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Tylosema

May 18, 2024

The genus Tylosema is in the plant family Fabaceae and encompasses four accepted species of perennial legumes native to southern and central Africa. These are semi-woody viniferous plants broadly distributed from Sudan and Ethiopia south to Angola and South Africa.[1] Coetzer and Ross[2] originally described four Tylosema species:

Tylosema
Marama bean
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Cercidoideae
Tribe: Bauhinieae
Genus: Tylosema
(Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc.
Type species
Tylosema fassoglensis
(Kotschy ex Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc.
Species

4–5; see text

The range of Tylosema.

Species edit

There are four documented species within the genus Tylosema (Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc.:[3][4][5]

Proposed species:

  • Tylosema angolense P.Silveira & S.Castro[6]

Common names edit

Creeping bauhinia (English), Gwangwandiza (Shona), Marama bean, gemsbok bean, tamani berry (English), Morama bean, gami (Khoi), Mubopo (Shona), Mutukutupasi (Shona), Umbama or Umdabule (Ndebele).[7][8]

Habitat edit

Habitat for Tylosema species is diverse and particular to each species. T. esculentum is found mostly on sandy plains, while T. fassoglense can be found from open grassland to desert to woodlands to roadsides. All species are found from low to moderate altitude.[6]

Tylosema species grow in mostly sandy soils with low rainfall and can tolerate scorching heat and long-term drought. Typical daily high temperatures average 37 °C during growing season and radiation frequently exceeds 2000 μmol m−2 s−1.[9] Whereas many legumes can fix atmospheric nitrogen, all Tylosema species are non-nodulating.[7]

Vegetation is a climbing vine, with some species reaching up to 6 m long. Herbaceous stems trail or climb, originating from a large underground tuber that is visible above the soil surface. Leaves are simple and 2-lobed. Forked tendrils are usually present. Inflorescence is a lateral raceme. Flowers are yellow, bisexual, heterostylous, with 5 petals. Pods are large, woody and have 1 or 2 seeds.[8] Herostyly, or flower polymorphism, occurs in all species of Tylosema, although it is unknown in the rest of the family Leguminosae.[1]

Phylogeny edit

Tylosema species are in the family Leguminosae, the third largest family of flowering plants (Doyle and Luckow, 2003), in the subfamily Cercidoideae. The type species for the Tylosema genus is T. fassoglense.[6]

The phylogeny of Tylosema is somewhat disputed.[10][11][12] This is in part because it has not been widely collected or studied. Although previously located in the Bauhinia genus, now Tylosema has been established as its own genus and is strongly supported as monophyletic.[13]

Wunderlin has proposed a reorganization of the tribe Cercideae wherein 12 genera are placed into two subtribes, Cercinidae and Bauhiniinae. Bauhiniinae is divided into two clades, the first is poorly resolved and includes the genera Bauhinia, Brenierea and Piliostigma. The second clade comprises the genera Tylosema, Barklya, Gigasiphon, Lysiphyllum, Phanera, and Schnella.[14]

Biology and use edit

In Botswana and Namibia T. esculentum, or Morama bean, is a staple food of the Khoisan people but plants have not been established for cultivation. The beans have high protein content (30-39%) and high oil content (36-43%)and are eaten after boiling or roasting.[7][15] Beans also have significant levels of calcium, iron, zinc, phosphate, magnesium, and B vitamins including folate.[16]

Preliminary research indicates that seeds of T. esculentum have no physiological dormancy, although germination is improved by scarification.[17] It is disputed as to whether Morama beans exhibit antiviral and antimicrobial properties.[18][19]

