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Videodisc

May 13, 2023

Videodisc (or video disc) is a general term for a laser- or stylus-readable random-access disc that contains both audio and analog video signals recorded in an analog form. Typically, it is a reference to any such media that predates the mainstream popularity of the DVD format.

Videodisc and VHS Cassette

History

Georges Demeny on 3 March 1892 patented a 'phonoscope', designed in 1891, that can project chronophotographic pictures on a glass disc.[1][2]

Eadweard Muybridge used his zoopraxiscope to project chronophotographic pictures on a glass disc in 1893.[3]

E & H T Anthony, a camera maker based in New York, marketed in 1898 a combination motion picture camera and projector called "The Spiral" that could capture 200 images arranged in a spiral on an 8-inch diameter glass plate. When played back at 16 frames per second, it would give a running time of 13 seconds.[4]

Theodore Brown patented in 1907 (UK patent GB190714493) a photographic disk system of recording approximately 1,200 images in a spiral of pictures on a 10-inch disk. Played back at 16 frames per second, a disk provides around one and a quarter minutes of material. The system was marketed as the Urban Spirograph by Charles Urban, and discs were produced - but it soon disappeared.[5]

John Logie Baird, created the Phonovision system in the early 1930s, which mechanically produces about four frames per second. The system was not successful.

P.M.G. Toulon, a French inventor working at Westinghouse Electric during the 1950s and 1960s patented a system in 1952 (US Patent 3198880) which uses a slow spinning disc with a spiral track of photographically 1.5 millimeter wide recorded frames, along with a flying spot scanner, which sweeps over them to produce a video image. This was intended to be synchronously combined with playback from a vinyl record. It appears a working system was never produced. It has similarities with the tape based Electronic Video Recording system, which was released for professional use.

Westinghouse Electric Corporation developed a system in 1965 called Phonovid, that allows for the playback of 400 stored still images, along with 40 minutes of sound.[6] The system uses a standard record player, and builds the picture up slowly.

The Television Electronic Disc, a mechanical system, was rolled out in Germany and Austria in 1970 by Telefunken. The 12-inch discs have a capacity of about eight minutes; however, it was abandoned in favor of VHS by its parent company.[7]

In Japan, the TOSBAC computer was using digital video disks to display color pictures at 256x256 image resolution in 1972.[8] In 1973, Hitachi announced a video disc capable of recording 15-colour still images on a disc. The same year, Sony announced a video disc recorder, similar to the Sony Mavica format.[9]

In 1975, Hitachi introduced a video disc system in which chrominance, luminance and sound information are encoded holographically. Each frame is recorded as a 1mm diameter hologram on a 305mm disc, while a laser beam reads out the hologram from three angles. It has a capacity of 54,000 frames, with a running time of 30 minutes for the NTSC color standard or 36 minutes for PAL/SECAM.[9]

Visc is a mechanical video disc system developed in Japan by Matsushita subsidiary National Panasonic in 1978. The 12-inch vinyl disc is spun at 500 rpm with each revolution holding three frames of color video, with a total of up to an hour of video on each side of the disc.[9] Discs can be recorded in either a 30-minute-per-side format, or a 60-minute-per-side-format. A later incarnation of the system uses 9-inch discs in caddies capable of storing 75 minutes per side.[10] The system was abandoned in January 1980 in favor of JVC's VHD system.[11]

The DiscoVision system was released in America in 1978. Developed by MCA and Philips of the Netherlands, it utilizes an optical reflective system read by a laser beam. It was renamed several times, as VLP, Laservision, and CD Video. Finally, Japan's Pioneer Electronic Corporation trademarked it as LaserDisc, the name by which it is perhaps best known. The format struggled to gain wide acceptance in the consumer market, and Pioneer became the chief sponsor of the format when MCA, and later Philips, withdrew their support for it. The high cost of both players and discs was the main reason for its ultimate demise.

