 1842, New Haven, CT, US: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor.
- ^ Jones, 781f
- ^ Jones, 351
- ^ Jones, 352
- ^ Jones, 353
- ^ Mather, Frederic Gregory (1913). The Refugees of 1776 from Long Island to Connecticut. Albany, New York: J. B. Lyon. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-55613-342-8.
- ^ a b Jones, 625
- ^ a b Jones, 626
- ^ Jones, 1064
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- ^ a b c Jones, 120
- ^ a b c Jones, 521
- ^ a b c Jones, 235
- ^ Jones, p. 189
- ^ . E!. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- ^ Kabaservice, 16
- ^ Obituary: "Kingman Brewster, Jr." The New York Times 9 November 1988.
- ^ "Paget Brewster Family Tree and Famous Kin".
- ^ Jones, 143
- ^ Jones, 144
- ^ Jones, 280
- ^ Fitch, Noel Riley (1999). Appetite for Life: The Biography of Julia Child, p. 10, New York, NY, US: Doubleday.
- ^ a b Giddins, Gary (2002). Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams, The Early Years 1903–1940. Back Bay Books. p. 24. ISBN 9780316886451.
- ^ Edith L. Blumhofer, Her Heart Can See: The life and Hymns of Fanny J. Crosby (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2005):11.
- ^ Reitwiesner, William Addams (2007). "Ancestry of Ted Danson".
- ^ Gates, Henry Louis. "Finding Your Roots". PBS. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ a b Reitwiesner, William Addams (2007). "Ancestry of George W. Bush". Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Jones, p. 16
- ^ William Brewster of the Mayflower and the Fifth Generation Descendants of his son Jonathan2, Barbara Lambert Merrick, 1999, p 137
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd (n.d.). "The New England Ancestry of Actor Richard (Tiffany) Gere". New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ Gipson, Lawrence Henry (1969). "An Appreciation," in Gaetano L. Vincitorio et al. (eds.), Crisis in the "Great republic": Essays Presented to Ross J.S. Hoffman, p. xiv, LOCATION: Fordham University Press.
- ^ James R. Bakker. "Dorothy Lake Gregory (1893–1970)". Bakker Art and Antiques. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Jones, 784
- ^ Newport Historical Society (1913). Items of interest concerning Oliver Hazard Perry in Newport, and Newport in the War of 1812, p. 24, Newport, RI, US: Newport Historical Society.
- ^ a b c Jones, 21
- ^ a b c Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1898). American ancestry: Giving the name and descent, in the male line, of Americans whose ancestors settled in the United States previous to the Declaration of independence, A.D. 1776, Vol. 11, p. 150, Albany, NY, US: J. Munsell's Sons.[full citation needed]
- ^ Jones, 274
- ^ Jones, 620
- ^ Jones, 621
- ^ Anon. (1998). The Mayflower Quarterly, Vol. 64, Plymouth, MA, US: General Society of Mayflower Descendants.[full citation needed]
- ^ Jones, 32
- ^ Child, Christopher Challender (2007). "Ancestry of Seth MacFarlane". Retrieved 10 March 2010.[full citation needed]
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- ^ King, William Harvey (1905). "HISTORY OF HOMŒOPATHY AND ITS INSTITUTIONS IN AMERICA". Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ Jones, 15
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd (2000). . Archived from the original on 22 June 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
- ^ Johnson, Caleb (2007). . Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ a b Jones, 900
- ^ a b Jones, 901
- ^ Jones, 984
- ^ Rader, Dotson (1997). "Let Yourself Feel It All". Lakeland Ledger (23 November). Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (2005). David Hackett Souter:Traditional Republican on the Rehnquist Court. Oxford, Oxon, ENG: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780195159332.
- ^ Taylor, W.H. (1901). Taylor's Legislative History and Souvenir of Connecticut, 1897-1912: Portraits and Sketches of State Officials, Senators, Representatives, Etc. ... List of Committees. Portraits and Roll of Delegates to Constitutional Convention of 1902. The Proposed Constitution and the Vote, Volume 3.
- ^ Jones, 341
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd (n.d.). "The New England Ancestry of Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr". New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ a b Jones, 251
- ^ a b Jones, 252
- ^ a b Jones, 253
- ^ Johnson, Caleb (2007). . Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ Mayflower Descendents Book 1900 pages 297 74, 398 76
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd (n.d.). "The New England Ancestry of Sewall Green Wright". New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ "Finding Your Roots Season 9". Finding Your Roots. Season 9. Episode 10. 4 April 2023. PBS. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ "Mayflower Pilgrim Genealogies". buffysainte-marie.com. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
Sources edit
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 514.
- Jones, Emma C. Brewster (1908). The Brewster Genealogy, 1566–1907: A Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower," Ruling Elder of the Pilgrim Church Which Founded Plymouth Colony in 1620, New York, NY, US: Grafton Press.
- Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower : a story of courage, community, and war. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03760-5. OCLC 62766154.
- Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Further reading edit
- Kirk-Smith, Harold (1992). William Brewster: "The father of New England": his life and times 1567-1644. Boston, Lincolnshire, UK: Richard Kay. ISBN 0-902662-93-7.
- Burt, Daniel S. (2004). The Chronology of American Literature: America's Literary Achievements from the Colonial Era to Modern Times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780618168217.[full citation needed]
- Brewster, Emma C., The Brewster Genealogy, 1566–1907: a Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620 (New York: Grafton Press. 1908), Volume 1, Volume 2.
- Time Inc (29 November 1948). LIFE. p. 129.
- 'Brewster, William' in the American National Biography (2000) and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).
- Mary B. Sherwood, Pilgrim: A Biography of William Brewster (1982)
- Richard Greaves and Robert Zaller, eds. Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seveneeth Century (1982)
- Dorothy Brewster, William Brewster of the Mayflower (1970)
- Merrick, Barbara Lambert, ed. (2003). William Brewster of the Mayflower and the Fifth Generation Descendants of His Son Love. Mayflower families in progress. Plymouth, MA, US: General Society of Mayflower Descendants.
- Dowsing, J. Places of the Pilgrim Fathers Sunrise Press, London.
- David Beale, "The Mayflower Pilgrims: Roots of the Puritan, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Baptist Heritage" (Greenville, SC: Emerald House Group and BJU Press, 2000).
- Schmidt, Gary D. (1 June 2004). A Passionate Usefulness: The Life and Literary Labors of Hannah Adams. ISBN 9780813922720.
External links edit
- The Elder William Brewster Society, A Pilgrim Lineage Society
- Society of Mayflower Descendants in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
- William Bradford (1856). History of Plymouth Plantation. Little Brown.