Research shows that T. esculentum is both drought avoidant and drought tolerant, but this has not been measured in other Tylosema species.[9][20]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Hartley ML, Tshamekeng E, Thomas SM (2002). "Functional Heterostyly in Tylosema esculentum (Caesalpinioideae)". Annals of Botany. 89 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf006. PMC 4233773. PMID 12096820.
  2. ^ Coetzer, L. A., and J. H. Ross. 1977. Tylosema. In Ross, J. H., ed., Fl. Southern Africa 16(2):61-64
  3. ^ "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Tylosema". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  4. ^ USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Tylosema". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 5 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "The Plant List entry for Tylosema". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Castro S, Silveira P, Pereira Coutinho A, Figueiredo E (2005). "Systematic studies in Tylosema (Leguminosae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 147 (1): 99–115. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00353.x.
  7. ^ a b c Jackson, Jose; Kwaku G. Duodu, Mette Holse, Lima de Faria, Margarida D, Danie Jordaan, Walter Chingwaru, Aase Hansen, Avrelija Cencic, Martha Kandawa-Schultz, and Selalelo M. Mpotokwane. (2010). "The morama bean (Tylosema esculentum): A potential crop for southern Africa". Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 61 (5): 187–246. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374468-5.00005-2. PMID 21092905.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b "Tylosema Torre & Hillc". Flora of Zimbabwe. Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Coates Palgrave, M. October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
  9. ^ a b Mitchell, RAC; Keys AJ, Madgwick, PJ, Parry MAJ, and DW Lawlor. (2005). "Adaptation of photosynthesis in marama bean - Tylosema esculentum (burchell A.Schreib.) to a high temperature, high radiation, drought-prone environment". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 43 (10): 969–76. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.08.009. PMID 16310366.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Lewis, G., Schrire, B., Mackinder, B. & Lock, M. (eds.) (2005). "Tribe Cercideae. Lewis, G. & Forest, F.". Legumes of the World. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 57–67. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Banks, Hannah, Félix Forest, and Gwilym Lewis. (2014). "Evolution and diversity of pollen morphology in tribe cercideae (leguminosae)". Taxon. 63 (2): 299–314. doi:10.12705/632.37.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Bruneau, Anne, Marjorie Mercure, Gwilym P. Lewis, and Patrick S. Herendeen. (2008). "Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes". Botany. 86 (7): 697–718. doi:10.1139/b08-058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Sinou, Carole, Fé Forest, Gwilym P. Lewis, and Anne Bruneau. (2009). "The genus Bauhinia s.l. (leguminosae): A phylogeny based on the plastid trnL–trnF region". Botany. 87 (10): 947–60. doi:10.1139/b09-065.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Wunderlin, RP (2010). "Reorganization of the Cercideae (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae)". Phytoneuron. 2010 (48): 1–5.
  15. ^ Taatsu, Kapewangolo Petrina. 2010. Biochemical characteristics of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum). Master's degree thesis. University of Namibia. http://repository.unam.na/handle/11070/473
  16. ^ Holse; Husted S., and A. Hansen. (2010). "Chemical composition of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum)—A wild African bean with unexploited potential". Journal of Food Composition & Analysis. 23 (6): 648–57. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.03.006.
  17. ^ Travlos, IS; Economou G, and AI Karamanos. (2007). "Germination and emergence of the hard seed coated Tylosema esculentum (Burch) A.Schreib. in response to different pre-sowing seed treatments". Journal of Arid Environments. 68 (3): 501–507. Bibcode:2007JArEn..68..501T. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.07.001.
  18. ^ Chingwaru, W; Majinda RT, Yeboah SO, Jackson J, Kapewangolo PT, Kandawa-Schulz M, and A Cencic. (2011). "Tylosema esculentum (marama) tuber and bean extracts are strong antiviral agents against rotavirus infection". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 8 (1): 284795. doi:10.1155/2011/284795. PMC 3057194. PMID 21423688.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Mazimba, O.; Majinda RT, Modibedi C, Masesane IB, Cencič A, and W Chingwaru. (2011). "Tylosema esculentum extractives and their bioactivity". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (17): 5225–30. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.006. PMID 21813280.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Karamanos, AJ; Travlos, IS. (2012). "The water relations and some drought tolerance mechanisms of the marama bean". Agronomy Journal. 104 (1): 65–72. doi:10.2134/agronj2011.0194.