Thomson CSF created a system that uses thin flexible video discs and a transmissive laser system, with light source and pickup on opposite sides of the disc. The system was marketed for industrial and educational use in 1980. Each side of the disc can hold 50,000 still CAV frames, and both sides can be read without removing the disc. Thomson exited the videodisc market in 1981.[12]

RCA produced a system called CED under the brand SelectaVision in 1981. The system uses a physical pickup riding in grooves of a pressed disc, reading variance in capacitance in the underlying disc. The system competed with Laserdisc for a few years, before being abandoned in 1984. Although, movie studios continued releasing titles in the format until 1986.

JVC produced a system very similar to CED called Video High Density (VHD). It was launched in 1983 and marketed predominantly in Japan. It is a capacitance contact system but without grooves. VHD discs were adopted in the UK by Thorn EMI which started to develop a consumer catalogue, including bespoke material. Development for the mass market was halted in late 1983, but the system remained on sale for educational and business markets as a computer-controlled video system until the late 1980s.

Laserfilm, a videodisc format developed by McDonnell Douglas was released in 1984.

MovieCD, by SIRIUS Publishing, Inc. (1995?), is a format that uses a traditional CD-ROM disc for playback on a Windows PC containing a video file of a movie encoded in a proprietary codec developed by the publisher (the MotionPixels codec, also used in some PC video games in the mid-to-late 1990s), with the disc also containing codec and playback software for the movie. The quality is somewhat low due to the compression the MotionPixels codec used, resulting in a playback resolution of only 320x236 at 16 frames per second, using 16-bit high color.

DVD (Digital Video Disc, or Digital Versatile Disc) was released in 1996. It is a hybrid of Philips and Sony's MM-CD (Multi-Media Compact Disc) format and Toshiba's SD (Super Density) format. The last-minute adoption of the hybrid DVD format was agreed to by all three companies in an effort to avoid a damaging format war, similar to that between Beta and VHS in the 1970s and 1980s. Toshiba failed to reach a similar compromise agreement with Sony in the race to develop a high-definition optical video disc format in the 2000s. This proved to be a costly mistake for Toshiba (and the format's co-developers, NEC and Microsoft), and the AOD (Advanced Optical Disc) format, later renamed HD DVD, lost a brutal format war with Sony's Blu-ray Disc (BD) format. This format war delayed acceptance of either format, and Blu-ray Disc has only recently gained traction in the consumer market, where it competes with the continued success of DVD and the rise of streaming movie services such as Netflix.

Classification

Video discs can be classed based on their playback mechanism:

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Who's Who of Victorian Cinema". www.victorian-cinema.net.
  2. ^ McMahan, Alison (2014-08-22). Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema. ISBN 9781501302695.
  3. ^ "The quest for home video: Zoöpraxography". www.terramedia.co.uk.
  4. ^ "The quest for home video: Anthony Spiral". www.terramedia.co.uk.
  5. ^ "The quest for home video: Urban Spirograph". www.terramedia.co.uk.
  6. ^ "LabGuy's World: Extinct Westinghouse Video Equipment". www.labguysworld.com.
  7. ^ Gould, Jack (October 19, 1970). "Movies on Plastic Disks for Home TV Displayed". The New York Times. p. 67.
  8. ^ First USA-Japan Computer Conference Proceedings: October 3-5, 1972, Tokyo, Japan, page 320, American Federation of Information Processing Societies
  9. ^ a b c "The quest for home video: Video discs part 2". www.terramedia.co.uk.
  10. ^ Billboard, 28 April 1979
  11. ^ Video Age: Television Technology and Applications in the 1980s (Video Bookshelf) (Hardcover)
  12. ^ "Thomson-CSF Transmissive VideoDisc System from 1980". www.cedmagic.com.

