Riots often occur in reaction to a perceived grievance or out of dissent. Riots may be the outcome of a sporting event, although many riots have occurred due to poor working or living conditions, government oppression, conflicts between races or religions.
Rapid urbanization has led to the rise of urban riots, often inner city. John F. McDonald and Daniel P. McMillen have identified Los Angeles's Watts Riots, in 1965, as the first "urban riots" in the United States. They were a part of what were known as race riots of the civil rights period. These riots in particular culminated in 1968–1969. The analyses of urban riots in terms of urban conditions influenced the emerging field of urban economics in the 1960s.[1]
Riots have occurred before the rapid urbanization starting in the mid-20th Century, hence the occurrence of riots in urban areas in itself is not special. While a riot may be initially sparked by a specific event, scholars, commentators and commissions have sought to identify the deeper reasons and have identified a number of urban conditions that may underline urban riots. These urban conditions are often associated with urban decay more generally and may include: discrimination, poverty, high unemployment, poor schools, poor healthcare, housing inadequacy and police brutality and bias.[1]
List of urban riotsedit
This is a list of riots that have occurred, mostly in the United States and the UK, in the context of urban conditions and more broadly urban decay.
13–16 July 1863, Lower Manhattan, New York City, US. Riots carried out by members of the white working class, predominantly protesting against draft laws passed that year in the context of the American Civil War, but also against perspectives of mixed race neighborhoods.
21 February 1909, South Omaha, Nebraska, US. During a period of economic downturn in the city, a successful community of Greeks in Omaha, Nebraska was burnt to the ground by a mob from Omaha. This happened after they almost lynched a Greek immigrant accused of having sex with a Protestant woman. A federal trial brought by the Greek consul to the United States ends in stagnation. No person is ever convicted.
27 July-2 August 1919 Chicago, IL, US. An African American teenager, Eugene Williams, who was swimming in Lake Michigan drifted near a beach that whites considered their own. A white man on a breakwater assailed the black youth with stones and the youth drowned. The white Chicago police officers who investigated the incident refused to arrest the assailant. The tension escalated into riots between blacks and whites. The Governor of Illinois, Frank Lowden, called in the Illinois National Guard to quell the unrest, but at least 38 people were killed and 500 injured over a period of seven days.[3][4]
5 July 1966, North Omaha, Nebraska, US, More than 500 black youth gathered to protest the absence of recreation programs and jobs storm a local business district, throwing rocks and bricks at Jewish-owned businesses in the area. The National Guard is called in after three days of random violence and organized raids.[9]
12 July 1967, Newark, New Jersey, US, Factors that contributed to the Newark Riot: police brutality, political exclusion of blacks from city government, urban renewal, inadequate housing, unemployment, poverty, and rapid change in the racial composition of neighborhoods.[10]
23 July 1967, Detroit, Michigan, US, The origins of urban unrest in Detroit were rooted in a multitude of political, economic, and social factors including police abuse, lack of affordable housing, urban renewal projects, economic inequality, black militancy, and rapid demographic change.[11]
4 April 1968, Washington, D.C., US, A report from National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders identified discrimination and poverty as the root causes of the riots that erupted in cities around the nation during the late 1960s and in Washington, DC in April 1968[12]
23 July 1968, Cleveland, Ohio, US, Shootout between black militant organization led by Ahmed Evans and Cleveland Police Department attracted large and hostile black crowds that caused a four-day riot
24 June 1969, North Omaha, Nebraska US, An Omaha police officer fatally shoots a teenager in the back of the head during a gathering of youth in local public housing projects. Many youth and adults from the local African American community gather in the local business district, routinely burning and otherwise destroying non-Black-owned businesses.[13]
August 24, 1970, Royal Oak, MI, US. A civil disturbance by alienated white youths that began in Royal Oak, Michigan, and spread to Birmingham, Michigan, both primarily white middle class suburbs of Detroit. The initial conflict resulted from the closure by police of Memorial Park in Royal Oak. Authorities said that the park was being used as a marketplace for the sale of illegal drugs. The riot lasted for three days, and led to the formation of several youth controlled social service organizations.
