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Wikipedia

Coachbuilder

August 25, 2023

Not to be confused with custom car, or customized car, for example CadZZilla.

A coachbuilder or body-maker is someone who manufactures bodies for passenger-carrying vehicles.[note 1] Coachwork is the body of an automobile, bus, horse-drawn carriage, or railway carriage. The word "coach" was derived from the Hungarian town of Kocs.[1] A vehicle body constructed by a coachbuilder may be called a "coachbuilt body" (British English) or "custom body" (American English).

Ash body frame ready to be clad in metal mounted on a Morgan 4/4 chassis
The coachbuilder's wooden frame fixed to its replica Bentley chassis
Original 1930 Bentley Speed Six Gurney Nutting coupé

Prior to the popularization of unibody construction in the 1960s, there were many independent coachbuilders who built bodies on chassis provided by a manufacturer, often for luxury or sports cars. Many manufacturers such as Ferrari outsourced all bodywork to coachbuilders such as Pininfarina and Scaglietti. Coachbuilders also made custom bodies for individual customers. The coachbuilder craftsmen who might once have built bespoke or custom bodies continue to build bodies for short runs of specialized commercial vehicles such as luxury motor coaches or recreational vehicles or motor-home bodied upon a rolling chassis provided by an independent manufacturer. A 'conversion' is built inside an existing vehicle body.

Several renowned automotive coachbuilders, including Pininfarina, Bertone, and Ghia, are based in Italy. In the Italian language, a coachbuilding company is called a carrozzeria.

Horse-drawn origins Edit

 
Portugal 18th century
Main articles: Coach (carriage) and Carriage
Further information: Wainwright (occupation)

A British trade association the Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers was incorporated in 1630. Some British coachmaking firms operating in the 20th century were established even earlier. Rippon was active in the time of Queen Elizabeth I, Barker founded in 1710 by an officer in Queen Anne's Guards. Brewster, the oldest in the U.S., was formed in 1810.[2]

Coach-building had reached a high degree of specialization in Britain by the middle of the 19th century. Separate branches of the trade dealt with the timber, iron, leather, brass and other materials used in their construction. And there were many minor specialists with each of these categories. The “body-makers” produced the body or vehicle itself, while the “carriage-makers” made the stronger timbers beneath and around the body. The timbers used included ash, beech, elm, oak, mahogany, cedar, pine, birch and larch. The tools and processes used were similar to those used in cabinet-making, plus other specific to coach-making. Making the curved woodwork alone called for considerable skill. Making the iron axles, springs and other metal used was the work of the “coach-smith,” one of the most highly paid classes of London workmen.[3] The coating of the interior of the coach with leather and painting, trimming, and decorating the exterior called for specialist tradesmen with a high degree of skill. Building carts and wagons required similar skills, but of a coarser kind.

Automobiles Edit

From the beginning of the automobile industry manufacturers offered complete cars assembled in their own factories commonly using entire bodies made by specialist people using different skills. Soon after the start of the twentieth century mass production coachbuilders developed such as Mulliners or Pressed Steel in Great Britain, Fisher Body, Budd, Briggs in the U. S., or Ambi-Budd in Germany. Many other big businesses remain involved.

 
Swallow body on an Austin Seven chassis by Swallow Coachbuilding Company which became Jaguar Cars

Many coachbuilt chassis would come with all lights, standard instruments and their panel, engine cover, mudguards and running boards and spare wheel(s)[citation needed]

Specialist market sector Edit

There remained a market for bodies to fit low production, short-run and luxury cars. Custom or bespoke bodies were made and fitted to another manufacturer's rolling chassis by the craftsmen who had previously built bodies for horse-drawn carriages. Bespoke bodies are made of hand-shaped sheet metal, often aluminum alloy. Pressed or hand-shaped the metal panels were fastened to a wooden frame of particularly light but strong types of wood. Later many of the more important structural features of the bespoke or custom body such as A, B and C pillars were cast alloy components. Some bodies such as those entirely alloy bodies fitted to some Pierce-Arrow cars[4] contained little or no wood, and were mounted on a conventional steel chassis.

