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Turk (term for Muslims)

October 27, 2023

For other uses, see Turk (disambiguation).

The ethnonym Turks (Greek: Τούρκοι/Tourkoi, Serbo-Croatian: Turci/Турци, Albanian: turk) has been commonly used by the non-Muslim Balkan peoples to denote all Muslim settlers in the region, regardless of their ethno-linguistic background. The majority of these, however, were indeed ethnic Turks.[1] In the Ottoman Empire, the Islamic faith was the official religion, with Muslims holding different rights than non-Muslims.[2] Non-Muslim (dhimmi) ethno-religious[3] legal groups were identified by different millets ("nations").[2]

Turk was also notably used to denote all groups in the region who had been Islamized during the Ottoman rule, especially Muslim Albanians and Slavic Muslims (mostly Bosniaks).[2] For the Balkan Christians, converting to Islam was synonymous with Turkification, succumbing to "Ottoman rule and embracing the Ottoman way of life," hence "to become a Turk".[2] In South Slavic languages, there are also derivative terms that are more-so seen as offensive towards Bosniaks, such as poturiti, poturčiti and poturica (all essentially meaning "Turk" or "to turkify").[4][2] Slavic Muslims follow the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, the most dominant school in the Ottoman Empire.[5] Also Orthodox Christian Roma from the Balkans call the Muslim Roma as Xoraxane, the meaning of this word in Balkan Romani language is simple Muslim/Turk.[6]

According to the religious ideology of Christoslavism, coined by Michael Sells, religion played a key role in maintaining alliances and ethnic identification during tumultuous ethnic conflicts in Southeastern Europe for centuries, from the High Middle Ages onward. Sells postulates that there existed a "belief that Slavs are Christian by nature and that any conversion from Christianity is a betrayal of the Slavic race"[7] as seen in Croatian Roman Catholic and Serbian Eastern Orthodox ethnic and nationalist movements. Slavic Muslims were, therefore, not regarded part of their ethnic kinship, as by conversion to Islam, "they have become Turks".[8]

In Greece and in the Greek language, the same belief was held about Greek Muslims, that they had essentially "become Turks", while tourkalvanoi ("Turco-Albanians") became a common term for Muslim Albanians who had been a significant minority in the country.[9] All of these terms are now considered pejorative ethnic slurs in their respective languages as well as by those groups that they refer to.

Following the end of World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, all Ottoman Muslims were made part of the modern citizenry or the Turkish nation.

Anti-Turkish sentiment from non-Roma and Christian Romani people (Orthodox and Evangelicals), spread to Muslim Roma[10]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Mentzel 2000, p. 8.
  2. ^ a b c d e Antonello Biagini; Giovanna Motta (19 June 2014). Empires and Nations from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century: Volume 1. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 143–. ISBN 978-1-4438-6193-9.
  3. ^ Cagaptay, Soner (2014). Islam, Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk? (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern History). p. 70.
  4. ^ Mient Jan Faber (1996). The Balkans: A Religious Backyard of Europe. Longo Editore. p. 125. ISBN 978-88-8063-091-3.
  5. ^ Sabrina P. Ramet (1989). Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 380–. ISBN 978-0-8223-0891-1.
  6. ^ "Xoraxane Roma".
  7. ^ Steven L. Jacobs (2009). Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Lexington Books. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-0-7391-3589-1.
  8. ^ Omer Bartov; Phyllis Mack (1 January 2001). In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century. Berghahn Books. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-1-57181-302-2.
  9. ^ Megalommatis, M. Cosmas (1994). "Turkish-Greek Relations and the Balkans: A Historian's Evaluation of Today's Problems". Cyprus Foundation: 28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ https://www.ndr.de/kultur/sendungen/freitagsforum/Muslimische-Roma-Doppelte-Diskriminierung,freitagsforum1008.html

Sources Edit

  • Mentzel, Peter (2000). "Introduction: Identity, confessionalism, and nationalism". Nationalities Papers. 28 (1): 8. doi:10.1080/00905990050002425. S2CID 145649273.
  • Cagaptay, Soner (1 February 2014). The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-1-61234-650-2.

