fbpx
Wikipedia

Tunjur people

December 18, 2023

The Tunjur (or Tungur) people are a Sunni Muslim ethnic group living in eastern Chad and western Sudan. In the 21st century, their numbers have been estimated at 175,000 people.[1]

History edit

Based on linguistic and archaeological evidence, the ethnic ancestry of the Tunjur people has been argued by contemporary archaeologist Claude Rilly to go back to Christian Nubia.[2][3][4] Thus, Rilly claims that the name Tunjur goes back to the town of Dongola (Tungul or Old Dongola, where the Tungur name is derived from Tungul, the old name of Dongola) in Nubia. According to their own oral traditions and other scholars, they are of Arab descent, whose ancestors migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to central Sudan either by way of North Africa and Tunis or by way of Nubia. Thus, the 19th century German explorer Gustav Nachtigal claimed they resemble Arabs in features and behaviour,[5] but this impression has been refuted by modern scholars.[2]

Although a minority, the Tunjur became the ruling class of Darfur and Wadai in the 13th century by peacefully taking power from the Daju.[3][6] In the 16th century, they were overthrown by an Arab[citation needed] group that founded the Keira dynasty, and later merged with the Fur people. According to the local legends of the Fur people, Shau Dorshid, the last ruler of the Tunjur, was “driven out by his own people because he compelled his subjects to dig wells in the high rocky regions and to undertake the ardeous and useless task of levelling the Mail mountain peak, on the summit of which he wanted to establish his residence."[7] His capital was at the site of Ain Farah, where specimens of Christian iconography were found.[2]

Around the middle of the 17th century, the Tunjur people were expelled from the Islamic Wadai empire by Abd-el-Kerim of the Bargo people, and the Bargo controlled the slave supply caravans to the north.[3][4] The Tunjur then migrated west to their current location. Thereafter, they converted to Maliki fiqh of Sunni Islam.[3]

Society edit

The Tunjur are farmers and live closely associated with the Fur. Their own Tunjur language has become extinct, they now speak Chadian Arabic, Fur, or Bari as their first language.[3]

Contemporary issues edit

Following the Darfur conflict in February 2003, like the Fur and the Zaghawa, many Tunjur have been affected by fighting and persecution. A number of Tunjur have taken part in the fight against the Sudanese government under the banners of the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM).

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Nave, Ari (2010). Tunjur. In Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Kwame Anthony Appiah (eds.) Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ a b c Rilly, Claude (2021). "Aux racines de la population soudanaise". In Rilly, Claude; Francigny, Vincent; Maillot, Marc; Cabon, Olivier (eds.). Le Soudan, de la Préhistoire à la conquête de Méhémet Ali (in French). Paris: Soleb Bleu autour. pp. 543–544. ISBN 978-2-35848-186-1. OCLC 1298202018.
  3. ^ a b c d e Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9.
  4. ^ a b James Minahan (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R. Greenwood. pp. 1130–1131. ISBN 978-0-313-32111-5.
  5. ^ Nachtigal/Fisher, Sahara, II, 257/ III, 13.
  6. ^ J. D. Fage; Roland Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–304. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.
  7. ^ Nachtigal/Fisher, Sahara, III, 361/IV, 276.
Bibliography
  • Arkell, A. J. "A History of Darfur. Part II: The Tunjur etc.", Sudan Notes and Records, 32, 2 (1951), 207-238.
  • Balfour Paul, H. G. 1955. History and Antiquities of Darfur. Khartoum, Sudan Antiquities Service.
  • Braukämper, Ulrich: Migration und ethnischer Wandel, Stuttgart, 1992.
  • Fuchs, Peter: "The Arab origin of the Tunjur, in: A. Rouand (ed.), Les orientalistes sont des aventuriers, Saint-Maur, 1999, 235-9.
  • Godlewski, Włodzimierz (2013b). Dongola-ancient Tungul. Archaeological guide (PDF). Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. ISBN 978-83-903796-6-1.
  • Lange, Dierk: “Abwanderung der assyrischen tamkāru nach Nubien, Darfur und ins Tschadseegebiet“, in: Bronislaw Nowak et al. (eds.), Europejczycy Afrykanie Inni: Studia ofiarowane Profesorowi Michalowi Tymowskiemu, Warzawa 2011, 199-226.
  • Nachtigal, Gustav, transl. H. Fisher, Sahara and Sudan, vol. IV (vol. III, 1889), London 1971.
  • Nave, Ari (2010). Tunjur. In Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Kwame Anthony Appiah (eds.) Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press.
  • O'Fahey, R. S. The Tunjur: a central Sudanic mystery. Sudan Notes and Records, vol. 61 (1980), pp. 47-60
  • O'Fahey, R. S. The Darfur Sultanate: A History, London 2008.