 
Bugatti Type 57 rolling chassis

The car manufacturer would offer for sale a chassis frame, drivetrain (consisting of an engine, gearbox, differential, axles, and wheels), brakes, suspension, steering system, lighting system, spare wheel(s), front and rear mudguards (vulnerable and so made of pressed steel for strength and easy repair) and (later) bumpers, scuttle (firewall) and dashboard. The very easily damaged honeycomb radiator, later enclosed and protected by a shell or even reduced to an air intake, was or held the visual element identifying the chassis' brand. To let car manufacturers maintain some level of control over the final product their warranties could be voided if coachbuilders fitted unapproved bodies.

As well as bespoke bodies the same coachbuilders also made short runs of more-or-less identical bodies to the order of dealers or the manufacturer of a chassis. The same body design might then be adjusted to suit different brands of chassis. Examples include Salmons & Sons' Tickford bodies with a patent device to raise or lower a convertible's roof, first used on their 19th-century carriages, or Wingham convertible bodies by Martin Walter.

Obsolescence Edit

Separate coachbuilt bodies became obsolete when vehicle manufacturers found they could no longer meet their customers' demands by relying on a simple separate chassis (on which a custom or bespoke body could be built) mounted on leaf springs on beam axles. Unibody or monocoque combined chassis and body structures became standardised during the middle years of the 20th century to provide the rigidity required by improved suspension systems without incurring the heavy weight, and consequent fuel penalty of a truly rigid separate chassis. The improved more supple suspension systems gave vehicles better road-holding and much improved the ride experienced by passengers.

Ultra-luxury vehicles Edit

 
1920 Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8 was only available from the manufacturer as a rolling chassis
 
Hooper 7-seater touring limousine for HRH The Prince Regent of Iraq (1953). Rolls-Royce built only 18 Phantom IV chassis for bodies by independent coachbuilders

Larger car dealers or distributors would commonly preorder stock chassis and the bodies they thought most likely to sell and order them for sale off their showroom floor.

All luxury vehicles during the automobile's Golden Era before World War II were available as chassis only. For example, when Duesenberg introduced their Model J, it was offered as chassis only, for $8,500. Other examples include the Bugatti Type 57, Cadillac V-16, Packard Twelve, Ferrari 250, Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8, Hispano-Suiza J12, and all Rolls-Royces produced before World War II. Delahaye had no in-house coachworks, so all its chassis were bodied by independents, who created their designs on the Type 135. For the Delahaye, most were bodied by Chapron, Labourdette, Franay, Saoutchik, Figoni et Falaschi, or Pennock.[citation needed]

The practice continued after World War II waning dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s. Rolls-Royce debuted its first unibody model, their Silver Shadow, in 1965.

Unibody construction Edit

 
Decapotable (convertible) by Henri Chapron on a Citroen DS chassis 1967

Independent coachbuilders survived for a time after the mid-20th century, making bodies for the chassis produced by low-production companies such as Rolls-Royce, Ferrari, and Bentley.[5] Producing body dies is extremely expensive (a single door die can run to US$40,000), which is usually only considered practical when large numbers are involved—though that was the path taken by Rolls-Royce and Bentley after 1945 for their own in-house production. Because dies for pressing metal panels are so costly, from the mid 20th century, many vehicles, most notably the Chevrolet Corvette, were clothed with large panels of fiberglass-reinforced resin, which only require inexpensive molds. Glass has since been replaced by more sophisticated materials, if necessary hand-formed. Generally, these replace metal only where weight is of paramount importance.

The advent of unibody construction, where the car body is unified with and structurally integral to the chassis, made custom coachbuilding uneconomic. Many coachbuilders closed down, were bought by manufacturers, or changed their core business to other activities:

  • Transforming into dedicated design or styling houses, subcontracting to automotive brands (e.g. Zagato, Frua, Bertone, Pininfarina)
  • Transforming into general coachwork series manufacturers, subcontracting to automotive brands (e.g. Karmann, Bertone, Vignale, Pininfarina)
  • Manufacturing runs of special coachworks for trucks, delivery vans, touring cars, ambulances, fire engines, public transport vehicles, etc. (e.g., Pennock, Van Hool, Plaxton, Heuliez)
  • Becoming technical partners for the development of roof constructions (e.g., Karmann, Heuliez), for example, or producers of various (aftermarket) automotive parts (e.g., Giannini)

