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William Archibald Dunning

January 01, 1970

William Archibald Dunning (12 May 1857 – 25 August 1922)[1] was an American historian and political scientist at Columbia University noted for his work on the Reconstruction era of the United States. He founded the informal Dunning School of interpreting the Reconstruction era through his own writings and the Ph.D. dissertations of his numerous students. Dunning has been criticized for advocating white supremacist interpretations, his "blatant use of the discipline of history for reactionary ends"[2] and for offering "scholarly legitimacy to the disenfranchisement of southern blacks and to the Jim Crow system."[3]

William Archibald Dunning
Born(1857-05-12)12 May 1857
Plainfield, New Jersey, US
Died25 August 1922(1922-08-25) (aged 65)
Occupation(s)Professor, author
Parent(s)John H. Dunning and Catherine D. Trelease
Academic background
Alma materColumbia University
InfluencesHeinrich von Treitschke
Academic work
School or traditionDunning School
InstitutionsColumbia University
Notable studentsCharles Merriam
Influenced

Early life and education edit

Born in Plainfield, New Jersey, Dunning was the son of a successful businessman who enjoyed the classics. Dunning earned degrees at Columbia University (B.A. 1881, M.A. 1884, and Ph.D. 1885).[4] He spent a year in Berlin studying European history under Heinrich von Treitschke.[citation needed]

Soon after his return and beginning his academic career, in 1888 he married Charlotte E. Loomis. They had no children. She died in 1917.[5][6]

Career edit

Dunning began teaching at Columbia and was steadily promoted on the academic ladder (fellow, lecturer, instructor, adjunct professor, and full professor); in 1903 he was appointed as the Francis Lieber Professor of History and Political Philosophy.[4]

He published his PhD dissertation, The Constitution of the United States in Civil War and Reconstruction: 1860–1867 (1897), at age 40 after he had been teaching for several years.

His scholarly essays, collected in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction and Related Topics, (1897), included work that explained the legal basis for the destruction of slavery, an institution he opposed. His survey Reconstruction, Political and Economic: 1865–1877 (1907), for the "American Nation" series, set the tone. Dunning believed that his Reconstruction book was too superficial. He felt that it had distracted him from his major work on the history of political theory.[7]

Dunning had a dual role in history and political science. He was a long-time editor of Political Science Quarterly.[4] He was a leading expert in the history of political thought, as expressed in his trilogy: A History of Political Theories: Ancient and Medieval (1902), From Luther to Montesquieu (1905), and From Rousseau to Spencer (1920).[8][9]

Although his health was poor after 1903, Dunning wrote numerous scholarly articles and book reviews for the American Historical Review and the Political Science Quarterly, which he edited from 1894 to 1903. Dunning was a founder and long-time activist of the American Historical Association, becoming AHA president in 1913. He served as the president of the American Political Science Association in 1922.

Evaluating his contributions in 2000, Smith says Dunning was far more important as a graduate teacher than as a research scholar. Columbia was a leading producer of PhDs, and Dunning directed much graduate work in U.S. history and in European political thought. His students included men who became leading scholars and academic entrepreneurs, such as Charles Merriam, Harry Elmer Barnes, James Wilford Garner and Carlton J. H. Hayes. He also mentored C. Mildred Thompson, the history professor who became dean at Vassar College. Thompson drafted the charter for UNESCO (the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization), and worked for civil rights in Atlanta.[10]

Dunning gave lifelong support to his students, providing continuous encouragement in their careers. They honored him with a Festschrift in 1914, Studies in Southern History and Politics Inscribed to William Archibald Dunning . . . by His Former Pupils the Authors (1914).[11]

School of thought edit

Main article: Dunning School

Many Southerners (and some Northerners) took PhDs in History under Dunning and returned to the South for academic careers, where they dominated the major history departments. Those who wrote dissertations on Reconstruction included James W. Garner, Walter Lynwood Fleming, J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Charles W. Ramsdell, C. Mildred Thompson, William Watson Davis, and Thomas S. Staple.[12] They comprised the so-called "Dunning School". Their interpretation of post-Civil War Reconstruction was the dominant theory taught in American universities through much of the first half of the 20th century. Bradley says, "The Dunning school condemned Reconstruction as a conspiracy by vindictive radical Republicans to subjugate southern whites at bayonet point, using federal troops to prop up corrupt state regimes led by an unholy trinity of carpetbaggers, scalawags, and freedmen."[13] Bradley notes that the Dunning interpretation in the 1930s and 1940s also "received compelling treatment in such popular works as Claude Bowers’s The Tragic Era and Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the Wind—both the best-selling novel and the blockbuster film."[14]