May 18, 2024
tylosema, genus, plant, family, fabaceae, encompasses, four, accepted, species, perennial, legumes, native, southern, central, africa, these, semi, woody, viniferous, plants, broadly, distributed, from, sudan, ethiopia, south, angola, south, africa, coetzer, r. The genus Tylosema is in the plant family Fabaceae and encompasses four accepted species of perennial legumes native to southern and central Africa These are semi woody viniferous plants broadly distributed from Sudan and Ethiopia south to Angola and South Africa 1 Coetzer and Ross 2 originally described four Tylosema species Tylosema Marama bean Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Subfamily Cercidoideae Tribe Bauhinieae Genus Tylosema Schweinf Torre amp Hillc Type species Tylosema fassoglensis Kotschy ex Schweinf Torre amp Hillc Species 4 5 see text The range of Tylosema Contents 1 Species 2 Common names 3 Habitat 4 Phylogeny 5 Biology and use 6 ReferencesSpecies editThere are four documented species within the genus Tylosema Schweinf Torre amp Hillc 3 4 5 Tylosema argentea Chiov Brenan Tylosema esculentum Burch A Schreib Marama bean Tylosema fassoglense Kotschy ex Schweinf Torre amp Hillc Tylosema humifusa Pichi Serm amp Roti Michel Brenan Proposed species Tylosema angolense P Silveira amp S Castro 6 Common names editCreeping bauhinia English Gwangwandiza Shona Marama bean gemsbok bean tamani berry English Morama bean gami Khoi Mubopo Shona Mutukutupasi Shona Umbama or Umdabule Ndebele 7 8 Habitat editHabitat for Tylosema species is diverse and particular to each species T esculentum is found mostly on sandy plains while T fassoglense can be found from open grassland to desert to woodlands to roadsides All species are found from low to moderate altitude 6 Tylosema species grow in mostly sandy soils with low rainfall and can tolerate scorching heat and long term drought Typical daily high temperatures average 37 C during growing season and radiation frequently exceeds 2000 mmol m 2 s 1 9 Whereas many legumes can fix atmospheric nitrogen all Tylosema species are non nodulating 7 Vegetation is a climbing vine with some species reaching up to 6 m long Herbaceous stems trail or climb originating from a large underground tuber that is visible above the soil surface Leaves are simple and 2 lobed Forked tendrils are usually present Inflorescence is a lateral raceme Flowers are yellow bisexual heterostylous with 5 petals Pods are large woody and have 1 or 2 seeds 8 Herostyly or flower polymorphism occurs in all species of Tylosema although it is unknown in the rest of the family Leguminosae 1 Phylogeny editTylosema species are in the family Leguminosae the third largest family of flowering plants Doyle and Luckow 2003 in the subfamily Cercidoideae The type species for the Tylosema genus is T fassoglense 6 The phylogeny of Tylosema is somewhat disputed 10 11 12 This is in part because it has not been widely collected or studied Although previously located in the Bauhinia genus now Tylosema has been established as its own genus and is strongly supported as monophyletic 13 Wunderlin has proposed a reorganization of the tribe Cercideae wherein 12 genera are placed into two subtribes Cercinidae and Bauhiniinae Bauhiniinae is divided into two clades the first is poorly resolved and includes the genera Bauhinia Brenierea and Piliostigma The second clade comprises the genera Tylosema Barklya Gigasiphon Lysiphyllum Phanera and Schnella 14 Biology and use editIn Botswana and Namibia T esculentum or Morama bean is a staple food of the Khoisan people but plants have not been established for cultivation The beans have high protein content 30 39 and high oil content 36 43 and are eaten after boiling or roasting 7 15 Beans also have significant levels of calcium iron zinc phosphate magnesium and B vitamins including folate 16 Preliminary research indicates that seeds of T esculentum have no physiological dormancy although germination is improved by scarification 17 It is disputed as to whether Morama beans exhibit antiviral and antimicrobial properties 18 19 Research shows that T esculentum is both drought avoidant and drought tolerant but this has not been measured in other Tylosema species 9 20 References edit a b Hartley ML Tshamekeng E Thomas SM 2002 Functional Heterostyly in Tylosema esculentum Caesalpinioideae Annals of Botany 89 1 67 76 doi 10 1093 aob mcf006 PMC 4233773 PMID 12096820 Coetzer L A and J H Ross 1977 Tylosema In Ross J H ed Fl Southern Africa 16 2 61 64 ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Tylosema