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Bison antiquus

February 15, 2024

Bison antiquus, the antique bison or ancient bison, is an extinct species of bison that lived in Late Pleistocene North America until around 10,000 years ago. Bison antiquus was one of the most common large herbivores in Late Pleistocene North America. It is a direct ancestor of the living American bison.[1][2]

Bison antiquus
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene
↓
Bison antiquus at the La Brea Tar Pits Museum
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bison
Species:
†B. antiquus
Binomial name
†Bison antiquus
Leidy, 1852
Synonyms
  • Bison californicus
    Rhoads, 1897

History of discovery edit

The first described remains of Bison antiquus were collected at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky in Pleistocene deposits in the 1850s and only consisted of a fragmentary posterior skull and a nearly complete horn core.[3] The fossil (ANSP 12990) was briefly described by Joseph Leidy in 1852.[4] Although the original fossils were fragmentary, a complete skull of an old male was discovered in southern California and were described as a new species, B. californicus, by Samuel Rhoads in 1897,[5] but the species is considered synonymous with B. antiquus.[6]: 759–760  Since the 19th century, several well preserved specimens of B. antiquus have been discovered in many parts of the United States,[7] Canada,[8] and southern Mexico.[9]

Description edit

B. antiquus was taller, had larger bones and horns, and was 15 to 25% larger overall than modern bison. It reached up to 2.27 m (7.4 ft) tall, 4.6 m (15 ft) long, and a weight of 1,588 kg (3,501 lb),[10] with an average of around 800 kg (1,800 lb).[11][12] The horns were on average 87 centimetres (2.85 ft) across tip to tip, but could be as much as 106.7 centimetres (3.50 ft) across.[13]

Evolution edit

Around 195,000-130,000 years ago, the steppe bison (Bison priscus) crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America.[14] In North America, B. priscus evolved into the large long-horned Bison latifrons, which then gave rise to B. antiquus sometime prior to 60,000 years ago.[15] B. antiquus became increasingly abundant in parts of midcontinent North America from 18,000 until about 10,000 years ago.[16]

Relationship with humans edit

One of the best educational sites to view in situ semifossilized skeletons of over 500 individuals of B. antiquus is the Hudson-Meng archeological site operated by the U.S. Forest Service, 18 mi (29 km) northwest of Crawford, Nebraska. A number of paleo-Indian spear and projectile points have been recovered in conjunction with the animal skeletons at the site, which is dated around 9,700 to 10,000 years ago. The reason for the "die-off" of so many animals in one compact location is still in conjecture; some professionals argue it was the result of a very successful paleo-Indian hunt, while others feel the herd died as a result of some dramatic natural event, to be later scavenged by humans. Individuals of B. antiquus of both sexes and a typical range of ages have been found at the site.[17][18][19]

According to internationally renowned archaeologist George Carr Frison, B. occidentalis and B. antiquus both survived the Late Pleistocene period, between about 12,000 and 11,000 years ago, dominated by glaciation (the Wisconsin glaciation in North America), when many other megafauna became extinct.[20] After the extinction of most of the North American megafauna, Native Americans of the Plains and Rocky Mountains depended largely on bison as their major food source. Frison noted, "[the] oldest, well-documented bison kills by pedestrian human hunters in North America date to about 11,000 years ago."[21] B. antiquus fossils were found in Washington State in recent years, with apparent fracture patterns on bones consistent with stone tools as opposed to carnivorous activity.[22]

Extinction edit

The living American bison (Bison bison) is suggested to have evolved from Bison antiquus in central North America at the very end of the Pleistocene. The last populations of B. antiquus became extinct during the early Holocene, around 10,000 years ago.[15]

