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Urban stream

January 01, 1970

An urban stream is a formerly natural waterway that flows through a heavily populated area. Often times, urban streams are low-lying points in the landscape that characterize catchment urbanization.[1] Urban streams are often polluted by urban runoff and combined sewer outflows.[2] Water scarcity makes flow management in the rehabilitation of urban streams problematic.[3]

Second River, an urban stream in Orange, New Jersey

Description edit

 
Some urban streams, such as the Hobart Rivulet in Tasmania, run underground for substantial distances

Governments may alter the flow or course of an urban stream to prevent localized flooding by river engineering: lining stream beds with concrete or other hardscape materials, diverting the stream into culverts and storm sewers, or other means. Some urban streams, such as the subterranean rivers of London, run completely underground. These modifications have often reduced habitat for fish and other species, caused downstream flooding due to alterations of flood plains, and worsened water quality.[4]

Stressors edit

Toxicants, ionic concentrations, available nutrients, temperature (and light), and dissolved oxygen are key stressors to urban streams.[5]

Restoration efforts edit

Some communities have begun stream restoration projects in an attempt to correct the problems caused by alteration, using techniques such as daylighting and fixing stream bank erosion caused by heavy stormwater runoff.[6][7] Streamflow augmentation to restore habitat and aesthetics is also an option, and recycled water can be used for this purpose.[8][9]

Urban stream syndrome edit

Urban stream syndrome (USS) is a consistent observed ecological degradation of streams caused by urbanization. This kind of stream degradation is commonly found in areas near or in urban areas. USS also considers hydrogeomorphology changes which are characterized by a deeper, wider catchment, reduced living space for biota, and altered sediment transport rates. Keep in mind the status of water quality is difficult to assess in urban areas because of the complexity of the pollutions sources.[10] This could be from mining and deforestation, but the main cause can be attributed to urban and suburban development. This is because such land use has a domino effect that can be felt tens of kilometers away. Consistent decrease to ecological health of streams can be from many things, but most can be directly or indirectly attributed to human infrastructure and action. Urban streams tend to be “flashier” meaning they have more frequent and larger high flow events.[2][11]

Urban streams also suffer from chemical alterations due to pollutants and waste being uncleanly dumped back into rivers and lakes. An example of this is Onondaga Lake. Historically one of the most polluted freshwater lakes in the world, its salinity and toxic constituents like mercury rose to unsafe levels as large corporations begun to set up shop around the lake. High levels of salinity would be disastrous for any native freshwater marine life and pollutants like mercury are dangerous to most organisms.[12]

Higher levels of urbanization typically mean a greater presence of urban stream syndrome.[13]

Hydrology plays a key role in urban stream syndrome. As urbanization of these streams continue, there is in turn a decrease in the perviousness of the catchment to precipitation, which leads to a decrease in the infiltration and an increase in the surface runoff. This can cause problems during flood discharges. For example, flood discharges in urban catchments were at least 250% higher in urban catchments than in forested catchments in New York and Texas during similar storms.[14]

