Tughral Tughan Khan (Bengali: তুগরল তুগান খান, Persian: طغرل طوغان خان), later known as Mughith ad-Din Tughral (Bengali: মুগিসউদ্দীন তুগরল, Persian: مغيث الدين طغرل), was an officer of the Delhi Sultanate. He governed Bengal during 1236-1246 CE and again during 1272-1281 CE.
Following the death of Iltutmish, assassination of Saifuddin Aibak and the subsequent ascension of the rebel usurper Awar Khan Aibak, Tughan invaded Bengal and successfully defeated Awar Khan in 1236. Immediately after assuming power, Tughan Khan led a number of expeditions. He established his dominance throughout Bengal, Bihar and Oudh while staying loyal to the Delhi Sultanate. He conquered Tirhut in September 1242. He advanced westwards towards Kara, where he got news of the ascension of Sultan Ala ud din Masud.[1]
In 1242, he ordered his treasurer Mubarak Khan al-Khazan to construct a building in southern Bihar. Tughral is referred to as "Majlis Ali, the great Khan, the exalted Khaqan, honour of the Truth and the Religion, helper of princes and sultans, patriarch of victory, Tughril the Sultani" (Arabic: مجلس العلي خان العظم خاقان المعظم عز الحق والدين غياث الاسلام والمسلمين مغيث الملوك والسلاطين ابو الفتح طغرل السلطاني). The inscription stating this is preserved in Bihar Museum.[2]
In 1243, during the reign of Tughan Khan, the Hindu king of Orissa, Narasimhadeva I, invaded southern Bengal and defeated Tughan Khan in the Battle of Katasin. The Oriya army pursued the Muslims all the way to Lakhnauti, the capital of Bengal, and besieged the city. All the Muslims of Lakhnauti were slain and the city plundered.[3]
Tughan Khan fled and sought assistance from the Delhi sultan, Alauddin Masud Shah, who sent Malik Karakash Khan of Kara and Malik Tughlaq Tamar Khan of Oudh to help Tughan Khan. Hearing the approach of the Delhi army, the Oriya army retreated to Orissa. But Tughlaq Tamar Khan himself assumes the power of Bengal which forced Tughan Khan to flee to Delhi. Thus Tughan Khan's ten year ruling of Bengal ended in 1246 CE.
Tughan Khan was later appointed as the governor of Oudh by Sultan Alauddin Masud Shah.
Second term (1272–1281)edit
In 1272 Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban appointed Amin Khan as the governor and Tughan Khan as the sub-governor of Bengal with the duty to reconquer and pacify the Province, most of which had been under the control of the Eastern Ganga dynasty since the death of Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak in 1257 CE. However Tughan Khan deposed Amin Khan with the help of his old loyalists and declared himself Sultan of Bengal. He took the name Mughisuddin Tughral.
In 1279, Tughan Khan defeated the Sena king Vishwarup Sen of eastern Bengal (present-day Assam) and established an Islamic fiefdom in that region for the first time in history. He res-established the Bengali Navy, destroyed in 1243 by Narasimhadeva I at the Fort Narikella at Sonargaon. In 1280, Tughan Khan took advantage of a drought to invade South Bengal and then, Jajnagar (present-day Orissa).[4]
Taking advantage of Tughan Khan's absence, Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban sent a huge army led by Malik Turmati the ruler of Oudh against Tughan. But the Delhi army was thoroughly defeated by Tughan's army. Balban sent another army against Tughan. But this time once again Balban's army was defeated by Tughan's army.
Infuriated by repeated defeats Balban himself invaded Bengal in 1281. His son, Nasiruddin Bughra Khan, assisted him in this mission.[5] There were about three hundred thousand soldiers in Balban's army. This massive army was accompanied with a huge navy. Tughan fled to Jajnagar by river. Balban split his army into smaller groups. One such small group led by Malik Sher Andaz attacked Tughan's army and Tughan was defeated and killed in the battle.
After Tughan's death, Balban put his son in charge of Bengal.[6] Thus the separatist Mameluk ruling of Bengal ended in 1281.
^Ahmad Hasan Dani (2 December 2023). "Analysis of the Inscriptions". Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol-ii. p. 1.
^Glimpses Of Kalinga History by Das, Manmatha Nath. Calcutta: Century Publishers. 1949. pp. 181.
^Lees, W. Nassau (ed.). The Tabaqat-I Nasiri of Aboo Omar Minhaj Al Din Othman. Translated by Siraj Al-Din Al-Ja Wzjani. Calcutta: College Press.
^Ali, Muhammad Ansar (2012). "Bughra Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 76–79. ISBN978-9-38060-734-4.