According to Dunning, Reconstruction's players include the "carpetbaggers", particularly new white arrivals from the North, whom the Dunning School portrayed as greedy interlopers exploiting the South and dominating the Republican Party; the "scalawags", native southern whites collaborating with the Republicans; and the freedmen, whom the Dunning School portrayed as tools of the carpetbaggers with little independent voice. He was sympathetic to the white Southerners, whom they saw as being stripped of their rights after 1865 by a vengeful North. They assumed the black vote was controlled by carpetbaggers.

Dunning and his followers portrayed former planters, the elite political, social and economic class, as honorable people with the South's best interests in mind.[15]

Dunning wrote from the point of view of the northern Democrats [citation needed] and portrayed the Radical Republicans as men who violated American traditions and were motivated by vengeance after the American Civil War.

Criticism edit

W. E. B. Du Bois led the criticism of the Dunning School, taking it to task in the introduction of Black Reconstruction in America. Historian Eric Foner wrote that the Dunning School "offered scholarly legitimacy to the disenfranchisement of southern blacks and to the Jim Crow system that was becoming entrenched as they were writing," and that "the alleged horrors of Reconstruction helped freeze the mind of the white South in bitter opposition to any change in the region’s racial system." Foner adds that "the fundamental flaw in the Dunning School was the authors’ deep racism," and that "racism shaped not only their interpretations of history but their research methods and use of historical evidence."[3][16]: x–xi 

Dunning referred to freedmen as "barbarous" and defended the racist black codes as "a conscientious and straightforward attempt to bring some sort of order" out of the aftermath of war and emancipation. Dunning wrote that the freedmen were not "on the same social, moral and intellectual plane with the whites" and that "restrictions in respect to bearing arms, testifying in court, and keeping labor contracts were justified by the well-established traits and habits of the negroes[.]"[17]

In Black Reconstruction in America (1935), Du Bois characterized Dunning's Reconstruction, Political and Economic as a "standard, anti-Negro" text. Du Bois noted, "Dunning admits that "The legislation of the reorganized governments, under cover of police regulations and vagrancy laws, had enacted severe discrimination against the freedmen in all the common civil rights."[18]

Historian Howard K. Beale was a leader of the "revisionist" school of the 1930s that broke with the Dunning interpretation. Beale says the Dunning School broke new ground by escaping the political polemics of the day and used "meticulous and thorough research [...] in an effort to determine the truth rather than prove a thesis."[19]: 807  Beale states that, "The emphasis of the Dunning school was upon the harm done to the South by Radical Reconstruction and on the sordid political and economic motives behind Radicalism."[19]

After 1950, the Dunning School was attacked by a new generation of historians. In keeping with European ideas about history "from the bottom up" and the agency of all classes of people, together with new research, they documented the place of African Americans at the center of Reconstruction. The revisionist view was expanded and revised by Eric Foner and others.[20] They castigated Dunning for his harsh treatment of Blacks in his Reconstruction (1907). However, Muller claimed that Dunning was equally harsh on all the major players: "Dunning's antipathy in Reconstruction is generously heaped on all groups, regardless of race, color, creed, or sectional origins."[21]

Works edit

 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
William Archibald Dunning
  • Irish Land Legislation Since 1845. (New York: Ginn, 1892)
  • Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction and Related Topics (1897, 2nd ed. 1904) online edition
  • History of Political Theories, Ancient and Mediœval (3 vol., 1902–1920) vol 1 online; vol 2 online; vol 3 online
  • History of Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu (1905)
  • Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865–1877 (1907) online edition
  • A Sketch of Carl Schurz's Political Career, 1869–1906 (with Frederic Bancroft; 1908)
  • Paying for Alaska (1912)
  • The British Empire and the United States; a review of their relations during the century of peace following the treaty of Ghent, by William Archibald Dunning with an introduction by the Right Honourable Viscount Bryce, O.M., and a preface by Nicholas Murray Butler (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1914)
  • Studies in Southern History and Politics (1914) online edition
  • Books by William Archibald Dunning at Google Books
  • A History of Political Theories from Rousseau to Spencer (New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1972)