Gallery Edit

List of coachbuilders Edit

Austria Edit

  • Ambruster
  • Keibl

Belgium Edit

Denmark Edit

  • Carsten Jakobsen


France Edit

Germany Edit

Indonesia Edit

  • Adi Putro
  • Laksana
  • Morodadi Prima
  • New Armada
  • Tentrem

Italy Edit

Japan Edit

Spain Edit

Sweden Edit

Switzerland Edit

The Netherlands Edit

  • Akkermans
  • Bronkhorst
  • Bij 't Vuur
  • Van Beurden Carrosserie Holland
  • Dolk
  • Donderwinkel
  • Egbers
  • Garstman
  • Gips & Jacobs
  • Hermans
  • Hover & Tiwi
  • Hulsman
  • Jac Met
  • Kimman
  • Lathouwers
  • Van Leersum & Co
  • De Ley
  • Van Lijf & Co
  • Mudde
  • Muller
  • Mijnhardt
  • N.A.M. (Nederlandsche Auto-Maatschappij)
  • Nederlandsche Carrosseriefabrieken
  • Oostwoud
  • Pennock
  • Van Rijswijk & Zoon
  • Roos
  • Schutter & van Bakel
  • Smulders
  • Soudijn
  • Spyker
  • Jean Stegen
  • Teulings
  • W J Van Trigt & Zoon
  • Vandenbrink Design
  • Verheul
  • Veth & Zoon

United Kingdom Edit

United States Edit

Survivors of the unibody production-line system Edit

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Construction has always been a skilled trade requiring a relatively lightweight product with sufficient strength. The manufacture of necessarily fragile, but satisfactory wheels by a separate trade, a wheelwright, held together by iron or steel tyres, was always most critical.
    From about AD 1000 rough vehicle construction was carried out by a wainwright, a wagon-builder. Later names include cartwright (a carpenter who makes carts, from 1587); coachwright; and coachmaker (from 1599). Subtrades include wheelwright, coachjoiner, etc. The word coachbuilder first appeared in 1794. Oxford English Dictionary 2011

References Edit

  1. ^ "Coach". Oxford English Dictionary (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933.
  2. ^ G.N. Georgano, G. N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1990), p.206
  3. ^ The Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol.IV (First ed.). London: Charles Knight. 1848. p. 677.
  4. ^ Early Pierce-Arrow cast aluminum body technology. The Pierce-Arrow Society accessed February 25, 2019
  5. ^ "Steel Bodies: In an Eggshell", in Ward, Ian, executive editor. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis Publishing, 1974), p. 2178.
  6. ^ Coway web site 2012-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Jankel web site 2012-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "Wheelchair Accessible Vehicles, Mobility Cars, Disability Car, Adapted Vehicles for Sale". jubileemobility.co.uk.
  9. ^ "Specialist Vehicle Converter & Supplier – MacNeillie". MacNeillie.
  10. ^ "Hearse for Sale – Limousine for Sale – Wilcox Limousines". Wilcox Limousines.
  11. ^ "Woodall Nicholson". woodall-nicholson.co.uk.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coachbuilders.
  • Coachbuild.com: Encyclopedia of worldwide Coachbuilders from past to present
  • Encyclopedia of American Coachbuilders
  • The Kellner Affair: Matters of Life and Death by Peter M. Larsen and Ben Erickson. Details Jacques Kellner and George Paulin involvement in the French Resistance.