 
B. antiquus skull

References edit

  1. ^ . La Brea Tar Pits & Museum. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  2. ^ C. G Van Zyll de Jong , 1986, A systematic study of recent bison, with particular consideration of the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads 1898), p.53, National Museum of Natural Sciences
  3. ^ Gillette, D. D., & Colbert, E. H. (1976). Catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossil Vertebrates Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Part II: Terrestrial Mammals. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 25-38.
  4. ^ Leidy, Joseph (1852). "July 6, 1852". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 6 (1): 117. Retrieved 1 June 2023 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  5. ^ Rhoads, S. N. (1897). Notes on living and extinct species of North American Bovidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 483-502.
  6. ^ Lucas, F.A. (1899). "The fossil bison of North America" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 21 (1172): 755–771. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.21-1172.755. Retrieved 1 June 2023 – via Smithsonian Institution.
  7. ^ Wilson, Michael C.; Kenady, Stephen M.; Schalk, Randall F. (2009). "Late Pleistocene Bison antiquus from Orcas Island, Washington, and the biogeographic importance of an early postglacial land mammal dispersal corridor from the mainland to Vancouver Island". Quaternary Research. 71 (1): 49–61. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.09.001. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129543840.
  8. ^ Wilson, M.C.; Hills, L.V.; Shapiro, B. (2008). "Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of Bison occidentalis". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 45 (7): 827–859. Bibcode:2008CaJES..45..827W. doi:10.1139/E08-027.
  9. ^ Jiménez-Hidalgo, E.; Cabrera-Pérez, L.; MacFadden, B.J.; Guerrero-Arenas, R. (March 2013). "First record of Bison antiquus from the Late Pleistocene of southern Mexico". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 42: 83–90. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.07.011. S2CID 140592800.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  11. ^ Martin, J.M.; Mead, J.I.; Barboza, P.S. (April 2018). "Bison body size and climate change". Ecology and Evolution. 8 (9): 4564–4574. doi:10.1002/ece3.4019. PMC 5938452.
  12. ^ Wimberley, A.N. (September 2023). "Predicting body mass in Ruminantia using postcranial measurements". Journal of Morphology. 284 (10): e21636. doi:10.1002/jmor.21636.
  13. ^ Wilson, Michael C.; Hills, Leonard V.; Shapiro, Beth (July 2008). Gilbert, Robert (ed.). "Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of Bison occidentalis". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 45 (7): 827–859. doi:10.1139/E08-027. ISSN 0008-4077.
  14. ^ Froese, Duane; Stiller, Mathias; Heintzman, Peter D.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Zazula, Grant D.; Soares, André E. R.; Meyer, Matthias; Hall, Elizabeth; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Arnold, Lee J.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Shapiro, Beth (28 March 2017). "Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (13): 3457–3462. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.3457F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620754114. PMC 5380047. PMID 28289222.
  15. ^ a b Zver, Lars; Toškan, Borut; Bužan, Elena (September 2021). "Phylogeny of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Bison species in Europe and North America". Quaternary International. 595: 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.04.022.
  16. ^ Scott, E.; Cox, S.M. (2008). "Late Pleistocene distribution of Bison (Mammalia; Artiodactyla) in the Mojave Desert of Southern California and Nevada". In Wang, X.; Barnes, L.G. (eds.). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 359–382. ISBN 978-1-891276-27-9. No. 41 Science Series.
  17. ^ Davis & Wilson 1978, p. 128.
  18. ^ Davis, L.B. and Wilson, M. (1978) "Bison procurement and utilization: A symposium," Plains Anthropologist. Volume 23, Issue 82, Part 2. p 128.
  19. ^ Agenbroad, L.D. (1978) The Hudson-Meng site: an Alberta bison kill in the Nebraska high plains. University Press of America.
  20. ^ Ehlers & Gibbard 2004.
  21. ^ Frison 2000.
  22. ^ Mackie, Quentin (24 April 2010). "The Bison at Ayer Pond on Orcas Island is archaeological". Northwest Coast Archaeology. Retrieved 1 June 2023.

Further reading edit

  • Davis, L. B.; Wilson, M. (1978), "Bison procurement and utilization: A symposium", Plains Anthropologist Part 2, 23 (82)
  • Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L. (2004), Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America, Amsterdam: Elsevier, ISBN 0-444-51462-7
  • Frison, George C. (August 2000), Prehistoric Human and Bison Relationships on the Plains of North America, Edmonton, Alberta: International Bison Conference
  • Leidy, Joseph (1852b), Memoir on the extinct species of American ox, retrieved 20 September 2013

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bison antiquus.
  • Conrad, Jim. "Ancient Bison foot fossil". The Loess Hills of the Lower Mississippi Valley. Backyard Nature. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  • Paleobiology Database - Bison antiquus(dead link)