References edit

  1. ^ "William A. Dunning Biography". historians.org. American Historical Association. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  2. ^ Gordon-Reed, Annette (26 October 2015). "What If Reconstruction Hadn't Failed?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b Smith, John David; Lowery, J. Vincent, eds. (18 October 2013). The Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of Reconstruction. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-8131-4225-8. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Merriam, Charles E. (1922). "William Archibald Dunning". American Political Science Review. 16 (4): 692–694. doi:10.2307/1943651. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1943651.
  5. ^ Mark C. Smith. "Dunning, William Archibald" in American National Biography Online, 2000
  6. ^ J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, "Dunning, William Archibald," in Dictionary of American Biography (1930), vol 3
  7. ^ Muller (1974) p 331n24
  8. ^ Merriam, Charles E. (1921). "Review of A History of Political Theories From Rousseau to Spencer". American Journal of Sociology. 27 (2): 250–250. ISSN 0002-9602.
  9. ^ Lloyd, Alfred H. (1906). "Review of A History of Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu". The American Historical Review. 11 (2): 368–371. doi:10.2307/1834657. ISSN 0002-8762.
  10. ^ William Harris Bragg, "C. Mildred Thompson (1881–1975)," The New Georgia Encyclopedia (2005)
  11. ^ Smith (2000)
  12. ^ Muller (1974) p 334
  13. ^ Mark L. Bradley, Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina (2009) p 268
  14. ^ Bradley, Bluecoats and Tar Heels (2009), p. 268
  15. ^ McCrary, Peyton, "The Reconstruction Myth" in Encyclopedia of Southern Culture
  16. ^ Smith and Lowery, 2013
  17. ^ Dunning, William Archibald, Reconstruction Political and Economic: 1865–1877.
  18. ^ Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, by Dunning, p. 92, cited and quoted in Du Bois, W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 (1935) pp. 179–180.
  19. ^ a b Beale, 1940
  20. ^ Thomas J. Brown, Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006.
  21. ^ Muller (1974), p. 335

Further reading edit

  • Beale, Howard K. (July 1940). "On Rewriting Reconstruction History". The American Historical Review. 45 (4): 807–827. doi:10.2307/1854452. JSTOR 1854452.
  • Du Bois, W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 (1937) pp. 179–180.
  • Fitzgerald, Michael W. "Political Reconstruction, 1865–1877," in A Companion to the American South, ed. John B. Boles (Blackwell, 2002), 84–302.
  • Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. 1988.
  • Franklin, John Hope. "Mirror for Americans: A Century of Reconstruction History," presidential address, American Historical Association. 1979.[1]
  • Hamilton, J. G. de Roulhac. "Dunning, William Archibald," in Dictionary of American Biography (1930) vol 3
  • McCrary, Peyton. "The Reconstruction Myth," in Encyclopedia of Southern Culture (University of North Carolina Press: 1989)
  • Muller, Philip R. "Look Back Without Anger: A Reappraisal of William A. Dunning," Journal of American History (1974): 61 #2 325–38. in JSTOR
  • Simkins, Francis B. "New Viewpoints of Southern Reconstruction," Journal of Southern History (1939) 5#1 pp 49–61; in JSTOR
  • Smith, John David; Lowery, J. Vincent, eds. (18 October 2013). The Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of Reconstruction. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4225-8. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  • Smith, Mark C. "Dunning, William Archibald" in American National Biography Online Feb. 2000, Access Date: May 19, 2013
  • Stephenson, Wendell Holmes. South Lives in History: Southern Historians and Their Legacy (1969)
  • Weisberger, Bernard A. "The Dark and Bloody Ground of Reconstruction Historiography," Journal of Southern History (1959) 25: 427–447. in JSTOR
  • Wharton, Vernon L. "Reconstruction," in Writing Southern History: Essays in Historiography in Honor of Fletcher M. Green, ed. Arthur S. Link and Rembert W. Patrick (Louisiana State University Press, 1965), pp 295–315
  • Williams, T. Harry. "An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes," Journal of Southern History (1946) 12:469–486 in JSTOR
  • Zeitz, Joshua. The New Republic, 18 January 1999, pp. 13–15.