August 25, 2023
coachbuilder, confused, with, custom, customized, example, cadzzilla, coachbuilder, body, maker, someone, manufactures, bodies, passenger, carrying, vehicles, note, coachwork, body, automobile, horse, drawn, carriage, railway, carriage, word, coach, derived, f. Not to be confused with custom car or customized car for example CadZZilla A coachbuilder or body maker is someone who manufactures bodies for passenger carrying vehicles note 1 Coachwork is the body of an automobile bus horse drawn carriage or railway carriage The word coach was derived from the Hungarian town of Kocs 1 A vehicle body constructed by a coachbuilder may be called a coachbuilt body British English or custom body American English Ash body frame ready to be clad in metal mounted on a Morgan 4 4 chassisThe coachbuilder s wooden frame fixed to its replica Bentley chassisOriginal 1930 Bentley Speed Six Gurney Nutting coupePrior to the popularization of unibody construction in the 1960s there were many independent coachbuilders who built bodies on chassis provided by a manufacturer often for luxury or sports cars Many manufacturers such as Ferrari outsourced all bodywork to coachbuilders such as Pininfarina and Scaglietti Coachbuilders also made custom bodies for individual customers The coachbuilder craftsmen who might once have built bespoke or custom bodies continue to build bodies for short runs of specialized commercial vehicles such as luxury motor coaches or recreational vehicles or motor home bodied upon a rolling chassis provided by an independent manufacturer A conversion is built inside an existing vehicle body Several renowned automotive coachbuilders including Pininfarina Bertone and Ghia are based in Italy In the Italian language a coachbuilding company is called a carrozzeria Contents 1 Horse drawn origins 2 Automobiles 2 1 Specialist market sector 2 2 Obsolescence 3 Ultra luxury vehicles 4 Unibody construction 5 Gallery 6 List of coachbuilders 6 1 Austria 6 2 Belgium 6 3 Denmark 6 4 France 6 5 Germany 6 6 Indonesia 6 7 Italy 6 8 Japan 6 9 Spain 6 10 Sweden 6 11 Switzerland 6 12 The Netherlands 6 13 United Kingdom 6 14 United States 6 14 1 Survivors of the unibody production line system 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksHorse drawn origins Edit Portugal 18th centuryMain articles Coach carriage and Carriage Further information Wainwright occupation A British trade association the Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers was incorporated in 1630 Some British coachmaking firms operating in the 20th century were established even earlier Rippon was active in the time of Queen Elizabeth I Barker founded in 1710 by an officer in Queen Anne s Guards Brewster the oldest in the U S was formed in 1810 2 Coach building had reached a high degree of specialization in Britain by the middle of the 19th century Separate branches of the trade dealt with the timber iron leather brass and other materials used in their construction And there were many minor specialists with each of these categories The body makers produced the body or vehicle itself while the carriage makers made the stronger timbers beneath and around the body The timbers used included ash beech elm oak mahogany cedar pine birch and larch The tools and processes used were similar to those used in cabinet making plus other specific to coach making Making the curved woodwork alone called for considerable skill Making the iron axles springs and other metal used was the work of the coach smith one of the most highly paid classes of London workmen 3 The coating of the interior of the coach with leather and painting trimming and decorating the exterior called for specialist tradesmen with a high degree of skill Building carts and wagons required similar skills but of a coarser kind Automobiles EditFrom the beginning of the automobile industry manufacturers offered complete cars assembled in their own factories commonly using entire bodies made by specialist people using different skills Soon after the start of the twentieth century mass production coachbuilders