February 15, 2024
bison, antiquus, antique, bison, ancient, bison, extinct, species, bison, that, lived, late, pleistocene, north, america, until, around, years, most, common, large, herbivores, late, pleistocene, north, america, direct, ancestor, living, american, bison, tempo. Bison antiquus the antique bison or ancient bison is an extinct species of bison that lived in Late Pleistocene North America until around 10 000 years ago Bison antiquus was one of the most common large herbivores in Late Pleistocene North America It is a direct ancestor of the living American bison 1 2 Bison antiquusTemporal range Late Pleistocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Bison antiquus at the La Brea Tar Pits MuseumScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ArtiodactylaFamily BovidaeSubfamily BovinaeGenus BisonSpecies B antiquusBinomial name Bison antiquusLeidy 1852SynonymsBison californicusRhoads 1897 Contents 1 History of discovery 2 Description 3 Evolution 4 Relationship with humans 5 Extinction 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory of discovery editThe first described remains of Bison antiquus were collected at Big Bone Lick Kentucky in Pleistocene deposits in the 1850s and only consisted of a fragmentary posterior skull and a nearly complete horn core 3 The fossil ANSP 12990 was briefly described by Joseph Leidy in 1852 4 Although the original fossils were fragmentary a complete skull of an old male was discovered in southern California and were described as a new species B californicus by Samuel Rhoads in 1897 5 but the species is considered synonymous with B antiquus 6 759 760 Since the 19th century several well preserved specimens of B antiquus have been discovered in many parts of the United States 7 Canada 8 and southern Mexico 9 Description editB antiquus was taller had larger bones and horns and was 15 to 25 larger overall than modern bison It reached up to 2 27 m 7 4 ft tall 4 6 m 15 ft long and a weight of 1 588 kg 3 501 lb 10 with an average of around 800 kg 1 800 lb 11 12 The horns were on average 87 centimetres 2 85 ft across tip to tip but could be as much as 106 7 centimetres 3 50 ft across 13 Evolution editAround 195 000 130 000 years ago the steppe bison Bison priscus crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America 14 In North America B priscus evolved into the large long horned Bison latifrons which then gave rise to B antiquus sometime prior to 60 000 years ago 15 B antiquus became increasingly abundant in parts of midcontinent North America from 18 000 until about 10 000 years ago 16 Relationship with humans editOne of the best educational sites to view in situ semifossilized skeletons of over 500 individuals of B antiquus is the Hudson Meng archeological site operated by the U S Forest Service 18 mi 29 km northwest of Crawford Nebraska A number of paleo Indian spear and projectile points have been recovered in conjunction with the animal skeletons at the site which is dated around 9 700 to 10 000 years ago The reason for the die off of so many animals in one compact location is still in conjecture some professionals argue it was the result of a very successful paleo Indian hunt while others feel the herd died as a result of some dramatic natural event to be later scavenged by humans Individuals of B antiquus of both sexes and a typical range of ages have been found at the site 17 18 19 According to internationally renowned archaeologist George Carr Frison B occidentalis and B antiquus both survived the Late Pleistocene period between about 12 000 and 11 000 years ago dominated by glaciation the Wisconsin glaciation in North America when many other megafauna became extinct 20 After the extinction of most of the North American megafauna Native Americans of the Plains and Rocky Mountains depended largely on bison as their major food source Frison noted the oldest well documented bison kills by pedestrian human hunters in North America date to about 11 000 years ago 21 B antiquus fossils were found in Washington State in recent years with apparent fracture patterns on bones consistent with stone tools as opposed to carnivorous activity 22 Extinction editThe living American bison Bison bison is suggested to have evolved from Bison antiquus in central North America at the very end of the Pleistocene The last populations of B antiquus became extinct during the early Holocene around 10 000 years ago 15 nbsp B antiquus skullReferences edit Animals of the La Brea Tar Pits Timeline La Brea Tar Pits amp Museum Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2017 C G Van Zyll de Jong 1986 A systematic study of recent bison with particular consideration of the wood bison Bison bison athabascae Rhoads 1898 p 