January 01, 1970
william, archibald, dunning, 1857, august, 1922, american, historian, political, scientist, columbia, university, noted, work, reconstruction, united, states, founded, informal, dunning, school, interpreting, reconstruction, through, writings, dissertations, n. William Archibald Dunning 12 May 1857 25 August 1922 1 was an American historian and political scientist at Columbia University noted for his work on the Reconstruction era of the United States He founded the informal Dunning School of interpreting the Reconstruction era through his own writings and the Ph D dissertations of his numerous students Dunning has been criticized for advocating white supremacist interpretations his blatant use of the discipline of history for reactionary ends 2 and for offering scholarly legitimacy to the disenfranchisement of southern blacks and to the Jim Crow system 3 William Archibald DunningBorn 1857 05 12 12 May 1857Plainfield New Jersey USDied25 August 1922 1922 08 25 aged 65 Occupation s Professor authorParent s John H Dunning and Catherine D TreleaseAcademic backgroundAlma materColumbia UniversityInfluencesHeinrich von TreitschkeAcademic workSchool or traditionDunning SchoolInstitutionsColumbia UniversityNotable studentsCharles MerriamInfluencedHarry Elmer Barnes James Wilford Garner Carlton J H Hayes Walter Lynwood Fleming J G de Roulhac Hamilton Charles W Ramsdell U B Phillips Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 School of thought 4 Criticism 5 Works 6 References 7 Further readingEarly life and education editBorn in Plainfield New Jersey Dunning was the son of a successful businessman who enjoyed the classics Dunning earned degrees at Columbia University B A 1881 M A 1884 and Ph D 1885 4 He spent a year in Berlin studying European history under Heinrich von Treitschke citation needed Soon after his return and beginning his academic career in 1888 he married Charlotte E Loomis They had no children She died in 1917 5 6 Career editDunning began teaching at Columbia and was steadily promoted on the academic ladder fellow lecturer instructor adjunct professor and full professor in 1903 he was appointed as the Francis Lieber Professor of History and Political Philosophy 4 He published his PhD dissertation The Constitution of the United States in Civil War and Reconstruction 1860 1867 1897 at age 40 after he had been teaching for several years His scholarly essays collected in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction and Related Topics 1897 included work that explained the legal basis for the destruction of slavery an institution he opposed His survey Reconstruction Political and Economic 1865 1877 1907 for the American Nation series set the tone Dunning believed that his Reconstruction book was too superficial He felt that it had distracted him from his major work on the history of political theory 7 Dunning had a dual role in history and political science He was a long time editor of Political Science Quarterly 4 He was a leading expert in the history of political thought as expressed in his trilogy A History of Political Theories Ancient and Medieval 1902 From Luther to Montesquieu 1905 and From Rousseau to Spencer 1920 8 9 Although his health was poor after 1903 Dunning wrote numerous scholarly articles and book reviews for the American Historical Review and the Political Science Quarterly which he edited from 1894 to 1903 Dunning was a founder and long time activist of the American Historical Association becoming AHA president in 1913 He served as the president of the American Political Science Association in 1922 Evaluating his contributions in 2000 Smith says Dunning was far more important as a graduate teacher than as a research scholar Columbia was a leading producer of PhDs and Dunning directed much graduate work in U S history and in European political thought His students included men who became leading scholars and academic entrepreneurs such as Charles Merriam Harry Elmer Barnes James Wilford Garner and Carlton J H Hayes He also mentored C Mildred Thompson the history professor who became dean at Vassar College Thompson drafted the charter for UNESCO the United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization and worked for civil rights in Atlanta 10 Dunning gave lifelong support to his students providing continuous encouragement in their careers They honored him with a Festschrift in 1914 Studies in Southern History and Politics Inscribed to William Archibald Dunning by His Former Pupils the Authors 1914 11 School of thought editMain article Dunning School Many Southerners and some Northerners took PhDs in History under Dunning and returned to the South for academic careers where they dominated the major history departments Those who wrote dissertations on Reconstruction included James W Garner