developed such as Mulliners or Pressed Steel in Great Britain Fisher Body Budd Briggs in the U S or Ambi Budd in Germany Many other big businesses remain involved Swallow body on an Austin Seven chassis by Swallow Coachbuilding Company which became Jaguar CarsMany coachbuilt chassis would come with all lights standard instruments and their panel engine cover mudguards and running boards and spare wheel s citation needed Specialist market sector Edit There remained a market for bodies to fit low production short run and luxury cars Custom or bespoke bodies were made and fitted to another manufacturer s rolling chassis by the craftsmen who had previously built bodies for horse drawn carriages Bespoke bodies are made of hand shaped sheet metal often aluminum alloy Pressed or hand shaped the metal panels were fastened to a wooden frame of particularly light but strong types of wood Later many of the more important structural features of the bespoke or custom body such as A B and C pillars were cast alloy components Some bodies such as those entirely alloy bodies fitted to some Pierce Arrow cars 4 contained little or no wood and were mounted on a conventional steel chassis Bugatti Type 57 rolling chassisThe car manufacturer would offer for sale a chassis frame drivetrain consisting of an engine gearbox differential axles and wheels brakes suspension steering system lighting system spare wheel s front and rear mudguards vulnerable and so made of pressed steel for strength and easy repair and later bumpers scuttle firewall and dashboard The very easily damaged honeycomb radiator later enclosed and protected by a shell or even reduced to an air intake was or held the visual element identifying the chassis brand To let car manufacturers maintain some level of control over the final product their warranties could be voided if coachbuilders fitted unapproved bodies As well as bespoke bodies the same coachbuilders also made short runs of more or less identical bodies to the order of dealers or the manufacturer of a chassis The same body design might then be adjusted to suit different brands of chassis Examples include Salmons amp Sons Tickford bodies with a patent device to raise or lower a convertible s roof first used on their 19th century carriages or Wingham convertible bodies by Martin Walter Obsolescence Edit Separate coachbuilt bodies became obsolete when vehicle manufacturers found they could no longer meet their customers demands by relying on a simple separate chassis on which a custom or bespoke body could be built mounted on leaf springs on beam axles Unibody or monocoque combined chassis and body structures became standardised during the middle years of the 20th century to provide the rigidity required by improved suspension systems without incurring the heavy weight and consequent fuel penalty of a truly rigid separate chassis The improved more supple suspension systems gave vehicles better road holding and much improved the ride experienced by passengers Ultra luxury vehicles Edit 1920 Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8 was only available from the manufacturer as a rolling chassis Hooper 7 seater touring limousine for HRH The Prince Regent of Iraq 1953 Rolls Royce built only 18 Phantom IV chassis for bodies by independent coachbuildersLarger car dealers or distributors would commonly preorder stock chassis and the bodies they thought most likely to sell and order them for sale off their showroom floor All luxury vehicles during the automobile s Golden Era before World War II were available as chassis only For example when Duesenberg introduced their Model J it was offered as chassis only for 8 500 Other examples include the Bugatti Type 57 Cadillac V 16 Packard Twelve Ferrari 250 Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8 Hispano Suiza J12 and all Rolls Royces produced before World War II Delahaye had no in house coachworks so all its chassis were bodied by independents who created their designs on the Type 135 For the Delahaye most were bodied by Chapron Labourdette Franay Saoutchik Figoni et Falaschi or