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Vespertilionidae

January 01, 1970

Vespertilionidae is a family of microbats, of the order Chiroptera, flying, insect-eating mammals variously described as the common, vesper, or simple nosed bats. The vespertilionid family is the most diverse and widely distributed of bat families, specialised in many forms to occupy a range of habitats and ecological circumstances, and it is frequently observed or the subject of research. The facial features of the species are often simple, as they mainly rely on vocally emitted echolocation. The tails of the species are enclosed by the lower flight membranes between the legs. Over 300 species are distributed all over the world, on every continent except Antarctica. It owes its name to the genus Vespertilio, which takes its name from a word for bat, vespertilio, derived from the Latin term vesper meaning 'evening'; they are termed "evening bats" and were once referred to as "evening birds". (The term "evening bat" also often refers more specifically to one of the species, Nycticeius humeralis.)

Vespertilionidae
Temporal range: Early Eocene to recent[1]
Greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Suborder: Yangochiroptera
Superfamily: Vespertilionoidea
Family: Vespertilionidae
Gray, 1821
Type genus
Vespertilio
Linnaeus, 1758
Subfamilies

Evolution edit

They are allied to the suborder Microchiroptera, the families of microbats separated from the flying foxes and fruit bats of the megabat group Megachiroptera. The treatments of bat taxonomy have also included a placement amongst the Vespertilioniformes, or Yangochiroptera, as suborder Vespertilionoidea.

Molecular data indicate the Vespertilionidae diverged from the Molossidae in the early Eocene period.[2] The family is thought to have originated somewhere in Laurasia, possibly North America.[3] A recently extinct species, Synemporion keana, is known from the Holocene of Hawaii.[4]

Characteristics edit

All species are carnivorous and most are insectivores, exceptions are bats of genera Myotis and Pizonyx that catch fish and the larger Nyctalus species known to capture small passerine birds in flight. The dentition of the family varies between species; the dental formula of the family is:

Dentition
1–2.1.1–3.3
2–3.1.2–3.3

They rely mainly on echolocation to navigate and obtain food, but they lack the elaborate nose appendages of microbats that focus nasal emitted ultrasound. The ultrasound signal is usually produced orally, and many species have large external ears to capture and reflect sound, enabling them to discriminate and extract information.

The vespertilionids employ a range of flight techniques. The wing surface is extended to the lower limbs, and the tails of this family are enclosed in an interfemoral membrane.[5] Some are relatively slow-flying genera, such as Pipistrellus, that manipulate the configuration of their broader wing shape and may give a fluttery appearance as they forage and glean. Others are specialised as long-winged genera, such as Lasiurus and Nyctalus, that use rapid pursuit to capture insects. The size range of the family is 3 to 13 cm (1.2 to 5.1 in) in head and body length; this excludes the tail, which is itself quite long in many species. They are generally brown or grey in colour, often an indiscriminate appearance as a 'little brown bat', although some species have fur that is brightly colored, with reds, oranges, and yellows all being known. The patterns of the superficial appearance include white patches or stripes that may distinguish some species.[6]

Most species roost in caves, although some make use of hollow trees, rocky crevices, animal burrows, or other forms of shelter. Colony sizes also vary greatly, with some roosting alone, and others in groups up to a million individuals. Species native to temperate latitudes typically hibernate to avoid cooler weather, while a few of the tropical species employ aestivation as a method of evading extremes of climate.[6]

Systematics edit

Subfamily relationships of Vespertilionidae[7]

The four subfamilies of Vespertilionidae separate the presumably related taxa, tribes, and genera of extant and extinct taxa. The subfamilial treatments, based on morphological, geographical, and ecological comparisons have been recombined since the inclusion of the phylogenetic implications of molecular genetics; only the Murininae and Kerivoulinae have not been changed in light of genetic analysis.[7] Subfamilies that were once recognized as valid, such as the Nyctophilinae, are considered dubious, as molecular evidence suggests they are paraphyletic in their arrangements.[7] Within the concept Yangochiroptera, an acknowledged cladistic treatment, the closest relatives to the family are the free-tailed bats of family Molossidae.[7]

The monotypic genus Tomopeas, represented by the blunt-eared bat (Tomopeas ravum), is acknowledged as the potentially closest link between the Vespertilionidae and Molossidae, as it is the most basal member of the Molossidae and has intermediate characteristics of both families.[8]

Classification edit

The grouping of these subfamilies is the classification published by the American Society of Mammalogists.[9] Other authorities raise three subfamilies more: Antrozoinae (which is here the separate family of pallid bats), Tomopeatinae (now regarded as a subfamily of the free-tailed bats), and Nyctophilinae (here included in Vespertilioninae).