13 December 1995, London, England, Alex Owolade, chairman of the anti-racist group Movement for Justice, said the violence was a rebellion against years of "racist injustice" by police in an impoverished area plagued by racial tension.[22]
10 April 2001, Cincinnati, Ohio, US, An Enquirer reporter, Kristina Goetz, reported that the lack of progress on perennial inner-city problems such as inadequate child and health care, failing schools, and low rates of minority home ownership was a contributing factor.[24]
22 October 2005, Birmingham, England, Many white and more affluent African-Caribbean residents have moved out of Birmingham, signaling a rapid change in the racial composition of neighborhoods.[27]
From 23 February 2014, initially in Hrushevskoho Street, Kiev, Ukraine, 12 anti-protest laws were repealed and Prime Minister Mykola Azarov tendered his resignation and a bill offering amnesty to arrested and charged protesters was issued.
Protests began after the death of Freddie Gray on 12 April 2015. Protests escalated to violence, looting, and arson on the day of Gray's funeral Monday 27 April 2015.
^A rumour, outrage and then a riot. How tension in a Birmingham suburb erupted | Special reports | Guardian Unlimited
February 16, 2024
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Riots often occur in reaction to a perceived grievance or out of dissent Riots may be the outcome of a sporting event although many riots have occurred due to poor working or living conditions government oppression conflicts between races or religions Rapid urbanization has led to the rise of urban riots often inner city John F McDonald and Daniel P McMillen have identified Los Angeles s Watts Riots in 1965 as the first urban riots in the United States They were a part of what were known as race riots of the civil rights period These riots in particular culminated in 1968 1969 The analyses of urban riots in terms of urban conditions influenced the emerging field of urban economics in the 1960s 1 Contents 1 Causes of urban riots 2 List of urban riots 2 1 Pre 1960s 2 2 1960s 2 3 1970s 2 4 1980s 2 5 1990s 2 6 2000s 2 7 2010s 2 8 2020s 3 See also 4 ReferencesCauses of urban riots editSee also slum and ghetto Riots have occurred before the rapid urbanization starting in the mid 20th Century hence the occurrence of riots in urban areas in itself is not special While a riot may be initially sparked by a specific event scholars commentators and commissions have sought to identify the deeper reasons and have identified a number of urban conditions that may underline urban riots These urban conditions are often associated with urban decay more generally and may include discrimination poverty high unemployment poor schools poor healthcare housing inadequacy and police brutality and bias 1 List of urban riots editThis is a list of riots that have occurred mostly in the United States and the UK in the context of urban conditions and more broadly urban decay Pre 1960s edit 1863 New York City draft riots 13 16 July 1863 Lower Manhattan New York City US Riots carried out by members of the white working class predominantly protesting against draft laws passed that year in the context of the American Civil War but also against perspectives of mixed race neighborhoods 1909 Greek Town Riot 21 February 1909 South Omaha Nebraska US During a period of economic downturn in the city a successful community of Greeks in Omaha Nebraska was burnt to the ground by a mob from Omaha This happened after they almost lynched a Greek immigrant accused of having sex with a Protestant woman A federal trial brought by the Greek consul to the United States ends in stagnation No person is ever convicted 1917 East St Louis Riot July 1917 East Saint Louis IL US 2 1919 Chicago Race Riot 27 July 2 August 1919 Chicago IL US An African American teenager Eugene Williams who was swimming in Lake Michigan drifted near a beach that whites considered their own A white man on a breakwater assailed the black youth with stones and the youth drowned The white Chicago police officers who investigated the incident refused to arrest the assailant The tension escalated into riots between blacks and whites The Governor of Illinois Frank Lowden called in the Illinois National Guard to quell the unrest but at least 38 people were killed and 500 injured over a period of seven days 3 4 1921 Tulsa Race Riots 31 May 1 June 1921 Tulsa Oklahoma US 1935 Harlem Riot 19 March 1935 New York City US 5 1949 Anacostia Pool Riot 29 June 1949 Washington D C US1958 Notting Hill race riots late August and early September 1958 London UK1960s edit Rochester 1964 race riot 24 26 July 1964 6 Cyprus crisis of 1963 64 Major riots in the cities of Nicosia Famagusta and Larnaca led to the division of Cyprus and its two communities the Turkish and Greek Cypriots Harlem riot of 1964 16 22 July 1964 New York City New York provoked by the NYPDs shooting of black teenager James Powell Philadelphia 1964 race riot 28 30 August 1964 Philadelphia Pennsylvania US Allegations of police