West Bomberai languages
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The West Bomberai languages are a family of Papuan languages spoken on the Bomberai Peninsula of western New Guinea and in East Timor and neighboring islands of Indonesia.
| West Bomberai | |
|---|---|
| Bomberai–Timor | |
| Geographic distribution | West New Guinea, East Timor |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | west2604 (mainland West Bomberai) timo1261 (Timor–Alor–Pantar) |
Map: The West Bomberai languages of New Guinea The West Bomberai languages Other Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited | |
Languages edit
Two of the languages of the mainland, Baham and Iha, are closely related to each other; the third is distant, forming a third branch of the family along with the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages:[1]
- Mbahaam–Iha: Baham (Mbaham), Iha
- Karas
- Timor–Alor–Pantar
Ross (2005) classified Timor–Alor–Pantar with the mainland West Bomberai languages, although this connection is not universally accepted. Usher found that the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages resides within the West Bomberai languages, and is not just their closest relative. This suggests that Timor–Alor–Pantar may have been the result of a relatively recent migration from New Guinea, perhaps arriving in the Timor area shortly before the Austronesian languages did.
Classification edit
Ross (2005) classifies Timor–Alor–Pantar with the West Bomberai languages, the two groups forming a branch within West Trans–New Guinea. Based on a careful examination of new lexical data, Holton & Robinson (2014) find little evidence to support a connection between TAP and TNG.[2] However, Holton & Robinson (2017) concede that a relationship with Trans-New Guinea and West Bomberai in particular is the most likely hypothesis, though they prefer to leave it unclassified for now.[3] Usher (2020) finds that the two mainland branches of the family are no closer to each other than they are to the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages, and has begun to reconstruct the West Bomberai protolanguage.[1]
Phonemes edit
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant and vowel inventories as:[1]
| *p | *t | [*ts] | *k | *kʷ |
| *mb | *nd | [*ndz] | *ŋɡ | *ŋɡʷ |
| *m | *n | |||
| *s | ||||
| *w | *l, *r | *j |
Prenasalized plosives do not occur initially, having merged with the voiceless plosives.
The vowels are *i *u *e *o *a *ɒ and the diphthong *ai.
Pronouns edit
Usher (2020) reconstructs the free pronouns as:[1]
sg pl 1excl *[a/o]n *in 1incl *pi (?) 2 *k[a/o] *ki
Cognates edit
Protoforms of the 40 most-stable items[4] in the Swadesh list include the following.[1]
Proto–West Bomberai gloss *am[i/u]n louse *kira water *kʷali ear *k[i/u]m[i/u] die *[a/o]n I *kina eye *tana hand/arm *nai name *war stone *ami breast *k[a/o] you *[ja]ŋgal path ? tongue (*maŋg[a] voice/speech) *aŋgin body/skin *kaja rain *waik blood *ukʷan[i] one *ma come *tVmber mountain *ni- we *na[wa] eat/drink *kena[t] see *kʷel[e] skin/bark *jambar dog
Lexical comparison edit
The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1975),[5] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[6]
gloss Baham Iha head kendo-wame kanda hair tawe kandaːtən eye ki-ep kendep tooth sin-tap mihin-tap leg kueit kowk louse min mən dog yambar mbiar pig kundur ndur bird paru-baru je egg un wund blood wiek wek bone ntoxar togar skin pak ŋein tree ado-kwiria adoːp man namia nemeːr sun kamini kimina water kirya kra fire yambur toom stone war war name nie ne eat nowa nəw- one ogono kwo two -rik (he)rik
The following lexical data comparing West Bomberai with other languages of the Bomberai Peninsula and Geelvink Bay is from the Trans-New Guinea database[7] and Usher (2020),[8] unless noted otherwise.