53 National Museum of Natural Sciences Gillette D D amp Colbert E H 1976 Catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossil Vertebrates Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Part II Terrestrial Mammals Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 25 38 Leidy Joseph 1852 July 6 1852 Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 6 1 117 Retrieved 1 June 2023 via Biodiversity Heritage Library Rhoads S N 1897 Notes on living and extinct species of North American Bovidae Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 483 502 Lucas F A 1899 The fossil bison of North America PDF Proceedings of the United States National Museum 21 1172 755 771 doi 10 5479 si 00963801 21 1172 755 Retrieved 1 June 2023 via Smithsonian Institution Wilson Michael C Kenady Stephen M Schalk Randall F 2009 Late Pleistocene Bison antiquus from Orcas Island Washington and the biogeographic importance of an early postglacial land mammal dispersal corridor from the mainland to Vancouver Island Quaternary Research 71 1 49 61 doi 10 1016 j yqres 2008 09 001 ISSN 0033 5894 S2CID 129543840 Wilson M C Hills L V Shapiro B 2008 Late Pleistocene northward dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation Gallelli Gravel Pit Alberta Canada and the fate of Bison occidentalis Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45 7 827 859 Bibcode 2008CaJES 45 827W doi 10 1139 E08 027 Jimenez Hidalgo E Cabrera Perez L MacFadden B J Guerrero Arenas R March 2013 First record of Bison antiquus from the Late Pleistocene of southern Mexico Journal of South American Earth Sciences 42 83 90 doi 10 1016 j jsames 2012 07 011 S2CID 140592800 Warkworth Western Weekend Rodeo Competitors Archived from the original on 2011 08 21 Retrieved 2012 05 30 Martin J M Mead J I Barboza P S April 2018 Bison body size and climate change Ecology and Evolution 8 9 4564 4574 doi 10 1002 ece3 4019 PMC 5938452 Wimberley A N September 2023 Predicting body mass in Ruminantia using postcranial measurements Journal of Morphology 284 10 e21636 doi 10 1002 jmor 21636 Wilson Michael C Hills Leonard V Shapiro Beth July 2008 Gilbert Robert ed Late Pleistocene northward dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation Gallelli Gravel Pit Alberta Canada and the fate of Bison occidentalis Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45 7 827 859 doi 10 1139 E08 027 ISSN 0008 4077 Froese Duane Stiller Mathias Heintzman Peter D Reyes Alberto V Zazula Grant D Soares Andre E R Meyer Matthias Hall Elizabeth Jensen Britta J L Arnold Lee J MacPhee Ross D E Shapiro Beth 28 March 2017 Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 13 3457 3462 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114 3457F doi 10 1073 pnas 1620754114 PMC 5380047 PMID 28289222 a b Zver Lars Toskan Borut Buzan Elena September 2021 Phylogeny of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Bison species in Europe and North America Quaternary International 595 30 38 doi 10 1016 j quaint 2021 04 022 Scott E Cox S M 2008 Late Pleistocene distribution of Bison Mammalia Artiodactyla in the Mojave Desert of Southern California and Nevada In Wang X Barnes L G eds Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America Los Angeles Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County pp 359 382 ISBN 978 1 891276 27 9 No 41 Science Series Davis amp Wilson 1978 p 128 Davis L B and Wilson M 1978 Bison procurement and utilization A symposium Plains Anthropologist Volume 23 Issue 82 Part 2 p 128 Agenbroad L D 1978 The Hudson Meng site an Alberta bison kill in the Nebraska high plains University Press of America Ehlers amp Gibbard 2004 Frison 2000 Mackie Quentin 24 April 2010 The Bison at Ayer Pond on Orcas Island is archaeological Northwest Coast Archaeology Retrieved 1 June 2023 Further reading editDavis L B Wilson M 1978 Bison procurement and utilization A symposium Plains Anthropologist Part 2 23 82 Ehlers J Gibbard P L 2004 Quaternary Glaciations Extent and Chronology 2 Part II North America Amsterdam Elsevier ISBN 0 444 51462 7 Frison George C August 2000 Prehistoric Human and Bison Relationships on the Plains of North America Edmonton Alberta International Bison Conference Leidy Joseph 1852b Memoir on the extinct species of American ox retrieved 20 September 2013External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bison antiquus Conrad Jim Ancient Bison foot fossil The Loess Hills of the Lower Mississippi Valley Backyard Nature Retrieved 19 September 2013 Paleobiology Database Bison antiquus dead link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bison antiquus amp oldid 1204355197, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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