Pennock citation needed The practice continued after World War II waning dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s Rolls Royce debuted its first unibody model their Silver Shadow in 1965 Unibody construction Edit Decapotable convertible by Henri Chapron on a Citroen DS chassis 1967Independent coachbuilders survived for a time after the mid 20th century making bodies for the chassis produced by low production companies such as Rolls Royce Ferrari and Bentley 5 Producing body dies is extremely expensive a single door die can run to US 40 000 which is usually only considered practical when large numbers are involved though that was the path taken by Rolls Royce and Bentley after 1945 for their own in house production Because dies for pressing metal panels are so costly from the mid 20th century many vehicles most notably the Chevrolet Corvette were clothed with large panels of fiberglass reinforced resin which only require inexpensive molds Glass has since been replaced by more sophisticated materials if necessary hand formed Generally these replace metal only where weight is of paramount importance The advent of unibody construction where the car body is unified with and structurally integral to the chassis made custom coachbuilding uneconomic Many coachbuilders closed down were bought by manufacturers or changed their core business to other activities Transforming into dedicated design or styling houses subcontracting to automotive brands e g Zagato Frua Bertone Pininfarina Transforming into general coachwork series manufacturers subcontracting to automotive brands e g Karmann Bertone Vignale Pininfarina Manufacturing runs of special coachworks for trucks delivery vans touring cars ambulances fire engines public transport vehicles etc e g Pennock Van Hool Plaxton Heuliez Becoming technical partners for the development of roof constructions e g Karmann Heuliez for example or producers of various aftermarket automotive parts e g Giannini Gallery Edit Pourtout drophead coupe on a Lancia Belna chassis 1935 Touring 2 seater body on a 1938 Alfa Romeo 6C 2300B chassis Fixed head coupe by Ghia 1954 on an Alfa Romeo 1900 SS chassis Hebmuller Cabriolet modifications upon a mass produced Volkswagen platform chassisList of coachbuilders EditAustria Edit Ambruster Keibl Belgium Edit D Ieteren Grummer Bruxelles Simons Vanden Plas Van Hool Denmark Edit Carsten Jakobsen France Edit Achard Fontanel amp Cie Lyon Ailloud amp Dumond Lyon Alin amp Liautard Courbevoie Amiot Dinard Dinan Ange Toulouse Ansart amp Teisseire Neuilly Antem Levallois Arnault Garches Arque Toulouse Aubertin Levallois Perret Paul Audineau Levallois Augereau Brou Autobineau Neuilly Bail Paris Baque Toulouse Barbier Cannes Bedel Trouville sur mer Belvallette Paris Neuilly Bergeon amp Descoins Bordeaux Berlioz amp Gouillon Paris Berluteau Melun Bernin Tours Besset Annonay Bigatti Nice Billeter amp Cartier Lyon Binder Paris Blanc amp Barral Paris Blesser Paris Blois Toulouse Boneberge Lyon Bonneville amp Chabrol Toulouse Gustave Borde Dijon Bore Saint Lo Boschet Saint Brieuc Bounet Toulouse Bouteiller Nantes Brandone Cannes Bruand Chaumont Henri Bretonniere Nantes Brittany Gratien Calmettes Toulouse Candelaresi Lyon Carrier Argenteuil Alencon Chabrol Toulouse Candelaresi Lyon Carde amp fils Bordeaux Chappe et Gessalin Brie Comte Robert Chapron Levallois Perret Philippe Charbonneaux Chatellard Toulouse Chaussende Lyon Chausson Asnieres Gennevilliers Chereau Avranches Chicot Levallois Chilbourg Paris Clabot Alfortville Clochez Paris Cluzeau Bergerac Cottard Bourg en Bresse Crouzier freres Moulins Currus Paris Darl mat Paris Declerq amp Cordonnier Lille Roubaix DeCostier Boulogne s Seine Decultil amp Cie Lyon Victor Delassale Paris Delaroche amp Turquet Le Mans Delaugere Orleans Deloche Paris Desouches David amp Cie Pantin Desvaux Rueil Di Rosa La Garenne Colombes Drouet amp Gaucher Courbevoie Maurice Dumas Bordeaux Louis Dubos Neuilly Dubos Puteaux Duhamel et Compagnie Paris Duvivier Levallois Perret Ehrler Paris Ehmgard et Delbenque Paris Esclassan Tolerie automobile et industrielle