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VERA passive sensor

January 01, 1970

The VERA passive surveillance ESM system[1] (known as Věra in Czech) is an electronic support measures (ESM) system that uses measurements of time difference of arrival (TDOA) of pulses at three or four sites to accurately detect and track airborne emitters. The manufacturer is ERA a.s. [cz], based in Pardubice.[1]

VERA
VERA next generation receiver unit
Country of origin Czech Republic
TypeGround-based emitter tracking system
Frequency1–18 GHz
Range~450 km nominal
Azimuth120–360° depending on mode
Other Names V-ELINT18 (resemblance)

History edit

VERA is the latest in a long history of Czech ESM TDOA systems. The first system developed by the Czech army in 1963 was known as PRP-1 Kopáč which could track 6 targets.

This was followed by KRTP-81 Ramona (NATO reporting name Soft Ball) in 1979, which could track 20 targets, and KRTP-86 Tamara (NATO reporting name Trash Can) in 1987, which could simultaneously track 23 radar targets and 48 IFF targets.

These were widely exported to the former Soviet Union and beyond. These predecessors were manufactured by the state company Tesla, which collapsed after the Velvet Revolution (1989). Lead engineers from the former Tesla company formed the ERA Company in Pardubice which produces the current generation VERA family of sensors.

Timeline
  • October 30, 2006 - Rannoch Corporation announced the acquisition of ERA a.s. located in Pardubice Czech Republic.[2]
  • February 6, 2007 – Rannoch Corporation has officially changed its name to Era Corporation.[3]
  • July 2008 - Era Corporation was acquired by SRA International.
  • November 22, 2011 - ERA Pardubice was bought by Czech arms and aircraft trading company Omnipol.[4]

Mode of operation edit

 
Receiver of VERA S/M

The deployed system typically comprises a central site (containing the signal processing equipment and an ESM receiver) and two or three side sites containing only an ESM receiver. The side sites relay the signals received to the central site over a point-to-point microwave link. The central site uses the known propagation delay from the side sites to estimate the TDOA of the pulses at each site.

The TDOA of a pulse between one side site and the central site locates the target on a hyperboloid. A second side site provides a second TDOA and hence a second hyperboloid. The intersection of these two hyperboloids places the target on a line, providing a 2D measurement of the target's location (no height).

A third side-site provides a third hyperboloid, which, when intersected with the line provided by the other two side sites, provides a full 3D location of the target. This process is known as multilateration.

The height of a target with an SSR Mode C or Mode S transponder can also be provided by decoding the Mode C or Mode S response directly, which is the normal mode of operation for the civilian VERA-AP system.

System accuracy edit

System accuracy is typically better than a microwave surveillance radar, and is a function of the deployment geometry, the inherent timing accuracy of the central site, the bandwidth of the pulse being detected and the signal-to-noise ratio. Wider separations of the side sites from the central site provide better accuracies – but at the expense of a reduced area of common coverage. Typically side sites are deployed 15–40 km from the central site, providing a reasonable compromise of coverage and accuracy.

The system is generally line-of-sight limited, with a nominal range of 450 km, the normal radio horizon. Detection of targets is within a sector of approximately 120 degrees, although IFF and SSR targets are detected using a dedicated omnidirectional antenna, and hence may be seen over 360 degrees. Up to 200 targets can be automatically tracked simultaneously, with an output rate adjustable from 1 to 5 seconds.

Exploited emitters edit

The current generation sensor can only detect and track pulsed emissions, due to the requirement to measure the time of arrival of pulses. The receivers operate in the frequency range of 1–18 GHz and typically exploit secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponders, identify friend or foe (IFF) transponders, airborne radars, weather radars, tactical air navigation (TACAN) transponders, distance measurement equipment (DME) beacons, digital communications signals and pulsed jamming signals.

Versions edit

 
Model of VERA-NG

VERA is supplied in a number of versions. VERA-AP is the civilian long-range air traffic control (ATC) version, which only exploits civilian SSR transponders at 1030 and 1090 MHz.

VERA-E is the export version of the military ESM version of the system, also referred to as the VERA-S/M in its national mobile version. In addition, the shorter range VERA-P3D system is marketed for highly accurate monitoring of transponder-equipped ground vehicle movement at airports. The manufacturers also market an ESM triangulation system known as BORAP.

Data Patterns Pvt Ltd, India has also established a comfortable lead with its counterpart internationally.

Czech company ERA in cooperation with the German SMAG introduced a brand new mobile antenna mast for its system VERA-NG. The prototype is due to be finished in Q1/2017 and be ready for first deliveries at the end of this year.