Bibliography

  • Cowie, Jefferson R. Capital Moves: RCA's Seventy-Year Quest for Cheap Labor. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8014-3525-0.
  • Daynes, Rob and Beverly Butler. The VideoDisc Book: A Guide and Directory. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1984. ISBN 0-471-80342-1.
  • DeBloois, Michael L., ed. VideoDisc/Microcomputer Courseware Design. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Educational Technology Publications, 1982. ISBN 0-87778-183-4.
  • Floyd, Steve, and Beth Floyd, eds. The Handbook of Interactive Video. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry Publications. 1982. ISBN 0-86729-019-6.
  • Graham, Margaret B.W. RCA and the VideoDisc: The Business of Research. (Also as: The Business of Research: RCA and the VideoDisc.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-32282-0, ISBN 0-521-36821-9.
  • Haynes, George R. Opening Minds: The Evolution of Videodiscs & Interactive Learning. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., 1989. ISBN 0-8403-5191-7.
  • Isailovi´c, Jordan. VideoDisc and Optical Memory Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1985. ISBN 0-13-942053-3.
  • Lardner, James. Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the VCR Wars. (Also as: Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR.) New York: W. W. Norton & Co Inc., 1987. ISBN 0-393-02389-3.
  • Lenk, John D. Complete Guide to Laser/VideoDisc Player Troubleshooting and Repair. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1985. ISBN 0-13-160813-4.
  • Schneider, Edward W., and Junius L. Brennion. (1980). The Instructional Media Library: VideoDiscs, (Volume 16). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. ISBN 0-87778-176-1. 1981.
  • Sigel, Efrem, Mark Schubin and Paul F. Merrill. Video Discs: The Technology, the Applications and the Future. White Plains, N.Y. : Knowledge Industry Publications, 1980. ISBN 0-914236-56-3. ISBN 0-442-27784-9.
  • Sobel, Robert. RCA. New York: Stein and Day/Publishers, 1986. ISBN 0-8128-3084-9.
  • Sonnenfeldt, Richard. Mehr als ein Leben (More than One Life). ?, 2003. ISBN 3-502-18680-4. (In German.)
  • Stewart, Scott Alan. Videodiscs in Healthcare: A Guide to the Industry. Alexandria, Virginia: Stewart Publishing, Inc, 1990. ISBN 0-936999-08-X
  • Journals:
    • The Videodisc Monitor
    • Videodisc News
    • Videodisc/Optical Disk Magazine
    • Video Computing
    • Interactive Healthcare Newsletter

External links

  • Videodiscs in Education
  • Interactive Videodisc: An Emerging Technology for Educators
  • Delivery of Career Counseling Services: Videodisc & Multimedia Career Interventions
  • Video Chronology
  • Videodiscs in Healthcare: A Guide to the Industry
  • The Thomson-CSF transmissive optical videodisc