Treatment edit

Many water managers treat USS by directly addressing the symptoms, most commonly through channel reconfiguration that includes reshaping rock to address altered hydrology and sediment regimes. In spite of having ecological objectives, this approach has been criticized for addressing physical failures in the system without improving ecological conditions.[15]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Violin, Christy R. (September 2011). "Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems". Ecological Applications. 21 (6): 1932–1949. Bibcode:2011EcoAp..21.1932V. doi:10.1890/10-1551.1. JSTOR 41416629. PMID 21939035 – via JSTOR.
  2. ^ a b Walsh, Christopher J.; Roy, Allison H.; Feminella, Jack W.; Cottingham, Peter D.; Groffman, Peter M.; Morgan, Raymond P. (2005). "The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure". Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 24 (3): 706–723. doi:10.1899/04-028.1. S2CID 30667397.
  3. ^ Lawrence, Justin E.; Pavia, Christopher P. W.; Kaing, Sereyvicheth; Bischel, Heather N.; Luthy, Richard G.; Resh, Vincent H. (2014). "Recycled water for augmenting urban streams in mediterranean-climate regions: a potential approach for riparian ecosystem enhancement". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 59 (3–4): 488–501. Bibcode:2014HydSJ..59..488L. doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.818221. S2CID 129362661.
  4. ^ National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 2007. EPA 841-B-07-002.
  5. ^ Wenger, Seth J.; Roy, Allison H.; Jackson, C. Rhett; Bernhardt, Emily S.; Carter, Timothy L.; Filoso, Solange; Gibson, Catherine A.; Hession, W. Cully; Kaushal, Sujay S.; Martí, Eugenia; Meyer, Judy L.; Palmer, Margaret A.; Paul, Michael J.; Purcell, Alison H.; Ramírez, Alonso; Rosemond, Amy D.; Schofield, Kate A.; Sudduth, Elizabeth B.; Walsh, Christopher J. (December 2009). "Twenty-six key research questions in urban stream ecology: an assessment of the state of the science". Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 28 (4): 1080–1098. doi:10.1899/08-186.1. hdl:10919/80380. S2CID 23296920.
  6. ^ California Department of Water Resources. "Urban Streams Restoration Program". Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  7. ^ Revkin, Andrew C. (16 July 2009). "Rolling Back Pavement to Expose Watery Havens". New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  8. ^ Bischel, Heather N.; Lawrence, Justin E.; Halaburka, Brian J.; Plumlee, Megan H.; Bawazir, A. Salim; King, J. Phillip; McCray, John E.; Resh, Vincent H.; Luthy, Richard G. (2013). "Renewing Urban Streams with Recycled Water for Streamflow Augmentation: Hydrologic, Water Quality, and Ecosystem Services Management". Environmental Engineering Science. 30 (8): 455–479. doi:10.1089/ees.2012.0201.
  9. ^ Halaburka, Brian J.; Lawrence, Justin E.; Bischel, Heather N.; Hsiao, Janet; Plumlee, Megan H.; Resh, Vincent H.; Luthy, Richard G. (2013). "Economic and Ecological Costs and Benefits of Streamflow Augmentation Using Recycled Water in a California Coastal Stream". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (19): 10735–10743. Bibcode:2013EnST...4710735H. doi:10.1021/es305011z. PMID 23688175.
  10. ^ Duda, Alfred M. (July 1982). "Water Quality in Urban Streams: What We Can Expect". Water Pollution Control Federation. 54 (7): 1139–1147. JSTOR 25041633 – via JSTOR.
  11. ^ Vietz, Geoff J.; Walsh, Christopher J.; Fletcher, Tim D. (2016). "Urban hydrogeomorphology and the urban stream syndrome: Treating the symptoms and causes of geomorphic change". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment. 40 (3): 480–492. doi:10.1177/0309133315605048. S2CID 131397867.
  12. ^ Rowell, H. Chandler; Enache, Mihaela D.; Quinlan, Roberto; Smith, Alison J.; Bloomfield, Jay A.; Charles, Donald F.; Effler, Steven W. (2016). "Quantitative paleolimnological inference models applied to a high-resolution biostratigraphic study of lake degradation and recovery, Onondaga Lake, New York (USA)". Journal of Paleolimnology. 55 (3): 241–258. Bibcode:2016JPall..55..241R. doi:10.1007/s10933-015-9877-8. S2CID 130414481.
  13. ^ Brown, Larry R.; Cuffney, Thomas F.; Coles, James F.; Fitzpatrick, Faith; McMahon, Gerard; Steuer, Jeffrey; Bell, Amanda H.; May, Jason T. (2009). "Urban streams across the USA: lessons learned from studies in 9 metropolitan areas". Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 28 (4): 1051–1069. doi:10.1899/08-153.1. S2CID 85861111.
  14. ^ Paul, Michael J (2001). "Streams in the Urban Landscape". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 32: 335. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114040. JSTOR 2678644 – via JSTOR.
  15. ^ Laub, Brian G.; Baker, Daniel W.; Bledsoe, Brian P.; Palmer, Margaret A. (2012). "Range of variability of channel complexity in urban, restored and forested reference streams: Channel complexity and stream restoration". Freshwater Biology. 57 (5): 1076–1095. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02763.x.

Bibliography edit

  • Riley, Ann L.; Leopold, Luna B. (1998). Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers, and Citizens. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-042-9.