Four subfamilies are recognized by Mammal Species of the World (2005),[10] the highly diverse Vespertilioninae are also separated as tribes. Newer or resurrected genera are noted. The genus Cistugo is no longer included following its move to the separate family Cistugidae.[11][12] Miniopterinae is additionally no longer recognized as a subfamily, as it was elevated to family status.[13][14]

A 2021 study attempted to resolve the systematic relationships among the pipistrelle-like bats of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, with systematic inferences based on genetic and morphological analyses of more than 400 individuals across all named genera and the majority of described African pipistrelle-like bat species, with a focus on previously unstudied samples of East African bats. The study proposed a revision of the pipistrelle-like bats in East Africa and described multiple new genera and species.[15]

Family Vespertilionidae

References edit

  1. ^ Fenton, M. B. (2001). Bats. New York: Checkmark Books. p. 5. ISBN 0-8160-4358-2.
  2. ^ Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S. & Teeling, E. C. (2007). "A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (7): 1553–1561. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm076. PMID 17449895.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Teeling, E. C., Springer, M. S., Madsen, O., Bates, P., O'Brien, S. J. & Murphy, W. J. (2005). "A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record". Science. 307 (5709): 580–584. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..580T. doi:10.1126/science.1105113. PMID 15681385. S2CID 25912333.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Discovery of Extinct Bat Doubles Diversity of Native Hawaiian Land Mammals, at the American Museum of Natural History; published March 21, 2016; retrieved June 20, 2016
  5. ^ Richards, G.C.; Hall, L.S.; Parish, S. (photography) (2012). A natural history of Australian bats : working the night shift. CSIRO Pub. p. 48. ISBN 9780643103740.
  6. ^ a b Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 807. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  7. ^ a b c d Hoofer, S. R.; Bussche, R. A. V. D. (2003). "Molecular phylogenetics of the chiropteran family Vespertilionidae". Acta Chiropterologica. 5 (1): 1–63. doi:10.3161/001.005.s101. hdl:11244/44678.
  8. ^ Sudman, P. D; Barkley, L. J; Hafner, M. S (1994). "Familial Affinity of Tomopeas ravus (Chiroptera) Based on Protein Electrophoretic and Cytochrome b Sequence Data". Journal of Mammalogy. 75 (2): 365. doi:10.2307/1382555. JSTOR 1382555.
  9. ^ Mammal Diversity Database (2021-08-10), Mammal Diversity Database, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5175993, retrieved 2021-09-17
  10. ^ Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  11. ^ Lack, J. B.; Roehrs, Z. P.; Stanley, C. E. Jr.; Ruedi, M.; Van Den Bussche, R. A. (2010). "Molecular phylogenetics of Myotis indicate familial-level divergence for the genus Cistugo (Chiroptera)". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (4): 976–992. doi:10.1644/09-mamm-a-192.1.
  12. ^ "Vespertilionidae". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands.
  13. ^ Kulemzina, A. I.; Nie, W.; Trifonov, V. A.; Staroselec, Y.; Vasenkov, D. A.; Volleth, M.; Graphodatsky, A. S. (2011). "Comparative chromosome painting of four Siberian Vespertilionidae species with Aselliscus stoliczkanus and Human probes". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 134 (3): 200–205. doi:10.1159/000328834. PMID 21709413. S2CID 8258899.
  14. ^ Burgin, Connor J.; Colella, Jocelyn P.; Kahn, Philip L.; Upham, Nathan S. (February 1, 2018). "How many species of mammals are there?". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx147.
  15. ^ Ara Monadjem; Terrence C Demos; Desire L Dalton; Paul W Webala; Simon Musila; Julian C Kerbis Peterhans; Bruce D Patterson (2021). "A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1114–1146. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa087. hdl:2263/84301.
  16. ^ Hoofer, Steven R.; Van Den Bussche, Ronald A.; Horáček, Ivan (2006-10-01). "Generic Status of the American Pipistrelles (Vespertilionidae) with Description of a New Genus". Journal of Mammalogy. 87 (5): 981–992. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-425R1.1. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 4094268.
  17. ^ Solari, S. 2018. Perimyotis subflavus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018* e.T17366A22123514. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17366A22123514.en. Downloaded on 05 March 2019.