May 13, 2023
videodisc, video, disc, general, term, laser, stylus, readable, random, access, disc, that, contains, both, audio, analog, video, signals, recorded, analog, form, typically, reference, such, media, that, predates, mainstream, popularity, format, cassette, cont. Videodisc or video disc is a general term for a laser or stylus readable random access disc that contains both audio and analog video signals recorded in an analog form Typically it is a reference to any such media that predates the mainstream popularity of the DVD format Videodisc and VHS Cassette Contents 1 History 2 Classification 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Notes 4 2 Bibliography 5 External linksHistory EditGeorges Demeny on 3 March 1892 patented a phonoscope designed in 1891 that can project chronophotographic pictures on a glass disc 1 2 Eadweard Muybridge used his zoopraxiscope to project chronophotographic pictures on a glass disc in 1893 3 E amp H T Anthony a camera maker based in New York marketed in 1898 a combination motion picture camera and projector called The Spiral that could capture 200 images arranged in a spiral on an 8 inch diameter glass plate When played back at 16 frames per second it would give a running time of 13 seconds 4 Theodore Brown patented in 1907 UK patent GB190714493 a photographic disk system of recording approximately 1 200 images in a spiral of pictures on a 10 inch disk Played back at 16 frames per second a disk provides around one and a quarter minutes of material The system was marketed as the Urban Spirograph by Charles Urban and discs were produced but it soon disappeared 5 John Logie Baird created the Phonovision system in the early 1930s which mechanically produces about four frames per second The system was not successful P M G Toulon a French inventor working at Westinghouse Electric during the 1950s and 1960s patented a system in 1952 US Patent 3198880 which uses a slow spinning disc with a spiral track of photographically 1 5 millimeter wide recorded frames along with a flying spot scanner which sweeps over them to produce a video image This was intended to be synchronously combined with playback from a vinyl record It appears a working system was never produced It has similarities with the tape based Electronic Video Recording system which was released for professional use Westinghouse Electric Corporation developed a system in 1965 called Phonovid that allows for the playback of 400 stored still images along with 40 minutes of sound 6 The system uses a standard record player and builds the picture up slowly The Television Electronic Disc a mechanical system was rolled out in Germany and Austria in 1970 by Telefunken The 12 inch discs have a capacity of about eight minutes however it was abandoned in favor of VHS by its parent company 7 In Japan the TOSBAC computer was using digital video disks to display color pictures at 256x256 image resolution in 1972 8 In 1973 Hitachi announced a video disc capable of recording 15 colour still images on a disc The same year Sony announced a video disc recorder similar to the Sony Mavica format 9 In 1975 Hitachi introduced a video disc system in which chrominance luminance and sound information are encoded holographically Each frame is recorded as a 1mm diameter hologram on a 305mm disc while a laser beam reads out the hologram from three angles It has a capacity of 54 000 frames with a running time of 30 minutes for the NTSC color standard or 36 minutes for PAL SECAM 9 Visc is a mechanical video disc system developed in Japan by Matsushita subsidiary National Panasonic in 1978 The 12 inch vinyl disc is spun at 500 rpm with each revolution holding three frames of color video with a total of up to an hour of video on each side of the disc 9 Discs can be recorded in either a 30 minute per side format or a 60 minute per side format A later incarnation of the system uses 9 inch discs in caddies capable of storing 75 minutes per side 10 The system was abandoned in January 1980 in favor of JVC s VHD system 11 The DiscoVision system was released in America in 1978 Developed by MCA and Philips of the Netherlands it utilizes an optical reflective system read by a laser beam It was renamed several times as VLP Laservision and CD Video Finally Japan s Pioneer Electronic Corporation trademarked it as LaserDisc the name by which it is perhaps best known The format struggled to gain wide acceptance in the consumer market and Pioneer became the chief sponsor of the format when MCA and later Philips withdrew their support for it The high cost of both players and discs was the main reason for its ultimate demise Thomson CSF created a system that uses thin flexible video discs and a transmissive laser system with light source and pickup on opposite sides of the disc The system was marketed for industrial and educational use in 1980 Each side of the disc can hold 50 000 still CAV frames and both sides can be read without removing the disc Thomson exited the videodisc market in 1981 12 RCA produced a system called CED under the brand SelectaVision in 1981 The system uses a physical pickup riding in grooves of a pressed disc reading variance in capacitance in the underlying disc The system competed with Laserdisc for a few years before being abandoned in 1984 Although movie studios continued releasing titles in the format until 1986 JVC produced a system very similar to CED called Video High Density VHD It was launched in 1983 and marketed predominantly in Japan It is a capacitance contact system but without grooves VHD discs were adopted in the UK by Thorn EMI which started to develop a consumer catalogue including bespoke material Development for the mass market was halted