brutality sparked the Columbia Avenue race riots 6 Watts Riots 11 August 1965 Los Angeles California US The McCone Commission investigated the riots finding that causes included poverty inequality racial discrimination and the passage in November 1964 of Proposition 14 on the California ballot overturning the Rumford Fair Housing Act which established equality of opportunity for black home buyers 7 Hough Riots 18 July 1966 Cleveland Ohio US The underlying causes of the riots may found in the social conditions that exist in the ghettos of Cleveland 8 Racial tension in Omaha Nebraska 5 July 1966 North Omaha Nebraska US More than 500 black youth gathered to protest the absence of recreation programs and jobs storm a local business district throwing rocks and bricks at Jewish owned businesses in the area The National Guard is called in after three days of random violence and organized raids 9 1967 Newark riots 12 July 1967 Newark New Jersey US Factors that contributed to the Newark Riot police brutality political exclusion of blacks from city government urban renewal inadequate housing unemployment poverty and rapid change in the racial composition of neighborhoods 10 1967 Plainfield riots 14 July 1967 Plainfield New Jersey US12th Street riot 23 July 1967 Detroit Michigan US The origins of urban unrest in Detroit were rooted in a multitude of political economic and social factors including police abuse lack of affordable housing urban renewal projects economic inequality black militancy and rapid demographic change 11 Minneapolis Saint Paul US Fall 1967 Racial tensions boil over in North Minneapolis as whites continue to leave the decaying core of the inner city bound for the suburbs 1968 Chicago Illinois riots 4 April 1968 Violence erupted in Chicago s black ghetto on the west side eventually consuming a 28 block stretch of West Madison Street Looting and arson took place primarily in the corridor between Roosevelt Road on the south and Chicago Avenue on the north 1968 Washington D C riots 4 April 1968 Washington D C US A report from National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders identified discrimination and poverty as the root causes of the riots that erupted in cities around the nation during the late 1960s and in Washington DC in April 1968 12 Baltimore riot of 1968 4 April 1968 Baltimore Maryland USGlenville Shootout 23 July 1968 Cleveland Ohio US Shootout between black militant organization led by Ahmed Evans and Cleveland Police Department attracted large and hostile black crowds that caused a four day riotStonewall riots June 1969 New York City New York a turning point for the modern U S gay rights movement 1969 North 24th Street Riots 24 June 1969 North Omaha Nebraska US An Omaha police officer fatally shoots a teenager in the back of the head during a gathering of youth in local public housing projects Many youth and adults from the local African American community gather in the local business district routinely burning and otherwise destroying non Black owned businesses 13 1970s edit 1970 Memorial Park riot August 24 1970 Royal Oak MI US A civil disturbance by alienated white youths that began in Royal Oak Michigan and spread to Birmingham Michigan both primarily white middle class suburbs of Detroit The initial conflict resulted from the closure by police of Memorial Park in Royal Oak Authorities said that the park was being used as a marketplace for the sale of illegal drugs The riot lasted for three days and led to the formation of several youth controlled social service organizations 1976 Soweto uprising Johannesburg South Africa 1976 The Soweto Uprising Massive reaction to education laws under apartheid bloodily suppressed 14 New York City blackout of 1977 13 July 1977 New York City US That massive blackout was viewed by some as one symptom of the city s decline 15 1979 Southall Riot Blair Peach 23 April 1979 London England 16 1980s edit 1980 St Pauls riot 2 April 1980 Bristol EnglandArthur McDuffie 8 May 1980 Miami Florida US black outrage at a double standard of justice 17 1981 Brixton riot 11 April 1981 London England 18 1981 Toxteth riots 5 July 1981 Liverpool England1981 University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Riots 1981 Rio Piedras Puerto Rico1981 Chapeltown race riot 1981 Leeds England1980s Handsworth race riots 10 July 1981 Birmingham England 19 1985 Brixton riot 28 September 1985 Brixton London England1985 Broadwater Farm Riot 6 October 1985 Tottenham London England1985 Toxteth riots 1 October 1985 Liverpool England 20 1985 Peckham riots 1 October 1985 London England A report by Lord Scarman acknowledged much of the widespread unrest had its roots in social and economic deprivation and in racial discrimination 20 1990s edit 1991 Washington D C riot 5 7 May 1991 Washington DCCrown Heights Riot 19 August 1991 New York City USMeadow Well Riots 9 September 1991 Newcastle upon Tyne England1992 Los Angeles riots 29 April 1992 Los Angeles California US 21 Riot of Rostock Lichtenhagen 22 24 August 1992 Rostock