Exports edit

Public domain literature claim VERA-E systems have been exported to Malaysia, Estonia, Pakistan and the United States.[5] Newspaper reports also claimed that in January 2004 the Czech defence sales company, Omnipol, received licence to sell six systems to China. However, US government pressure on the Czech government resulted in the cancellation of this contract. Civil systems have been widely exported throughout Europe.

Within the Czech Republic, a mobile VERA-E unit is operated by the 53rd Passive Radiotechnical Reconnaissance System and Electronic Warfare Centre at Planá near České Budějovice.

Users edit

 
Map with VERA passive sensor users in blue

See also edit

General topic

Similar systems

  • Kolchuga – a similar system developed in Ukraine
  • Kopáč – the first generation Czech ESM TDOA system
  • Ramona – the second generation Czech ESM TDOA system
  • Tamara – the third generation Czech ESM TDOA system
  • BORAP – a contemporary Czech ESM triangulation system
  • YLC-20 - a Chinese development of Czech Tamara first revealed in 2006

Similarly abbreviated electronics

References edit

  1. ^ a b "VERA-NG". ERA a.s. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  2. ^ . www.erabeyondradar.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
  3. ^ . www.erabeyondradar.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ Kominek, J (October 2004). "Czech government clears sale of VERA-E to US". ResearchGate.
  6. ^ Defensie, Ministerie van (2023-06-14). "Training van Oekraïense F-16-vliegers start in de komende maanden - Nieuwsbericht - Defensie.nl". www.defensie.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  7. ^ VCCorp.vn (2015-01-18). "Mắt thần Vera-NG - Khắc tinh của máy bay tàng hình". soha.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  8. ^ "Electronic Intelligence System". Viettel High Tech. Viettel Group. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  9. ^ "Hệ thống Trinh sát điện tử thông minh". Viettel High Tech (in Vietnamese). Viettel. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  10. ^ "Electronic Intelligence System". Viettel High Tech. Retrieved 2023-04-21.