External links edit

  • Urban Waters Program - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  • Ecosystem Effects of Urban Stream Restoration - EPA
  • Suspended Sediment and Discharge in a West London River

January 01, 1970
urban, stream, urban, stream, formerly, natural, waterway, that, flows, through, heavily, populated, area, often, times, urban, streams, lying, points, landscape, that, characterize, catchment, urbanization, often, polluted, urban, runoff, combined, sewer, out. An urban stream is a formerly natural waterway that flows through a heavily populated area Often times urban streams are low lying points in the landscape that characterize catchment urbanization 1 Urban streams are often polluted by urban runoff and combined sewer outflows 2 Water scarcity makes flow management in the rehabilitation of urban streams problematic 3 Second River an urban stream in Orange New Jersey Contents 1 Description 2 Stressors 3 Restoration efforts 3 1 Urban stream syndrome 3 1 1 Treatment 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksDescription edit nbsp Some urban streams such as the Hobart Rivulet in Tasmania run underground for substantial distances Governments may alter the flow or course of an urban stream to prevent localized flooding by river engineering lining stream beds with concrete or other hardscape materials diverting the stream into culverts and storm sewers or other means Some urban streams such as the subterranean rivers of London run completely underground These modifications have often reduced habitat for fish and other species caused downstream flooding due to alterations of flood plains and worsened water quality 4 Stressors editToxicants ionic concentrations available nutrients temperature and light and dissolved oxygen are key stressors to urban streams 5 Restoration efforts editSome communities have begun stream restoration projects in an attempt to correct the problems caused by alteration using techniques such as daylighting and fixing stream bank erosion caused by heavy stormwater runoff 6 7 Streamflow augmentation to restore habitat and aesthetics is also an option and recycled water can be used for this purpose 8 9 Urban stream syndrome edit Urban stream syndrome USS is a consistent observed ecological degradation of streams caused by urbanization This kind of stream degradation is commonly found in areas near or in urban areas USS also considers hydrogeomorphology changes which are characterized by a deeper wider catchment reduced living space for biota and altered sediment transport rates Keep in mind the status of water quality is difficult to assess in urban areas because of the complexity of the pollutions sources 10 This could be from mining and deforestation but the main cause can be attributed to urban and suburban development This is because such land use has a domino effect that can be felt tens of kilometers away Consistent decrease to ecological health of streams can be from many things but most can be directly or indirectly attributed to human infrastructure and action Urban streams tend to be flashier meaning they have more frequent and larger high flow events 2 11 Urban streams also suffer from chemical alterations due to pollutants and waste being uncleanly dumped back into rivers and lakes An example of this is Onondaga Lake Historically one of the most polluted freshwater lakes in the world its salinity and toxic constituents like mercury rose to unsafe levels as large corporations begun to set up shop around the lake High levels of salinity would be disastrous for any native freshwater marine life and pollutants like mercury are dangerous to most organisms 12 Higher levels of urbanization typically mean a greater presence of urban stream syndrome 13 Hydrology plays a key role in urban stream syndrome As urbanization of these streams continue there is in turn a decrease in the perviousness of the catchment to precipitation which leads to a decrease in the infiltration and an increase in the surface runoff This can cause problems during flood discharges For example flood discharges in urban catchments were at least 250 higher in urban catchments than in forested catchments in New York and Texas during similar storms 14 Treatment edit Many water managers treat USS by directly addressing the symptoms most commonly through channel reconfiguration that includes reshaping rock to address altered hydrology and sediment regimes In spite of having ecological objectives this approach has been criticized for addressing physical failures in the system without improving ecological conditions 15 See also editNationwide Urban Runoff Program NURP US research program Nonpoint source