Wiebesia pumilae
Wiebesia pumilae is a fig wasp species in Genus Wiebesia, Family Agaonidae. W. pumilae is the pollinator of Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang (Jelly Fig) and Ficus pumila var. pumila (Creeping Fig).[1] The scientific name was first published as Blastophaga pumilae in 1967 by Hill.[2]
| Wiebesia pumilae | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Agaonidae |
| Genus: | Wiebesia |
| Species: | W. pumilae |
| Binomial name | |
| Wiebesia pumilae (Hill, 1967) | |
W. pumilae are found in Taiwan, Hong Kong and China.[2][3] There are 3 pollinators of Ficus pumila: Wiebesia pumilae sp.1, Wiebesia pumilae sp.2, Wiebesia pumilae sp.3.[4]
Morphology edit
Male Wiebesia pumilae is 3.1–3.2 mm in length. Its body colour is yellow brown.[2]
Female Wiebesia pumilae is 2.0–2.8 mm in length, with forward ovipositor. Its body colour is dark brown with yellowish tibiae and tarsi.[2]
Pollination edit
The relationship of fig and fig wasp is a classic example of obligate mutualism and coevolution. Only pollinating wasps pollinate the figs, while fig wasps only lay their eggs inside the fig ovules.[5][6]
Jelly fig pollinating W. pumilae are different from Creeping fig pollinating W. pumilae in gene expression.[7] The genetic incompatibility can be caused by altitudinal adaptations, since jelly fig and creeping fig prefer different habitat altitudes.[8]
Creeping fig wasps can enter receptive female Jelly fig syconia and bear seeds, but they cannot enter its male syconia.[1] Jelly fig wasps can enter both receptive female Creeping fig syconia and bear seeds and can oviposit there as well.[1]
Life Cycle of Wiebesia pumilae edit
Pre-receptive stage edit
Wiebesia pumilae spend most of their time in larvae stage, from three weeks to nine months.[9][10][11][12] Wiebesia pumilae larvae grow in a galled ovule inside fig syconia.[13]
Receptive stage edit
During the receptive stage, adult female Wiebesia pumilae are attracted by host-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs).[1] VOCs aid adult female wasps to locate host figs. Female wasps enter figs through ostiole.[13]
Post-receptive stage edit
Wiebesia pumilae pollinate fig flowers and lay eggs inside their ovules.[13] After oviposition, the larvae feed on gall tissue and mature alongside fig seeds and pollen grains.[13]
Mature stage edit
As fertilised female pollinating wasps reach maturity, they leave their original fig and transfer pollen to another tree.[13]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d Chen, You-Ling; Huang, Mei-li; Wu, Wen-Shan; Wang, Ai-Fang; Bao, Tiantian; Zheng, Cui-Fang; Chou, Lien-Siang; Tzeng, Hsy-yu; Tu, Shu-wen (2016-10-01). "The floral scent of Ficus pumila var. pumila and its effect on the choosing behavior of pollinating wasps of Wiebesia pumilae". Acta Ecologica Sinica. 36 (5): 321–326. doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.06.008. ISSN 1872-2032.
- ^ a b c d Hill, Dennis S (1966). The figs (Ficus spp.) and fig wasps (Chalcidoidea) of Hong Kong (Thesis). The University of Hong Kong Libraries. doi:10.5353/th_b3122847 (inactive 2024-04-12).
{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ Wang, Hurng-Yi; Hsieh, Chia-Hung; Huang, Chin-Gi; Kong, Siu-Wah; Chang, Hsiao-Chi; Lee, Ho-Huei; Wang, Wei-Kuang; Chen, Shih-Lun; Tzeng, Hsy-Yu; Wu, Wen-Jer (2013). "Genetic and physiological data suggest demographic and adaptive responses in complex interactions between populations of figs ( Ficus pumila ) and their pollinating wasps ( Wiebesia pumilae )". Molecular Ecology. 22 (14): 3814–3832. doi:10.1111/mec.12336. PMID 23841862. S2CID 206179942.