Walter Lynwood Fleming J G de Roulhac Hamilton Charles W Ramsdell C Mildred Thompson William Watson Davis and Thomas S Staple 12 They comprised the so called Dunning School Their interpretation of post Civil War Reconstruction was the dominant theory taught in American universities through much of the first half of the 20th century Bradley says The Dunning school condemned Reconstruction as a conspiracy by vindictive radical Republicans to subjugate southern whites at bayonet point using federal troops to prop up corrupt state regimes led by an unholy trinity of carpetbaggers scalawags and freedmen 13 Bradley notes that the Dunning interpretation in the 1930s and 1940s also received compelling treatment in such popular works as Claude Bowers s The Tragic Era and Margaret Mitchell s Gone with the Wind both the best selling novel and the blockbuster film 14 According to Dunning Reconstruction s players include the carpetbaggers particularly new white arrivals from the North whom the Dunning School portrayed as greedy interlopers exploiting the South and dominating the Republican Party the scalawags native southern whites collaborating with the Republicans and the freedmen whom the Dunning School portrayed as tools of the carpetbaggers with little independent voice He was sympathetic to the white Southerners whom they saw as being stripped of their rights after 1865 by a vengeful North They assumed the black vote was controlled by carpetbaggers Dunning and his followers portrayed former planters the elite political social and economic class as honorable people with the South s best interests in mind 15 Dunning wrote from the point of view of the northern Democrats citation needed and portrayed the Radical Republicans as men who violated American traditions and were motivated by vengeance after the American Civil War Criticism editW E B Du Bois led the criticism of the Dunning School taking it to task in the introduction of Black Reconstruction in America Historian Eric Foner wrote that the Dunning School offered scholarly legitimacy to the disenfranchisement of southern blacks and to the Jim Crow system that was becoming entrenched as they were writing and that the alleged horrors of Reconstruction helped freeze the mind of the white South in bitter opposition to any change in the region s racial system Foner adds that the fundamental flaw in the Dunning School was the authors deep racism and that racism shaped not only their interpretations of history but their research methods and use of historical evidence 3 16 x xi Dunning referred to freedmen as barbarous and defended the racist black codes as a conscientious and straightforward attempt to bring some sort of order out of the aftermath of war and emancipation Dunning wrote that the freedmen were not on the same social moral and intellectual plane with the whites and that restrictions in respect to bearing arms testifying in court and keeping labor contracts were justified by the well established traits and habits of the negroes 17 In Black Reconstruction in America 1935 Du Bois characterized Dunning s Reconstruction Political and Economic as a standard anti Negro text Du Bois noted Dunning admits that The legislation of the reorganized governments under cover of police regulations and vagrancy laws had enacted severe discrimination against the freedmen in all the common civil rights 18 Historian Howard K Beale was a leader of the revisionist school of the 1930s that broke with the Dunning interpretation Beale says the Dunning School broke new ground by escaping the political polemics of the day and used meticulous and thorough research in an effort to determine the truth rather than prove a thesis 19 807 Beale states that The emphasis of the Dunning school was upon the harm done to the South by Radical Reconstruction and on the sordid political and economic motives behind Radicalism 19 After 1950 the Dunning School was attacked by a new generation of historians In keeping with European ideas about history from the bottom up and the agency of all classes of people together with new research they documented the place of African Americans at the center of Reconstruction The revisionist view was expanded and revised by Eric Foner and others 20 They castigated Dunning for his harsh treatment of Blacks in his Reconstruction 1907 However Muller claimed that Dunning was equally harsh on all the major players Dunning s antipathy in Reconstruction is generously heaped on all groups regardless of race color creed or sectional origins 21 Works edit nbsp Wikisource has original works by or about William Archibald Dunning Irish Land Legislation Since 1845 New York Ginn 1892 Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction and Related Topics 1897 2nd ed 1904 online edition History of Political Theories Ancient and