GermanyBrixton riot 1995 13 December 1995 London England Alex Owolade chairman of the anti racist group Movement for Justice said the violence was a rebellion against years of racist injustice by police in an impoverished area plagued by racial tension 22 Jakarta riots of May 1998 May 1998 Indonesia triggered by economic decline problems were both urban and rural 23 2000s edit 2001 Cincinnati riots 10 April 2001 Cincinnati Ohio US An Enquirer reporter Kristina Goetz reported that the lack of progress on perennial inner city problems such as inadequate child and health care failing schools and low rates of minority home ownership was a contributing factor 24 Oldham Riots 26 May 2001 Greater Manchester England which were sparked by racial tension between the white and Asian communities Benton Harbor riots 16 June 2003 Benton Harbor Michigan2004 Redfern riots 14 February 2004 Sydney Australia2005 Macquarie Fields riots 25 February 2005 Sydney Australia There is an open debate about the cause of this riot One side cites economic factors and racism 25 2005 Toledo Riot 15 October 2005 Toledo Ohio US Residents at forum named poverty above other causes as the kindling for the riot 26 2005 Birmingham riots 22 October 2005 Birmingham England Many white and more affluent African Caribbean residents have moved out of Birmingham signaling a rapid change in the racial composition of neighborhoods 27 2005 civil unrest in France 2005 Paris France2005 Cronulla riots 2005 Sydney Australia2006 Dublin riots February 2006 Dublin Ireland2006 protests in Hungary September October 2006 Budapest Hungary2008 Greek riots December 2008 Athens and other major cities of Greece 2010s edit nbsp Starbucks is set on fire during riot against austerity measures Barcelona2010 Kyrgyzstani uprising April May 2010 Bishkek and other cities in Kyrgyzstan May 2010 Greek protests May 2010 Throughout Greece to protest public spending cuts 2011 Stanley Cup riot 15 June 2011 Vancouver British Columbia 2011 England riots From 6 August 2011 initially in Tottenham London later in many other parts of London and some other major English cities 2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots From 23 February 2014 initially in Hrushevskoho Street Kiev Ukraine 12 anti protest laws were repealed and Prime Minister Mykola Azarov tendered his resignation and a bill offering amnesty to arrested and charged protesters was issued 2014 Ferguson unrest Precipitated by 9 August 2014 fatal shooting of 18 year old Michael Brown by local police in Ferguson Missouri US 2015 Baltimore riots Protests began after the death of Freddie Gray on 12 April 2015 Protests escalated to violence looting and arson on the day of Gray s funeral Monday 27 April 2015 2019 2020 Hong Kong protests Precipitated by the introduction of Fugitive Offenders amendment bill on extradition in response to a murder case in Taiwan Protests escalated to violence and arson despite the withdrawal of the bill 2020s edit George Floyd protests May 2020 2021 Nationwide rioting in the aftermath of protests caused by the murder of George Floyd 2021 storming of the United States Capitol January 6 2021 The United States Capitol Building was stormed by supporters of outgoing President Donald Trump during the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count See also editSectarian violence One third hypothesisReferences edit a b McDonald John F McMillen Daniel P 2006 Urban Economics and Real Estate Theory and Practice Blackwell p 368 Race Riot Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 Retrieved 3 September 2013 Race Divisions on Public Beaches Page 1 The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 Archived from the original on 9 March 2008 Harlem Dark Weather Vane Archived 1 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine by Alain Locke a b Rochester riot timeline This day in history Watts riots Ohio History Hough Riots 1992 The Street of Dreams video Nebraska Public Television The Newark and Detroit Riots Events The Detroit Riots of 1967 Events Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 Retrieved 24 April 2011 Foundation Center Washington D C Spotlight On 2006 Distilled in Black and White Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Omaha Reader 1976 The Soweto riots NPR The New York City Blackout of 1977 BBC ON THIS DAY 23 1979 Teacher dies in Southall race riots Fire and Fury in Miami TIME BBC ON THIS DAY 25 1981 Brixton riots report blames racial tension Digital Handsworth Home a b BBC ON THIS DAY 1 1985 Riots erupt in Toxteth and Peckham King Riots Urban Decay amp Alienation BBC ON THIS DAY 13 1995 Riots break out in Brixton 1998 Human Rights Report Indonesia May June 2001 Standing Committee on Social Issues Macquarie Fields Inquiry 23 March 2005 NSW Parliament Search Results A rumour outrage and then a riot How tension in a Birmingham suburb erupted Special reports Guardian Unlimited Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Urban riot amp oldid 1197928832, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