Further reading edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vespertilionidae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Vespertilionidae.
  • Corbet, GB, Hill JE. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Karim, C., A.A. Tuen and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Mammals. Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue No. 6. 80: 221–234.
  • Wilson DE, Reeder DM. 2005. Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.

January 01, 1970
vespertilionidae, family, microbats, order, chiroptera, flying, insect, eating, mammals, variously, described, common, vesper, simple, nosed, bats, vespertilionid, family, most, diverse, widely, distributed, families, specialised, many, forms, occupy, range, h. Vespertilionidae is a family of microbats of the order Chiroptera flying insect eating mammals variously described as the common vesper or simple nosed bats The vespertilionid family is the most diverse and widely distributed of bat families specialised in many forms to occupy a range of habitats and ecological circumstances and it is frequently observed or the subject of research The facial features of the species are often simple as they mainly rely on vocally emitted echolocation The tails of the species are enclosed by the lower flight membranes between the legs Over 300 species are distributed all over the world on every continent except Antarctica It owes its name to the genus Vespertilio which takes its name from a word for bat vespertilio derived from the Latin term vesper meaning evening they are termed evening bats and were once referred to as evening birds The term evening bat also often refers more specifically to one of the species Nycticeius humeralis VespertilionidaeTemporal range Early Eocene to recent 1 Greater mouse eared bat Myotis myotis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Chiroptera Suborder Yangochiroptera Superfamily Vespertilionoidea Family VespertilionidaeGray 1821 Type genus VespertilioLinnaeus 1758 Subfamilies Vespertilioninae Murininae Myotinae Kerivoulinae Contents 1 Evolution 2 Characteristics 3 Systematics 4 Classification 5 References 6 Further readingEvolution editThey are allied to the suborder Microchiroptera the families of microbats separated from the flying foxes and fruit bats of the megabat group Megachiroptera The treatments of bat taxonomy have also included a placement amongst the Vespertilioniformes or Yangochiroptera as suborder Vespertilionoidea Molecular data indicate the Vespertilionidae diverged from the Molossidae in the early Eocene period 2 The family is thought to have originated somewhere in Laurasia possibly North America 3 A recently extinct species Synemporion keana is known from the Holocene of Hawaii 4 Characteristics editAll species are carnivorous and most are insectivores exceptions are bats of genera Myotis and Pizonyx that catch fish and the larger Nyctalus species known to capture small passerine birds in flight The dentition of the family varies between species the dental formula of the family is Dentition 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 They rely mainly on echolocation to navigate and obtain food but they lack the elaborate nose appendages of microbats that focus nasal emitted ultrasound The ultrasound signal is usually produced orally and many species have large external ears to capture and reflect sound enabling them to discriminate and extract information The vespertilionids employ a range of flight techniques The wing surface is extended to the lower limbs and the tails of this family are enclosed in an interfemoral membrane 5 Some are relatively slow flying genera such as Pipistrellus that manipulate the configuration of their broader wing shape and may give a fluttery appearance as they forage and glean Others are specialised as long winged genera such as Lasiurus and Nyctalus that use rapid pursuit to capture insects The size range of the family is 3 to 13 cm 1 2 to 5 1 in in head and body length this excludes the tail which is itself quite long in many species They are generally brown or grey in colour often an indiscriminate appearance as a little brown bat although some species have fur that is brightly colored with reds oranges and yellows all being known The patterns of the superficial appearance include white patches or stripes that may distinguish some species 6 