pollution Subterranean riverReferences edit Violin Christy R September 2011 Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems Ecological Applications 21 6 1932 1949 Bibcode 2011EcoAp 21 1932V doi 10 1890 10 1551 1 JSTOR 41416629 PMID 21939035 via JSTOR a b Walsh Christopher J Roy Allison H Feminella Jack W Cottingham Peter D Groffman Peter M Morgan Raymond P 2005 The urban stream syndrome current knowledge and the search for a cure Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24 3 706 723 doi 10 1899 04 028 1 S2CID 30667397 Lawrence Justin E Pavia Christopher P W Kaing Sereyvicheth Bischel Heather N Luthy Richard G Resh Vincent H 2014 Recycled water for augmenting urban streams in mediterranean climate regions a potential approach for riparian ecosystem enhancement Hydrological Sciences Journal 59 3 4 488 501 Bibcode 2014HydSJ 59 488L doi 10 1080 02626667 2013 818221 S2CID 129362661 National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification Report Washington DC U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA July 2007 EPA 841 B 07 002 Wenger Seth J Roy Allison H Jackson C Rhett Bernhardt Emily S Carter Timothy L Filoso Solange Gibson Catherine A Hession W Cully Kaushal Sujay S Marti Eugenia Meyer Judy L Palmer Margaret A Paul Michael J Purcell Alison H Ramirez Alonso Rosemond Amy D Schofield Kate A Sudduth Elizabeth B Walsh Christopher J December 2009 Twenty six key research questions in urban stream ecology an assessment of the state of the science Journal of the North American Benthological Society 28 4 1080 1098 doi 10 1899 08 186 1 hdl 10919 80380 S2CID 23296920 California Department of Water Resources Urban Streams Restoration Program Retrieved 2009 07 11 Revkin Andrew C 16 July 2009 Rolling Back Pavement to Expose Watery Havens New York Times Retrieved 19 July 2009 Bischel Heather N Lawrence Justin E Halaburka Brian J Plumlee Megan H Bawazir A Salim King J Phillip McCray John E Resh Vincent H Luthy Richard G 2013 Renewing Urban Streams with Recycled Water for Streamflow Augmentation Hydrologic Water Quality and Ecosystem Services Management Environmental Engineering Science 30 8 455 479 doi 10 1089 ees 2012 0201 Halaburka Brian J Lawrence Justin E Bischel Heather N Hsiao Janet Plumlee Megan H Resh Vincent H Luthy Richard G 2013 Economic and Ecological Costs and Benefits of Streamflow Augmentation Using Recycled Water in a California Coastal Stream Environmental Science amp Technology 47 19 10735 10743 Bibcode 2013EnST 4710735H doi 10 1021 es305011z PMID 23688175 Duda Alfred M July 1982 Water Quality in Urban Streams What We Can Expect Water Pollution Control Federation 54 7 1139 1147 JSTOR 25041633 via JSTOR Vietz Geoff J Walsh Christopher J Fletcher Tim D 2016 Urban hydrogeomorphology and the urban stream syndrome Treating the symptoms and causes of geomorphic change Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment 40 3 480 492 doi 10 1177 0309133315605048 S2CID 131397867 Rowell H Chandler Enache Mihaela D Quinlan Roberto Smith Alison J Bloomfield Jay A Charles Donald F Effler Steven W 2016 Quantitative paleolimnological inference models applied to a high resolution biostratigraphic study of lake degradation and recovery Onondaga Lake New York USA Journal of Paleolimnology 55 3 241 258 Bibcode 2016JPall 55 241R doi 10 1007 s10933 015 9877 8 S2CID 130414481 Brown Larry R Cuffney Thomas F Coles James F Fitzpatrick Faith McMahon Gerard Steuer Jeffrey Bell Amanda H May Jason T 2009 Urban streams across the USA lessons learned from studies in 9 metropolitan areas Journal of the North American Benthological Society 28 4 1051 1069 doi 10 1899 08 153 1 S2CID 85861111 Paul Michael J 2001 Streams in the Urban Landscape Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32 335 doi 10 1146 annurev ecolsys 32 081501 114040 JSTOR 2678644 via JSTOR Laub Brian G Baker Daniel W Bledsoe Brian P Palmer Margaret A 2012 Range of variability of channel complexity in urban restored and forested reference streams Channel complexity and stream restoration Freshwater Biology 57 5 1076 1095 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2427 2012 02763 x Bibliography editRiley Ann L Leopold Luna B 1998 Restoring Streams in Cities A Guide for Planners Policymakers and Citizens Washington DC Island Press ISBN 978 1 55963 042 9 External links editUrban Waters Program U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA Ecosystem Effects of Urban Stream Restoration EPA Suspended Sediment and Discharge in a West London River Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Urban stream amp oldid 1214733718, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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