| family | language | head | hair | ear | eye | nose | tooth | tongue | leg | blood | bone | skin | breast |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun | *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) | *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e | *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu | *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) | *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu | *amu |
| West Bomberai | Proto-Mbahaam-Iha[8] | *kaˈnda | *kʷⁱɛr | *wⁱɛk | *ˈtɔkar | *pak | *sɔn | ||||||
| Mor | Mor | idura | sa | nana | nasona | bana | wabmina | weten | gina | ||||
| Tanah Merah | Tanahmerah | breŋka; kidaso | nisa; nua | ka-bita; ndou | eti; kioni | kiwi; oto | kinatera; sa | naso; oro | ele; katane | ||||
| Mairasi | Proto-Etna Bay[8] | *-suɾu | *ɸiɾa | *mbiatu | *-mbi | *-ɾasi | *-saɸia | *-koɾa | *iseɾe | *tuɾa | *(na)-kia | *joku | |
| Keuw | Keuw[9] | kpúunt | téemé | mlúul | klókəә̀n | mée | áalì | kpíi | ntyéns | mpáakəә́t | túulí | ||
| East Cenderawasih Bay | Bauzi | dauha; ohula | ohuta | dogoi | fako; faxo | ɔmtɔ | mõ | iso | naba:; nao | vasɛa; veiso | fa; oveha | sogoba; sɔkɔba | ahudɛ |
| East Cenderawasih Bay | Tunggare | ʔohaha | ohitaʔi | hanua | mou | nal | nahavei | ha | isaʔa | ||||
| Burmeso | Burmeso | agum | ihiro | jenar | araruro | jago | sar | hiurap | asi memiro | ||||
| Abinomn | Abinomn[8] | dəm | [amir] | [ir] | seide | [is] | ame |
| family | language | louse | dog | pig | bird | egg | tree | sun | moon | water | fire | stone | path |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *niman | *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem | *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka | *ida; *inda ~ *iñja | *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana | *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] | *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] | *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p | *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna | |||
| West Bomberai | Proto-Mbahaam-Iha | *mɛⁱn | *jaˈmbar | *[ku]ˈndur | *wun | *wiˈra | *kaˈminV | *kaˈpas | *kiˈra | *war | |||
| Mor | Mor | twoa | afuna | bia | isa | utreta | wara | seba | sea | taha | puata | ||
| Tanah Merah | Tanahmerah | ia; miŋ | ibe; yoku | opo; tayna | awə; finanaburu | doŋ; no | o; ono; taya | soniŋ; weti | bu; moda | avonabe; siŋ | kenade; oru | ||
| Mairasi | Proto-Etna Bay | *kumai | *ansi | *[ɸ]embe | *sai | *ete | *tende | *aŋgane | *ɸat[e] | *iɸoɾo | *jaɸutu | *kae | |
| Keuw | Keuw | kómúul | páupǝn | bléemí | kúd | tandən | dyúutǝn | yél | núup | tóotí | ngkéempúkə | ||
| East Cenderawasih Bay | Bauzi | vɔa; vwa | vɛm; veme | doho; dɔhɔ | bume; bumɛ | ʔo; ɔɔ | uto | ala; ala(meoho) | ala | valo; vaɔ | üwa; vua | kɛ; khe | |
| East Cenderawasih Bay | Tunggare | ʔua | weme | doho | dinarate | ʔoʔo | uto-me | au | mana | urehe | hahia | ||
| Burmeso | Burmeso | hati | jamo | sibo | tohodo | kohũp | haman | misiavo | bau | hor | ako | ||
| Abinomn | Abinomn | dʒen | səre | wər | sər | mən | wor | jewon |
| family | language | man | woman | name | eat | one | two |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *abV; *ambi | *panV; *pan(V) | *ibi; *imbi; *wani | *na; *na- | *ta(l,t)(a,e) | |
| West Bomberai | Proto-Mbahaam-Iha | *nami-sar | *t[ɔ/u]mb[ɔ/u]r | *nⁱɛ | *nawa | *ɔkʷɔ[nɔ] | |
| Mor | Mor | hiamia | inagenena | masmore | nadu | kin | |
| Tanah Merah | Tanahmerah | do; maopa | nigia; wado | anine; taue | besika; naduma | bi; wanitabo | |
| Mairasi | Proto-Etna Bay | *koɸo | *eɸei | *u[w]ata | *tana-(kau) | *amoi | |
| Keuw | Keuw | méeli | úun | núu | bíisìp | páid | |
| East Cenderawasih Bay | Bauzi | data | ɛ; ele | æ; udeʔa | væmtɛa; vamtia | beasu; bɛhæsu | |
| East Cenderawasih Bay | Tunggare | date | ʔe | ghayo | duaʔa | amaite | |
| Burmeso | Burmeso | tamo | ahau | bomo | neisano | sor | |
| Abinomn | Abinomn |
References edit
- ^ a b c d e New Guinea World, West Bomberai
- ^ Holton, Gary; Robinson, Laura C. (2014), "The linguistic position of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages", in Klamer, Marian (ed.), Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology, Berlin: Language Sciences Press, pp. 155–198, doi:10.17169/langsci.b22.48
- ^ Holton, Gary; Robinson, Laura C. (2017), "The linguistic position of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages", in Klamer, Marian (ed.), Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology Second Edition, Berlin: Language Sciences Press, pp. 147–190, doi:10.5281/zenodo.437098
- ^ Holman, Eric W., Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Viveka Velupillai, André Müller, Dik Bakker (2008). "Explorations in Automated Language Classification". Folia Linguistica, Vol. 42, no. 2, 331–354
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ a b c d Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
External links edit
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–West Bomberai