Most species roost in caves although some make use of hollow trees rocky crevices animal burrows or other forms of shelter Colony sizes also vary greatly with some roosting alone and others in groups up to a million individuals Species native to temperate latitudes typically hibernate to avoid cooler weather while a few of the tropical species employ aestivation as a method of evading extremes of climate 6 Systematics editVespertilionidae Vespertilioninae Myotinae Kerivoulinae Murininae Subfamily relationships of Vespertilionidae 7 The four subfamilies of Vespertilionidae separate the presumably related taxa tribes and genera of extant and extinct taxa The subfamilial treatments based on morphological geographical and ecological comparisons have been recombined since the inclusion of the phylogenetic implications of molecular genetics only the Murininae and Kerivoulinae have not been changed in light of genetic analysis 7 Subfamilies that were once recognized as valid such as the Nyctophilinae are considered dubious as molecular evidence suggests they are paraphyletic in their arrangements 7 Within the concept Yangochiroptera an acknowledged cladistic treatment the closest relatives to the family are the free tailed bats of family Molossidae 7 The monotypic genus Tomopeas represented by the blunt eared bat Tomopeas ravum is acknowledged as the potentially closest link between the Vespertilionidae and Molossidae as it is the most basal member of the Molossidae and has intermediate characteristics of both families 8 Classification editThe grouping of these subfamilies is the classification published by the American Society of Mammalogists 9 Other authorities raise three subfamilies more Antrozoinae which is here the separate family of pallid bats Tomopeatinae now regarded as a subfamily of the free tailed bats and Nyctophilinae here included in Vespertilioninae Four subfamilies are recognized by Mammal Species of the World 2005 10 the highly diverse Vespertilioninae are also separated as tribes Newer or resurrected genera are noted The genus Cistugo is no longer included following its move to the separate family Cistugidae 11 12 Miniopterinae is additionally no longer recognized as a subfamily as it was elevated to family status 13 14 A 2021 study attempted to resolve the systematic relationships among the pipistrelle like bats of sub Saharan Africa and Madagascar with systematic inferences based on genetic and morphological analyses of more than 400 individuals across all named genera and the majority of described African pipistrelle like bat species with a focus on previously unstudied samples of East African bats The study proposed a revision of the pipistrelle like bats in East Africa and described multiple new genera and species 15 Family Vespertilionidae subfamily Kerivoulinae genus Kerivoula painted bats genus Phoniscus dd subfamily Myotinae genus Eudiscopus genus Myotis mouse eared bats genus Submyotodon broad muzzled bats dd subfamily Murininae genus Harpiocephalus hairy winged bats genus Harpiola genus Murina tube nosed insectivorous bats dd subfamily Vespertilioninae tribe Antrozoini genus Antrozous genus Bauerus genus Rhogeessa tribe Eptesicini genus Arielulus genus Eptesicus house bats genus Glauconycteris butterfly bats genus Hesperoptenus false serotine bats genus Histiotus big eared brown bats genus Ia genus Lasionycteris genus Scoteanax greater broad nosed bats genus Scotomanes genus Scotorepens lesser broad nosed bats genus Thainycteris tribe incertae sedis genus Rhyneptesicus tribe Lasiurini genus Aeorestes hoary bats genus Dasypterus yellow bats genus Lasiurus hairy tailed bats tribe Nycticeiini genus Nycticeius evening bats tribe Perimyotini genus Parastrellus 16 genus Perimyotis 17 tribe Pipistrellini genus Glischropus thick thumbed bats genus Nyctalus noctule bats genus Pipistrellus true pipistrelles genus Scotoecus house bats genus Scotozous genus Vansonia tribe Plecotini genus Barbastella barbastelles or barbastelle bats genus Corynorhinus American lump nosed bats genus Euderma genus Idionycteris genus Otonycteris genus Plecotus lump nosed bats tribe Scotophilini genus Scotophilus Old World yellow bats tribe Vespertilionini genus Afronycteris genus Cassistrellus helmeted bats genus Chalinolobus wattled bats genus Falsistrellus false pipistrelles genus Hypsugo Asian pipistrelles genus Laephotis long eared