External links edit

  • ERA Company
  • PDF company presentation
  • Czech ESM/EW unit site

January 01, 1970
vera, passive, sensor, vera, passive, surveillance, system, known, věra, czech, electronic, support, measures, system, that, uses, measurements, time, difference, arrival, tdoa, pulses, three, four, sites, accurately, detect, track, airborne, emitters, manufac. The VERA passive surveillance ESM system 1 known as Vera in Czech is an electronic support measures ESM system that uses measurements of time difference of arrival TDOA of pulses at three or four sites to accurately detect and track airborne emitters The manufacturer is ERA a s cz based in Pardubice 1 VERAVERA next generation receiver unitCountry of origin Czech RepublicTypeGround based emitter tracking systemFrequency1 18 GHzRange 450 km nominalAzimuth120 360 depending on modeOther NamesV ELINT18 resemblance Contents 1 History 2 Mode of operation 3 System accuracy 4 Exploited emitters 5 Versions 6 Exports 7 Users 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory editVERA is the latest in a long history of Czech ESM TDOA systems The first system developed by the Czech army in 1963 was known as PRP 1 Kopac which could track 6 targets This was followed by KRTP 81 Ramona NATO reporting name Soft Ball in 1979 which could track 20 targets and KRTP 86 Tamara NATO reporting name Trash Can in 1987 which could simultaneously track 23 radar targets and 48 IFF targets These were widely exported to the former Soviet Union and beyond These predecessors were manufactured by the state company Tesla which collapsed after the Velvet Revolution 1989 Lead engineers from the former Tesla company formed the ERA Company in Pardubice which produces the current generation VERA family of sensors Timeline October 30 2006 Rannoch Corporation announced the acquisition of ERA a s located in Pardubice Czech Republic 2 February 6 2007 Rannoch Corporation has officially changed its name to Era Corporation 3 July 2008 Era Corporation was acquired by SRA International November 22 2011 ERA Pardubice was bought by Czech arms and aircraft trading company Omnipol 4 Mode of operation edit nbsp Receiver of VERA S M The deployed system typically comprises a central site containing the signal processing equipment and an ESM receiver and two or three side sites containing only an ESM receiver The side sites relay the signals received to the central site over a point to point microwave link The central site uses the known propagation delay from the side sites to estimate the TDOA of the pulses at each site The TDOA of a pulse between one side site and the central site locates the target on a hyperboloid A second side site provides a second TDOA and hence a second hyperboloid The intersection of these two hyperboloids places the target on a line providing a 2D measurement of the target s location no height A third side site provides a third hyperboloid which when intersected with the line provided by the other two side sites provides a full 3D location of the target This process is known as multilateration The height of a target with an SSR Mode C or Mode S transponder can also be provided by decoding the Mode C or Mode S response directly which is the normal mode of operation for the civilian VERA AP system System accuracy editSystem accuracy is typically better than a microwave surveillance radar and is a function of the deployment geometry the inherent timing accuracy of the central site the bandwidth of the pulse being detected and the signal to noise ratio Wider separations of the side sites from the central site provide better accuracies but at the expense of a reduced area of common coverage Typically side sites are deployed 15 40 km from the central site providing a reasonable compromise of coverage and accuracy The system is generally line of sight limited with a nominal range of 450 km the normal radio horizon Detection of targets is within a sector of approximately 120 degrees although IFF and SSR targets are detected using a dedicated omnidirectional antenna and hence may be seen over 360 degrees Up to 200 targets can be automatically tracked simultaneously with an output rate adjustable from 1 to 5 seconds Exploited emitters editThe current generation sensor can only detect and track pulsed emissions due to the requirement to measure the time of arrival of pulses The receivers operate in the frequency range of 1 18 GHz and typically exploit secondary surveillance radar SSR transponders identify friend or foe IFF transponders airborne radars weather radars tactical air navigation TACAN transponders distance measurement equipment DME beacons digital communications signals and pulsed jamming signals Versions editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message nbsp Model of VERA NG VERA is supplied in a number of versions VERA AP is the civilian long range air traffic control ATC version which only exploits civilian SSR transponders at 1030 and 1090 MHz VERA E is the export version of the military ESM version of the system also referred to as the VERA S M in its national mobile version In addition the shorter range VERA P3D system is marketed for highly accurate monitoring of transponder equipped ground vehicle movement at airports The manufacturers also market an ESM triangulation system known as BORAP Data Patterns Pvt Ltd India has also established a comfortable lead with its counterpart internationally Czech company ERA in cooperation with the German SMAG introduced a brand new mobile antenna mast for its system VERA NG The prototype is due to be finished in Q1 2017 and be ready for first deliveries at the end of this year Exports editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message Public domain literature claim VERA E systems have been exported to Malaysia Estonia Pakistan and the United States 5 Newspaper reports also claimed that in January 2004 the Czech defence sales company Omnipol received licence to sell six systems to China However US government pressure on the Czech government resulted in the cancellation of this contract Civil systems have been widely exported throughout Europe Within the Czech Republic a mobile VERA E unit is operated by the 53rd Passive Radiotechnical Reconnaissance System and Electronic Warfare Centre at Plana near Ceske Budejovice Users editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message nbsp Map with VERA passive sensor users in blue nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Estonia nbsp Indonesia nbsp Malaysia nbsp Pakistan nbsp Slovakia nbsp Ukraine 4 VERA NG were purchased by Netherlands for Ukraine in 2023 6 nbsp United States nbsp Vietnam VERA NG systems were imported and entered operation since 2015 7 Local variant V ELINT18 Electronic Intelligence System Vietnamese Hệ thống Trinh sat điện tử thong minh lit Smart Electronic reconnaissance system 8 9 was developed and produced by Viettel An unidentified number of Viettel made systems that look visually identical to the imported VERA have been acquired and commissioned by the General Staff of the Vietnam People s Army Department of Electronic Warfare since 2021 The V ELINT18 is claimed as having equivalent functions amp performance to the VERA NG 10 See also editGeneral topic ELINT ESM Similar systems Kolchuga a similar system developed in Ukraine Kopac the first generation Czech ESM TDOA system Ramona the second generation Czech ESM TDOA system Tamara the third generation Czech ESM TDOA system BORAP a contemporary Czech ESM triangulation system YLC 20 a Chinese development of Czech Tamara first revealed in 2006 Similarly abbreviated electronics Vision electronic recording apparatus more commonly known as VERAReferences edit a b VERA NG ERA a s Retrieved 2023 08 17 Era Beyond Radar Rannoch Corporation Acquires ERA to Create the Global Leader www erabeyondradar com Archived from the original on 2007 09 28 Era Beyond Radar Rannoch Changes Company Name to Era Corporation www erabeyondradar com Archived from the original on 2007 09 28 1 Kominek J October 2004 Czech government clears sale of VERA E to US ResearchGate Defensie Ministerie van 2023 06 14 Training van Oekraiense F 16 vliegers start in de komende maanden Nieuwsbericht Defensie nl www defensie nl in Dutch Retrieved 2023 06 14 VCCorp vn 2015 01 18 Mắt thần Vera NG Khắc tinh của may bay tang hinh soha vn in Vietnamese Retrieved 2023 11 20 Electronic Intelligence System Viettel High Tech Viettel Group Retrieved 2023 11 20 Hệ thống Trinh sat điện tử thong minh Viettel High Tech in Vietnamese Viettel Retrieved 2023 11 20 Electronic Intelligence System Viettel High Tech Retrieved 2023 04 21 External links editERA Company PDF company presentation Czech ESM EW unit site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title VERA passive sensor amp oldid 1211025087, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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