- ^ CHEN, YAN; COMPTON, STEPHEN G.; LIU, MIN; CHEN, XIAO-YONG (2012-02-15). "Fig trees at the northern limit of their range: the distributions of cryptic pollinators indicate multiple glacial refugia". Molecular Ecology. 21 (7): 1687–1701. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05491.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 22335780. S2CID 20361148.
- ^ Kjellberg F, Jousselin E, Hossaert-McKey M, Rasplus J-Y (2005) Biology, ecology, and evolution of fig-pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). In: Raman A, Schaefer W, Withers TM (eds) Biology, ecology and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield (NH) USA, Plymouth (UK), pp 539–572
- ^ Bain, Anthony; Tzeng, Hsy-Yu; Wu, Wen-Jer; Chou, Lien-Siang (December 2015). "Ficus (Moraceae) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Taiwan". Botanical Studies. 56 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/s40529-015-0090-x. ISSN 1999-3110. PMC 5432906. PMID 28510820.
- ^ Wang, Hurng-Yi; Hsieh, Chia-Hung; Huang, Chin-Gi; Kong, Siu-Wah; Chang, Hsiao-Chi; Lee, Ho-Huei; Wang, Wei-Kuang; Chen, Shih-Lun; Tzeng, Hsy-Yu; Wu, Wen-Jer (July 2013). "Genetic and physiological data suggest demographic and adaptive responses in complex interactions between populations of figs ( F icus pumila ) and their pollinating wasps ( W iebesia pumilae )". Molecular Ecology. 22 (14): 3814–3832. doi:10.1111/mec.12336. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 23841862. S2CID 206179942.
- ^ Bai-Wei LO; Hunrg-Yi WANG (2021-09-01). "Genetic data revealed co-diversification and host switching in the Wiebesia pumilae species complex, pollinators of Ficus pumila". Taiwania. 66 (3). doi:10.6165/tai.2021.66.345.
- ^ Wang, Rong; Yang, Yang; Jing, Yi; Segar, Simon T.; Zhang, Yu; Wang, Gang; Chen, Jin; Liu, Qing-Feng; Chen, Shan; Chen, Yan; Cruaud, Astrid; Ding, Yuan-Yuan; Dunn, Derek W.; Gao, Qiang; Gilmartin, Philip M. (July 2021). "Molecular mechanisms of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in a plant–pollinator association". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (7): 974–986. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01469-1. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 34002050. S2CID 234768590.
- ^ Souza, Camila D.; Pereira, Rodrigo A. S.; Marinho, Cristina R.; Kjellberg, Finn; Teixeira, Simone P. (2015-09-29). "Diversity of fig glands is associated with nursery mutualism in fig trees". American Journal of Botany. 102 (10): 1564–1577. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500279. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 26419809.
- ^ Souto-Vilarós, Daniel; Proffit, Magali; Buatois, Bruno; Rindos, Michal; Sisol, Mentap; Kuyaiva, Thomas; Isua, Brus; Michalek, Jan; Darwell, Clive T.; Hossaert-McKey, Martine; Weiblen, George D.; Novotny, Vojtech; Segar, Simon T. (2018-05-25). "Pollination along an elevational gradient mediated both by floral scent and pollinator compatibility in the fig and fig-wasp mutualism". Journal of Ecology. 106 (6): 2256–2273. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12995. ISSN 0022-0477. S2CID 90343266.
- ^ Wang, Rong; Chen, Xiao-Yong; Chen, Yan; Wang, Gang; Dunn, Derek W.; Quinnell, Rupert J.; Compton, Stephen G. (2019-02-20). "Loss of top-down biotic interactions changes the relative benefits for obligate mutualists". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1897): 20182501. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2501. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6408880. PMID 30963835.
- ^ a b c d e Kjellberg, F., Jousselin, E., Hossaert-McKey, M., & Rasplus, J. Y. (2005). Biology, ecology, and evolution of fig-pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). Biology, ecology and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods, 2, 539–572.