International Legume Database amp Information Service Cardiff School of Computer Science amp Informatics Retrieved 8 May 2014 USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program GRIN species records of Tylosema Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Online Database National Germplasm Resources Laboratory Beltsville Maryland Retrieved 5 May 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link The Plant List entry for Tylosema The Plant List Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden 2013 Retrieved 5 May 2014 a b c Castro S Silveira P Pereira Coutinho A Figueiredo E 2005 Systematic studies in Tylosema Leguminosae Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 147 1 99 115 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2005 00353 x a b c Jackson Jose Kwaku G Duodu Mette Holse Lima de Faria Margarida D Danie Jordaan Walter Chingwaru Aase Hansen Avrelija Cencic Martha Kandawa Schultz and Selalelo M Mpotokwane 2010 The morama bean Tylosema esculentum A potential crop for southern Africa Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 61 5 187 246 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 374468 5 00005 2 PMID 21092905 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Tylosema Torre amp Hillc Flora of Zimbabwe Hyde M A Wursten B T Ballings P amp Coates Palgrave M October 12 2013 Retrieved October 17 2014 a b Mitchell RAC Keys AJ Madgwick PJ Parry MAJ and DW Lawlor 2005 Adaptation of photosynthesis in marama bean Tylosema esculentum burchell A Schreib to a high temperature high radiation drought prone environment Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 43 10 969 76 doi 10 1016 j plaphy 2005 08 009 PMID 16310366 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Lewis G Schrire B Mackinder B amp Lock M eds 2005 Tribe Cercideae Lewis G amp Forest F Legumes of the World Kew Royal Botanic Gardens pp 57 67 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last has generic name help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Banks Hannah Felix Forest and Gwilym Lewis 2014 Evolution and diversity of pollen morphology in tribe cercideae leguminosae Taxon 63 2 299 314 doi 10 12705 632 37 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Bruneau Anne Marjorie Mercure Gwilym P Lewis and Patrick S Herendeen 2008 Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes Botany 86 7 697 718 doi 10 1139 b08 058 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sinou Carole Fe Forest Gwilym P Lewis and Anne Bruneau 2009 The genus Bauhinia s l leguminosae A phylogeny based on the plastid trnL trnF region Botany 87 10 947 60 doi 10 1139 b09 065 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Wunderlin RP 2010 Reorganization of the Cercideae Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae Phytoneuron 2010 48 1 5 Taatsu Kapewangolo Petrina 2010 Biochemical characteristics of marama bean Tylosema esculentum Master s degree thesis University of Namibia http repository unam na handle 11070 473 Holse Husted S and A Hansen 2010 Chemical composition of marama bean Tylosema esculentum A wild African bean with unexploited potential Journal of Food Composition amp Analysis 23 6 648 57 doi 10 1016 j jfca 2010 03 006 Travlos IS Economou G and AI Karamanos 2007 Germination and emergence of the hard seed coated Tylosema esculentum Burch A Schreib in response to different pre sowing seed treatments Journal of Arid Environments 68 3 501 507 Bibcode 2007JArEn 68 501T doi 10 1016 j jaridenv 2006 07 001 Chingwaru W Majinda RT Yeboah SO Jackson J Kapewangolo PT Kandawa Schulz M and A Cencic 2011 Tylosema esculentum marama tuber and bean extracts are strong antiviral agents against rotavirus infection Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 8 1 284795 doi 10 1155 2011 284795 PMC 3057194 PMID 21423688 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Mazimba O Majinda RT Modibedi C Masesane IB Cencic A and W Chingwaru 2011 Tylosema esculentum extractives and their bioactivity Bioorganic amp Medicinal Chemistry 19 17 5225 30 doi 10 1016 j bmc 2011 07 006 PMID 21813280 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Karamanos AJ Travlos IS 2012 The water relations and some drought tolerance mechanisms of the marama bean Agronomy Journal 104 1 65 72 doi 10 2134 agronj2011 0194 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tylosema amp oldid 1214699441, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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