October 27, 2023
turk, term, muslims, other, uses, turk, disambiguation, ethnonym, turks, greek, Τούρκοι, tourkoi, serbo, croatian, turci, Турци, albanian, turk, been, commonly, used, muslim, balkan, peoples, denote, muslim, settlers, region, regardless, their, ethno, linguist. For other uses see Turk disambiguation The ethnonym Turks Greek Toyrkoi Tourkoi Serbo Croatian Turci Turci Albanian turk has been commonly used by the non Muslim Balkan peoples to denote all Muslim settlers in the region regardless of their ethno linguistic background The majority of these however were indeed ethnic Turks 1 In the Ottoman Empire the Islamic faith was the official religion with Muslims holding different rights than non Muslims 2 Non Muslim dhimmi ethno religious 3 legal groups were identified by different millets nations 2 Turk was also notably used to denote all groups in the region who had been Islamized during the Ottoman rule especially Muslim Albanians and Slavic Muslims mostly Bosniaks 2 For the Balkan Christians converting to Islam was synonymous with Turkification succumbing to Ottoman rule and embracing the Ottoman way of life hence to become a Turk 2 In South Slavic languages there are also derivative terms that are more so seen as offensive towards Bosniaks such as poturiti poturciti and poturica all essentially meaning Turk or to turkify 4 2 Slavic Muslims follow the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam the most dominant school in the Ottoman Empire 5 Also Orthodox Christian Roma from the Balkans call the Muslim Roma as Xoraxane the meaning of this word in Balkan Romani language is simple Muslim Turk 6 According to the religious ideology of Christoslavism coined by Michael Sells religion played a key role in maintaining alliances and ethnic identification during tumultuous ethnic conflicts in Southeastern Europe for centuries from the High Middle Ages onward Sells postulates that there existed a belief that Slavs are Christian by nature and that any conversion from Christianity is a betrayal of the Slavic race 7 as seen in Croatian Roman Catholic and Serbian Eastern Orthodox ethnic and nationalist movements Slavic Muslims were therefore not regarded part of their ethnic kinship as by conversion to Islam they have become Turks 8 In Greece and in the Greek language the same belief was held about Greek Muslims that they had essentially become Turks while tourkalvanoi Turco Albanians became a common term for Muslim Albanians who had been a significant minority in the country 9 All of these terms are now considered pejorative ethnic slurs in their respective languages as well as by those groups that they refer to Following the end of World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire all Ottoman Muslims were made part of the modern citizenry or the Turkish nation Anti Turkish sentiment from non Roma and Christian Romani people Orthodox and Evangelicals spread to Muslim Roma 10 See also EditGiaour Ottoman wars in EuropeReferences Edit Mentzel 2000 p 8 a b c d e Antonello Biagini Giovanna Motta 19 June 2014 Empires and Nations from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century Volume 1 Cambridge Scholars Publishing pp 143 ISBN 978 1 4438 6193 9 Cagaptay Soner 2014 Islam Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey Who is a Turk Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern History p 70 Mient Jan Faber 1996 The Balkans A Religious Backyard of Europe Longo Editore p 125 ISBN 978 88 8063 091 3 Sabrina P Ramet 1989 Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics Duke University Press pp 380 ISBN 978 0 8223 0891 1 Xoraxane Roma Steven L Jacobs 2009 Confronting Genocide Judaism Christianity Islam Lexington Books pp 82 ISBN 978 0 7391 3589 1 Omer Bartov Phyllis Mack 1 January 2001 In God s Name Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century Berghahn Books pp 183 ISBN 978 1 57181 302 2 Megalommatis M Cosmas 1994 Turkish Greek Relations and the Balkans A Historian s Evaluation of Today s Problems Cyprus Foundation 28 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help https www ndr de kultur sendungen freitagsforum Muslimische Roma Doppelte Diskriminierung freitagsforum1008 htmlSources EditMentzel Peter 2000 Introduction Identity confessionalism and nationalism Nationalities Papers 28 1 8 doi 10 1080 00905990050002425 S2CID 145649273 Cagaptay Soner 1 February 2014 The Rise of Turkey The Twenty First Century s First Muslim Power Potomac Books Inc pp 70 ISBN 978 1 61234 650 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Turk term for Muslims amp oldid 1171446687, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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