bats genus Mimetillus mimic bats genus Mirostrellus genus Neoromicia genus Nycticeinops genus Nyctophilus New Guinean and Australian big eared bats genus Pharotis genus Philetor genus Pseudoromicia genus Tylonycteris bamboo bats genus Vespadelus genus Vespertilio frosted batsReferences edit Fenton M B 2001 Bats New York Checkmark Books p 5 ISBN 0 8160 4358 2 Miller Butterworth C M Murphy W J O Brien S J Jacobs D S Springer M S amp Teeling E C 2007 A family matter conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long fingered bats Miniopterus Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 7 1553 1561 doi 10 1093 molbev msm076 PMID 17449895 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Teeling E C Springer M S Madsen O Bates P O Brien S J amp Murphy W J 2005 A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record Science 307 5709 580 584 Bibcode 2005Sci 307 580T doi 10 1126 science 1105113 PMID 15681385 S2CID 25912333 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Discovery of Extinct Bat Doubles Diversity of Native Hawaiian Land Mammals at the American Museum of Natural History published March 21 2016 retrieved June 20 2016 Richards G C Hall L S Parish S photography 2012 A natural history of Australian bats working the night shift CSIRO Pub p 48 ISBN 9780643103740 a b Macdonald D ed 1984 The Encyclopedia of Mammals New York Facts on File pp 807 ISBN 0 87196 871 1 a b c d Hoofer S R Bussche R A V D 2003 Molecular phylogenetics of the chiropteran family Vespertilionidae Acta Chiropterologica 5 1 1 63 doi 10 3161 001 005 s101 hdl 11244 44678 Sudman P D Barkley L J Hafner M S 1994 Familial Affinity of Tomopeas ravus Chiroptera Based on Protein Electrophoretic and Cytochrome b Sequence Data Journal of Mammalogy 75 2 365 doi 10 2307 1382555 JSTOR 1382555 Mammal Diversity Database 2021 08 10 Mammal Diversity Database doi 10 5281 zenodo 5175993 retrieved 2021 09 17 Simmons N B 2005 Order Chiroptera In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 312 529 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Lack J B Roehrs Z P Stanley C E Jr Ruedi M Van Den Bussche R A 2010 Molecular phylogenetics of Myotis indicate familial level divergence for the genus Cistugo Chiroptera Journal of Mammalogy 91 4 976 992 doi 10 1644 09 mamm a 192 1 Vespertilionidae Catalogue of Life Species 2000 Leiden the Netherlands Kulemzina A I Nie W Trifonov V A Staroselec Y Vasenkov D A Volleth M Graphodatsky A S 2011 Comparative chromosome painting of four Siberian Vespertilionidae species with Aselliscus stoliczkanus and Human probes Cytogenetic and Genome Research 134 3 200 205 doi 10 1159 000328834 PMID 21709413 S2CID 8258899 Burgin Connor J Colella Jocelyn P Kahn Philip L Upham Nathan S February 1 2018 How many species of mammals are there Journal of Mammalogy 99 1 1 14 doi 10 1093 jmammal gyx147 Ara Monadjem Terrence C Demos Desire L Dalton Paul W Webala Simon Musila Julian C Kerbis Peterhans Bruce D Patterson 2021 A revision of pipistrelle like bats Mammalia Chiroptera Vespertilionidae in East Africa with the description of new genera and species Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 4 1114 1146 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlaa087 hdl 2263 84301 Hoofer Steven R Van Den Bussche Ronald A Horacek Ivan 2006 10 01 Generic Status of the American Pipistrelles Vespertilionidae with Description of a New Genus Journal of Mammalogy 87 5 981 992 doi 10 1644 05 MAMM A 425R1 1 ISSN 0022 2372 JSTOR 4094268 Solari S 2018 Perimyotis subflavus The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T17366A22123514 https doi org 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T17366A22123514 en Downloaded on 05 March 2019 Further reading edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vespertilionidae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Vespertilionidae Corbet GB Hill JE 1992 The mammals of the Indomalayan region a systematic review Oxford University Press Oxford Karim C A A Tuen and M T Abdullah 2004 Mammals Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue No 6 80 221 234 Wilson DE Reeder DM 2005 Mammal species of the world Smithsonian Institution Press Washington DC Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vespertilionidae amp oldid 1198633843, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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