Boulogne s Seine Facel Metallon Dreux Faget amp Varnet Levallois Faurax Paris since 1808 later Lyon Faurax amp Chaussende since 1920 Lyon Felber freres Puteaux Fernandez amp Darrin Paris Figoni et Falaschi Boulogne s Seine Firmin Paris Fleury Thonon Floquet Saint Amand Forrler Strasbourg Fournier Bordeaux Fournier Suresnes Franay Levallois Perret Frugier Toulouse Limoges Galle Boulogne s Seine Gangloff Colmar Garros Toulouse Gaudichet amp Turquet Le Mans Henri Gauthier Villeurbanne Beaulieu Audincourt Gilotte Courbevoie Girardo freres Cannes Grange freres Valence sur Rhone Gras Dijon Gruau Laval Grummer Clichy Guerard Nice Guetting Paris Guillore Courbevoie Guilloux Chalon sur Saone Guldener Marseille Hamet Limoges Leon Hanovre Paris Henon Albert Henry Nancy Heuliez Cerizay Hibbard amp Darrin Paris Jamet La Guerche Berry Jeanteaud Paris L Jean Versailles Jouan carrosserie de cuirs Clichy Jousse amp Parsy Montargis Justrobe Toulouse Kellner Paris Kelsch Levallois Klapper Toulouse Kraemers fils Paris Labarre Evreux Labbe Lamballe Henri Labourdette Paris La Carrosserie Industrielle Courbevoie Lacoste freres Toulouse Lagache amp Glaszmann Montrouge Lagogue Alencon Lamplugh amp Cie Levallois Perret Langutt Besancon Laporte Toulouse Le Bastard Rouen Leffondre Groslay Letourneur et Marchand Neuilly Le Vieux Paris Lourtioux Montlucon Mamy Besancon Mandement Toulouse Manessius Puteaux Maron Pot Levallois Perret Massias Toulouse Mercier Toulouse Meulemeester Clichy Michel Nice Marseille Mignot amp Billebault Boulogne s Seine Million Guiet Levallois Leon Molon Le Havre Mouche amp Cie Lyon Monjardet Besancon Montel amp fils Marseille Morel Paris Morin Parthenay Morin Rennes Muhlbacher amp fils Puteaux Nicolas Angouleme Ottin Lyon Philippe Muhlbacher Toulouse Pelpel Noyal s Vilaine Petitprez amp Verschure Tourcoing Pezet Toulouse Phaetonia Courbevoie Societe Phoceenne Marseille Pichon Parat Sens Henri Pique Toulouse Plante Pau Poinsenet Epernay Pourtout Rueil Malmaison Pralavorio Simon Lyon Montplaisir Privat Dijon Maurice Proux Courbevoie Pruneville Lyon Radovitch Reims Rambert amp fils Clermont Ferrand Courbevoie Raquin Montrichard Rasp Paris Ravistre amp Martel Annonay Repusseau amp Cie Levallois Perret Retif Sancoins Berry Rheims amp Auscher La Carrosserie Industrielle Levallois Perret Rieucros Cognac Georges Rigier Neuilly Alexis Robert Paris Rothschild later Rheims amp Aucher Levallois Perret Rotrou Verneuil sur Avre Rousseau Montargis Rungette Levallois Perret Saoutchik Neuilly Soule Toulouse Spinnewyn Tourcoing Surirey Flers Tasse Pontchateau Benjamin Thibaut Toulouse Baptiste Thomas 1820 1877 Paris Tirbois Niort Tizot amp Viguier Marseille Tremble Puteaux Tual Tredion Vallas St Just en Chevalet Van den Bussche Lille Van den Hende Roubaix Vanvooren Courbevoie Vedrine amp Cie Courbevoie Verplancke Roubaix Veuillet Fleurieu sur Seine Vidal Toulouse de Villars Courbevoie Vilotte Toulouse Vinet Neuilly Visse amp Haf Levallois Vivez Bordeaux VOG Chartres Neuilly Wanaverbecq Lambersart Wantz Meaux Warengehm Levallois Perret Weymann Paris Widerkehr Colmar Willy van den Plas Paris Lille Germany Edit Ambi Budd Auer Autenrieth Baur Binz Buhne Deutsch Dorr amp Schreck Drauz Erdmann amp Rossi Friederich Glaser Gluer Grummer Aachen Hebmuller Ihle Kassbohrer Karmann Kathe Keinath Kellner Konigsberg Kruse Husum Kuhlstein Kuhn Johann Michael Mayer Munchen Mengelbier Aachen Neoplan Neuss Nowack Papler Plenikowski Hartha Rembrandt Reutter Rometsch Setra Spohn Styling Garage Szase Voll amp Ruhrbeck Weinberger Karl Weinberger Ludwig Weinsberg Wendler Indonesia Edit Adi Putro Laksana Morodadi Prima New Armada TentremItaly Edit Alessio it Allemano Bertone Bizzarrini Boano Boneschi Caselani Castagna Cecomp Coggiola Colli De Simon Farina Fissore Frua Garavini Giannini Ghia Giugiaro I DE A Italdesign Lombardi Maggiora Marazzi MAT Morelli Motto Nembo OSI Pininfarina Sala Scaglietti Sports Cars Drogo Studiotorino Touring Varesina Vignale Viotti Zagato Japan Edit MitsuokaSpain Edit Abadal Ayats Bettla Blancou Capella Carrizo J Farre Forcada Fiol Galo Mateos Herrero