Mediœval 3 vol 1902 1920 vol 1 online vol 2 online vol 3 online History of Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu 1905 Reconstruction Political and Economic 1865 1877 1907 online edition A Sketch of Carl Schurz s Political Career 1869 1906 with Frederic Bancroft 1908 Paying for Alaska 1912 The British Empire and the United States a review of their relations during the century of peace following the treaty of Ghent by William Archibald Dunning with an introduction by the Right Honourable Viscount Bryce O M and a preface by Nicholas Murray Butler New York C Scribner s Sons 1914 Studies in Southern History and Politics 1914 online edition Books by William Archibald Dunning at Google Books A History of Political Theories from Rousseau to Spencer New York Johnson Reprint Corp 1972 References edit William A Dunning Biography historians org American Historical Association Retrieved 7 September 2017 Gordon Reed Annette 26 October 2015 What If Reconstruction Hadn t Failed The Atlantic Retrieved 3 August 2017 a b Smith John David Lowery J Vincent eds 18 October 2013 The Dunning School Historians Race and the Meaning of Reconstruction Lexington KY University Press of Kentucky p xi ISBN 978 0 8131 4225 8 Retrieved 3 August 2017 a b c Merriam Charles E 1922 William Archibald Dunning American Political Science Review 16 4 692 694 doi 10 2307 1943651 ISSN 0003 0554 JSTOR 1943651 Mark C Smith Dunning William Archibald in American National Biography Online 2000 J G de Roulhac Hamilton Dunning William Archibald in Dictionary of American Biography 1930 vol 3 Muller 1974 p 331n24 Merriam Charles E 1921 Review of A History of Political Theories From Rousseau to Spencer American Journal of Sociology 27 2 250 250 ISSN 0002 9602 Lloyd Alfred H 1906 Review of A History of Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu The American Historical Review 11 2 368 371 doi 10 2307 1834657 ISSN 0002 8762 William Harris Bragg C Mildred Thompson 1881 1975 The New Georgia Encyclopedia 2005 Smith 2000 Muller 1974 p 334 Mark L Bradley Bluecoats and Tar Heels Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina 2009 p 268 Bradley Bluecoats and Tar Heels 2009 p 268 McCrary Peyton The Reconstruction Myth in Encyclopedia of Southern Culture Smith and Lowery 2013 Dunning William Archibald Reconstruction Political and Economic 1865 1877 Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction by Dunning p 92 cited and quoted in Du Bois W E B Black Reconstruction in America 1860 1880 1935 pp 179 180 a b Beale 1940 Thomas J Brown Reconstructions New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States Oxford Oxford UP 2006 Muller 1974 p 335Further reading editBeale Howard K July 1940 On Rewriting Reconstruction History The American Historical Review 45 4 807 827 doi 10 2307 1854452 JSTOR 1854452 Du Bois W E B Black Reconstruction in America 1860 1880 1937 pp 179 180 Fitzgerald Michael W Political Reconstruction 1865 1877 in A Companion to the American South ed John B Boles Blackwell 2002 84 302 Foner Eric Reconstruction America s Unfinished Revolution 1863 1877 1988 Franklin John Hope Mirror for Americans A Century of Reconstruction History presidential address American Historical Association 1979 1 Hamilton J G de Roulhac Dunning William Archibald in Dictionary of American Biography 1930 vol 3 McCrary Peyton The Reconstruction Myth in Encyclopedia of Southern Culture University of North Carolina Press 1989 Muller Philip R Look Back Without Anger A Reappraisal of William A Dunning Journal of American History 1974 61 2 325 38 in JSTOR Simkins Francis B New Viewpoints of Southern Reconstruction Journal of Southern History 1939 5 1 pp 49 61 in JSTOR Smith John David Lowery J Vincent eds 18 October 2013 The Dunning School Historians Race and the Meaning of Reconstruction Lexington Kentucky University Press of Kentucky ISBN 978 0 8131 4225 8 Retrieved 7 September 2017 Smith Mark C Dunning William Archibald in American National Biography Online Feb 2000 Access Date May 19 2013 Stephenson Wendell Holmes South Lives in History Southern Historians and Their Legacy 1969 Weisberger Bernard A The Dark and Bloody Ground of Reconstruction Historiography Journal of Southern History 1959 25 427 447 in JSTOR Wharton Vernon L Reconstruction in Writing Southern History Essays in Historiography in Honor of Fletcher M Green ed Arthur S Link and Rembert W Patrick Louisiana State University Press 1965 pp 295 315 Williams T Harry An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes Journal of Southern History 1946 12 469 486 in JSTOR Zeitz Joshua The New Republic 18 January 1999 pp 13 15 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title William Archibald Dunning amp oldid 1216401374, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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