tughral, tughan, khan, bengali, গরল, persian, طغرل, طوغان, خان, later, known, mughith, tughral, bengali, সউদ, গরল, persian, مغيث, الدين, طغرل, officer, delhi, sultanate, governed, bengal, during, 1236, 1246, again, during, 1272, 1281, mughithuddingovernor, bih. Tughral Tughan Khan Bengali ত গরল ত গ ন খ ন Persian طغرل طوغان خان later known as Mughith ad Din Tughral Bengali ম গ সউদ দ ন ত গরল Persian مغيث الدين طغرل was an officer of the Delhi Sultanate He governed Bengal during 1236 1246 CE and again during 1272 1281 CE MughithuddinTughral Tughan KhanGovernor of BiharIn office 1232 MonarchsIltutmish Ruknuddin FiruzPreceded bySaifuddin AibakGovernor of Bengal Lakhnauti In office 1236 MonarchsRuknuddin Firuz Razia SultanaPreceded bySaifuddin Aibak Awar Khan Aibak usurper Succeeded byTughlaq Tamar Khan Nasiruddin Bughra Khan Contents 1 Biography 2 Second term 1272 1281 3 See also 4 ReferencesBiography editHe was a Turkic of Khitan origin and was a slave officer bought by Sultan Iltutmish He was the given the iqta of Badayun before being appointed the Governor of Bihar by the Sultan in 1232 as Saifuddin Aibak had been transferred to Lakhnauti Following the death of Iltutmish assassination of Saifuddin Aibak and the subsequent ascension of the rebel usurper Awar Khan Aibak Tughan invaded Bengal and successfully defeated Awar Khan in 1236 Immediately after assuming power Tughan Khan led a number of expeditions He established his dominance throughout Bengal Bihar and Oudh while staying loyal to the Delhi Sultanate He conquered Tirhut in September 1242 He advanced westwards towards Kara where he got news of the ascension of Sultan Ala ud din Masud 1 In 1242 he ordered his treasurer Mubarak Khan al Khazan to construct a building in southern Bihar Tughral is referred to as Majlis Ali the great Khan the exalted Khaqan honour of the Truth and the Religion helper of princes and sultans patriarch of victory Tughril the Sultani Arabic مجلس العلي خان العظم خاقان المعظم عز الحق والدين غياث الاسلام والمسلمين مغيث الملوك والسلاطين ابو الفتح طغرل السلطاني The inscription stating this is preserved in Bihar Museum 2 In 1243 during the reign of Tughan Khan the Hindu king of Orissa Narasimhadeva I invaded southern Bengal and defeated Tughan Khan in the Battle of Katasin The Oriya army pursued the Muslims all the way to Lakhnauti the capital of Bengal and besieged the city All the Muslims of Lakhnauti were slain and the city plundered 3 Tughan Khan fled and sought assistance from the Delhi sultan Alauddin Masud Shah who sent Malik Karakash Khan of Kara and Malik Tughlaq Tamar Khan of Oudh to help Tughan Khan Hearing the approach of the Delhi army the Oriya army retreated to Orissa But Tughlaq Tamar Khan himself assumes the power of Bengal which forced Tughan Khan to flee to Delhi Thus Tughan Khan s ten year ruling of Bengal ended in 1246 CE Tughan Khan was later appointed as the governor of Oudh by Sultan Alauddin Masud Shah Second term 1272 1281 editIn 1272 Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban appointed Amin Khan as the governor and Tughan Khan as the sub governor of Bengal with the duty to reconquer and pacify the Province most of which had been under the control of the Eastern Ganga dynasty since the death of Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak in 1257 CE However Tughan Khan deposed Amin Khan with the help of his old loyalists and declared himself Sultan of Bengal He took the name Mughisuddin Tughral In 1279 Tughan Khan defeated the Sena king Vishwarup Sen of eastern Bengal present day Assam and established an Islamic fiefdom in that region for the first time in history He res established the Bengali Navy destroyed in 1243 by Narasimhadeva I at the Fort Narikella at Sonargaon In 1280 Tughan Khan took advantage of a drought to invade South Bengal and then Jajnagar present day Orissa 4 Taking advantage of Tughan Khan s absence Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban sent a huge army led by Malik Turmati the ruler of Oudh against Tughan But the Delhi army was thoroughly defeated by Tughan s army Balban sent another army against Tughan But this time once again Balban s army was defeated by Tughan s army Infuriated by repeated defeats Balban himself invaded Bengal in 1281 His son Nasiruddin Bughra Khan assisted him in this mission 5 There were about three hundred thousand soldiers in Balban s army This massive army was accompanied with a huge navy Tughan fled to Jajnagar by river Balban split his army into smaller groups One such small group led by Malik Sher Andaz attacked Tughan s army and Tughan was defeated and killed in the battle After Tughan s death Balban put his son in charge of Bengal 6 Thus the separatist Mameluk ruling of Bengal ended in 1281 See also editList of rulers of Bengal History of Bengal History of Bangladesh History of IndiaReferences edit M Delwar Hussain 2012 Tughral Tughan Khan In Sirajul Islam Miah Sajahan Khanam Mahfuza Ahmed Sabbir eds Banglapedia the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Online ed Dhaka Bangladesh Banglapedia Trust Asiatic Society of Bangladesh ISBN 984 32 0576 6 OCLC 52727562 OL 30677644M Retrieved 9 April 2024 Ahmad Hasan Dani 2 December 2023 Analysis of the Inscriptions Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol ii p 1 Glimpses Of Kalinga History by Das Manmatha Nath Calcutta Century Publishers 1949 pp 181 Lees W Nassau ed The Tabaqat I Nasiri of Aboo Omar Minhaj Al Din Othman Translated by Siraj Al Din Al Ja Wzjani Calcutta College Press Ali Muhammad Ansar 2012 Bughra Khan In Islam Sirajul Jamal Ahmed A eds Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Second ed Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Sen Sailendra 2013 A Textbook of Medieval Indian History Primus Books pp 76 79 ISBN 978 9 38060 734 4 Preceded byAwar Khan Aibak Mamluk Delhi Sultanate Governor of Bengal1246 1247 Succeeded byTughlaq Tamar KhanPreceded byAmin Khan Mamluk Delhi Sultanate Governor of Bengal1272 1281 Succeeded byNasiruddin Bughra Khan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tughral Tughan Khan amp oldid 1215628888, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