December 18, 2023
tunjur, people, tunjur, tungur, people, sunni, muslim, ethnic, group, living, eastern, chad, western, sudan, 21st, century, their, numbers, have, been, estimated, people, history, editbased, linguistic, archaeological, evidence, ethnic, ancestry, been, argued,. The Tunjur or Tungur people are a Sunni Muslim ethnic group living in eastern Chad and western Sudan In the 21st century their numbers have been estimated at 175 000 people 1 History editBased on linguistic and archaeological evidence the ethnic ancestry of the Tunjur people has been argued by contemporary archaeologist Claude Rilly to go back to Christian Nubia 2 3 4 Thus Rilly claims that the name Tunjur goes back to the town of Dongola Tungul or Old Dongola where the Tungur name is derived from Tungul the old name of Dongola in Nubia According to their own oral traditions and other scholars they are of Arab descent whose ancestors migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to central Sudan either by way of North Africa and Tunis or by way of Nubia Thus the 19th century German explorer Gustav Nachtigal claimed they resemble Arabs in features and behaviour 5 but this impression has been refuted by modern scholars 2 Although a minority the Tunjur became the ruling class of Darfur and Wadai in the 13th century by peacefully taking power from the Daju 3 6 In the 16th century they were overthrown by an Arab citation needed group that founded the Keira dynasty and later merged with the Fur people According to the local legends of the Fur people Shau Dorshid the last ruler of the Tunjur was driven out by his own people because he compelled his subjects to dig wells in the high rocky regions and to undertake the ardeous and useless task of levelling the Mail mountain peak on the summit of which he wanted to establish his residence 7 His capital was at the site of Ain Farah where specimens of Christian iconography were found 2 Around the middle of the 17th century the Tunjur people were expelled from the Islamic Wadai empire by Abd el Kerim of the Bargo people and the Bargo controlled the slave supply caravans to the north 3 4 The Tunjur then migrated west to their current location Thereafter they converted to Maliki fiqh of Sunni Islam 3 Society editThe Tunjur are farmers and live closely associated with the Fur Their own Tunjur language has become extinct they now speak Chadian Arabic Fur or Bari as their first language 3 Contemporary issues editFollowing the Darfur conflict in February 2003 like the Fur and the Zaghawa many Tunjur have been affected by fighting and persecution A number of Tunjur have taken part in the fight against the Sudanese government under the banners of the Sudan Liberation Movement SLM See also editHistory of Darfur Ouaddai Empire Tunjur kingdomReferences edit Nave Ari 2010 Tunjur In Henry Louis Gates Jr and Kwame Anthony Appiah eds Encyclopedia of Africa Oxford University Press a b c Rilly Claude 2021 Aux racines de la population soudanaise In Rilly Claude Francigny Vincent Maillot Marc Cabon Olivier eds Le Soudan de la Prehistoire a la conquete de Mehemet Ali in French Paris Soleb Bleu autour pp 543 544 ISBN 978 2 35848 186 1 OCLC 1298202018 a b c d e Anthony Appiah Henry Louis Gates Jr 2005 Africana The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience Oxford University Press pp 241 242 ISBN 978 0 19 517055 9 a b James Minahan 2002 Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations L R Greenwood pp 1130 1131 ISBN 978 0 313 32111 5 Nachtigal Fisher Sahara II 257 III 13 J D Fage Roland Oliver 1975 The Cambridge History of Africa Cambridge University Press pp 303 304 ISBN 978 0 521 20981 6 Nachtigal Fisher Sahara III 361 IV 276 BibliographyArkell A J A History of Darfur Part II The Tunjur etc Sudan Notes and Records 32 2 1951 207 238 Balfour Paul H G 1955 History and Antiquities of Darfur Khartoum Sudan Antiquities Service Braukamper Ulrich Migration und ethnischer Wandel Stuttgart 1992 Fuchs Peter The Arab origin of the Tunjur in A Rouand ed Les orientalistes sont des aventuriers Saint Maur 1999 235 9 Godlewski Wlodzimierz 2013b Dongola ancient Tungul Archaeological guide PDF Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw ISBN 978 83 903796 6 1 Lange Dierk Abwanderung der assyrischen tamkaru nach Nubien Darfur und ins Tschadseegebiet in Bronislaw Nowak et al eds Europejczycy Afrykanie Inni Studia ofiarowane Profesorowi Michalowi Tymowskiemu Warzawa 2011 199 226 Nachtigal Gustav transl H Fisher Sahara and Sudan vol IV vol III 1889 London 1971 Nave Ari 2010 Tunjur In Henry Louis Gates Jr and Kwame Anthony Appiah eds Encyclopedia of Africa Oxford University Press O Fahey R S The Tunjur a central Sudanic mystery Sudan Notes and Records vol 61 1980 pp 47 60 O Fahey R S The Darfur Sultanate A History London 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tunjur people amp oldid 1171404110, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.