in late 1983 but the system remained on sale for educational and business markets as a computer controlled video system until the late 1980s Laserfilm a videodisc format developed by McDonnell Douglas was released in 1984 MovieCD by SIRIUS Publishing Inc 1995 is a format that uses a traditional CD ROM disc for playback on a Windows PC containing a video file of a movie encoded in a proprietary codec developed by the publisher the MotionPixels codec also used in some PC video games in the mid to late 1990s with the disc also containing codec and playback software for the movie The quality is somewhat low due to the compression the MotionPixels codec used resulting in a playback resolution of only 320x236 at 16 frames per second using 16 bit high color DVD Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc was released in 1996 It is a hybrid of Philips and Sony s MM CD Multi Media Compact Disc format and Toshiba s SD Super Density format The last minute adoption of the hybrid DVD format was agreed to by all three companies in an effort to avoid a damaging format war similar to that between Beta and VHS in the 1970s and 1980s Toshiba failed to reach a similar compromise agreement with Sony in the race to develop a high definition optical video disc format in the 2000s This proved to be a costly mistake for Toshiba and the format s co developers NEC and Microsoft and the AOD Advanced Optical Disc format later renamed HD DVD lost a brutal format war with Sony s Blu ray Disc BD format This format war delayed acceptance of either format and Blu ray Disc has only recently gained traction in the consumer market where it competes with the continued success of DVD and the rise of streaming movie services such as Netflix Classification EditVideo discs can be classed based on their playback mechanism Mechanical Phonovision Phonovid TeD Visc Capacitance Based CED VHD Optical discs Reflective LaserDisc CD DVD Blu ray etc Transmissive Thomson CSF system LaserfilmSee also EditMultiple sub Nyquist sampling encoding MUSE an early high definition video systemReferences EditNotes Edit Who s Who of Victorian Cinema www victorian cinema net McMahan Alison 2014 08 22 Alice Guy Blache Lost Visionary of the Cinema ISBN 9781501302695 The quest for home video Zoopraxography www terramedia co uk The quest for home video Anthony Spiral www terramedia co uk The quest for home video Urban Spirograph www terramedia co uk LabGuy s World Extinct Westinghouse Video Equipment www labguysworld com Gould Jack October 19 1970 Movies on Plastic Disks for Home TV Displayed The New York Times p 67 First USA Japan Computer Conference Proceedings October 3 5 1972 Tokyo Japan page 320 American Federation of Information Processing Societies a b c The quest for home video Video discs part 2 www terramedia co uk Billboard 28 April 1979 Video Age Television Technology and Applications in the 1980s Video Bookshelf Hardcover Thomson CSF Transmissive VideoDisc System from 1980 www cedmagic com Bibliography Edit Cowie Jefferson R Capital Moves RCA s Seventy Year Quest for Cheap Labor Ithaca N Y Cornell University Press 1999 ISBN 0 8014 3525 0 Daynes Rob and Beverly Butler The VideoDisc Book A Guide and Directory New York John Wiley and Sons 1984 ISBN 0 471 80342 1 DeBloois Michael L ed VideoDisc Microcomputer Courseware Design Englewood Cliffs N J Educational Technology Publications 1982 ISBN 0 87778 183 4 Floyd Steve and Beth Floyd eds The Handbook of Interactive Video White Plains NY Knowledge Industry Publications 1982 ISBN 0 86729 019 6 Graham Margaret B W RCA and the VideoDisc The Business of Research Also as The Business of Research RCA and the VideoDisc Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1986 ISBN 0 521 32282 0 ISBN 0 521 36821 9 Haynes George R Opening Minds The Evolution of Videodiscs amp Interactive Learning Dubuque Iowa Kendall Hunt Publishing Co 1989 ISBN 0 8403 5191 7 Isailovi c Jordan VideoDisc and Optical Memory Systems Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice Hall 1985 ISBN 0 13 942053 3 Lardner James Fast Forward Hollywood the Japanese and the VCR Wars Also as Fast Forward Hollywood the Japanese and the Onslaught of the VCR New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 1987 ISBN 0 393 02389 3 Lenk John D Complete Guide to Laser VideoDisc Player Troubleshooting and Repair Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice Hall 1985 ISBN 0 13 160813 4 Schneider Edward W and Junius L Brennion 1980 The Instructional Media Library VideoDiscs Volume 16 Englewood Cliffs NJ Educational Technology Publications ISBN 0 87778 176 1 1981 Sigel Efrem Mark Schubin and Paul F Merrill Video Discs The Technology the Applications and the Future White Plains N Y Knowledge Industry Publications 1980 ISBN 0 914236 56 3 ISBN 0 442 27784 9 Sobel Robert RCA New York Stein and Day Publishers 1986 ISBN 0 8128 3084 9 Sonnenfeldt Richard Mehr als ein Leben More than One Life 2003 ISBN 3 502 18680 4 In German Stewart Scott Alan Videodiscs in Healthcare A Guide to the Industry Alexandria Virginia Stewart Publishing Inc 1990 ISBN 0 936999 08 X Journals The Videodisc Monitor Videodisc News Videodisc Optical Disk Magazine Video Computing Interactive Healthcare NewsletterExternal links EditVideodiscs in Education Interactive Videodisc An Emerging Technology for Educators Delivery of Career Counseling Services Videodisc amp Multimedia Career Interventions Video Chronology Videodiscs in Healthcare A Guide to the Industry The Thomson CSF transmissive optical videodisc Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Videodisc amp oldid 1144552951, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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