Hijos de Labourdette Irizar Lucas Molist Reynes Roqueta Serra Vert Vidal Sweden Edit Hoflageribolaget Nordberg Norrmalm Switzerland Edit Beutler Gangloff Geismeister Graber Hermann Graber Ramseier Worblaufen The Netherlands Edit Akkermans Bronkhorst Bij t Vuur Van Beurden Carrosserie Holland Dolk Donderwinkel Egbers Garstman Gips amp Jacobs Hermans Hover amp Tiwi Hulsman Jac Met Kimman Lathouwers Van Leersum amp Co De Ley Van Lijf amp Co Mudde Muller Mijnhardt N A M Nederlandsche Auto Maatschappij Nederlandsche Carrosseriefabrieken Oostwoud Pennock Van Rijswijk amp Zoon Roos Schutter amp van Bakel Smulders Soudijn Spyker Jean Stegen Teulings W J Van Trigt amp Zoon Vandenbrink Design Verheul Veth amp Zoon United Kingdom Edit Abbey Abbott Alexander Dennis formerly Walter Alexander Coachbuilders Aston Martin Barker Carbodies Carlton Crayford Engineering Charlesworth Corsica Croall Cunard Gordon England Flewitt Freestone and Webb Grose J Gurney Nutting amp Co Harrington John Hatchett London Holmes London Hooper Jarvis of Wimbledon Jensen John Charles Hoyal Lancefield Martin Walter Arthur Mulliner H J Mulliner amp Co Mulliner Park Ward Mulliners Birmingham Nu Track Optare Park Ward Harold Radford Rippon Bros Salmons Swallow Tickford Thrupp amp Maberly Vanden Plas Vince amp Son Walter Alexander Coachbuilders Wesleys Newport Pagnell Vincent of Reading Windovers Wingham Martin Walter Wrightbus James Young United States Edit Alex Madjaric Body Works Abbot Downing Biddle and Smart Amesbury Bohman amp Schwartz Brewster Briggs Brunn Budd Coachcraft Darrin of Paris Demarest Derham Dietrich Inc Earl Automobile Works Fisher Albert Fisher Detroit Fleetwood Holbrook Judkins KEM Motorworks LeBaron Locke Murphy Murray Rollson Rollston Rubay Studebaker Towson Walker Waterhouse Widman Willoughby Wilson Survivors of the unibody production line system Edit Coway 6 Jankel 7 Jubilee 8 MacNeillie 9 Overfinch Wilcox 10 Woodall Nicholson 11 See also EditBus manufacturing Carriage Chassis Unibody WainwrightNotes Edit Construction has always been a skilled trade requiring a relatively lightweight product with sufficient strength The manufacture of necessarily fragile but satisfactory wheels by a separate trade a wheelwright held together by iron or steel tyres was always most critical From about AD 1000 rough vehicle construction was carried out by a wainwright a wagon builder Later names include cartwright a carpenter who makes carts from 1587 coachwright and coachmaker from 1599 Subtrades include wheelwright coachjoiner etc The word coachbuilder first appeared in 1794 Oxford English Dictionary 2011References Edit Coach Oxford English Dictionary 1st ed Oxford University Press 1933 G N Georgano G N Cars Early and Vintage 1886 1930 London Grange Universal 1990 p 206 The Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge Vol IV First ed London Charles Knight 1848 p 677 Early Pierce Arrow cast aluminum body technology The Pierce Arrow Society accessed February 25 2019 Steel Bodies In an Eggshell in Ward Ian executive editor World of Automobiles London Orbis Publishing 1974 p 2178 Coway web site Archived 2012 04 24 at the Wayback Machine Jankel web site Archived 2012 04 05 at the Wayback Machine Wheelchair Accessible Vehicles Mobility Cars Disability Car Adapted Vehicles for Sale jubileemobility co uk Specialist Vehicle Converter amp Supplier MacNeillie MacNeillie Hearse for Sale Limousine for Sale Wilcox Limousines Wilcox Limousines Woodall Nicholson woodall nicholson co uk External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coachbuilders Coachbuild com Encyclopedia of worldwide Coachbuilders from past to present Encyclopedia of American Coachbuilders Goldarths The Fine Art of Coachbuilding The Kellner Affair Matters of Life and Death by Peter M Larsen and Ben Erickson Details Jacques Kellner and George Paulin involvement in the French Resistance Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Coachbuilder amp oldid 1167713673 Unibody construction, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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