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Air-cooled engine

March 08, 2023

Main article: Internal combustion engine cooling

Air-cooled engines rely on the circulation of air directly over heat dissipation fins or hot areas of the engine to cool them in order to keep the engine within operating temperatures. In all combustion engines, a great percentage of the heat generated (around 44%) escapes through the exhaust, not through the metal fins of an air-cooled engine (12%). About 8% of the heat energy is transferred to the oil, which although primarily meant for lubrication, also plays a role in heat dissipation via a cooler. Air-cooled engines are used generally in applications which would not suit liquid cooling, as such modern air-cooled engines are used in motorcycles, general aviation aircraft, lawn mowers, generators, outboard motors, pump sets, saw benches and auxiliary power units.

A cylinder from an air-cooled aviation engine, a Continental C85. Notice the rows of fins on both the steel cylinder barrel and the aluminum cylinder head. The fins provide additional surface area for air to pass over the cylinder and absorb heat.

Introduction

Most modern internal combustion engines are cooled by a closed circuit carrying liquid coolant through channels in the engine block and cylinder head, where the coolant absorbs heat, to a heat exchanger or radiator where the coolant releases heat into the air (or raw water, in the case of marine engines). Thus, while they are not ultimately cooled by the liquid, because of the liquid-coolant circuit they are known as water-cooled. In contrast, heat generated by an air-cooled engine is released directly into the air. Typically this is facilitated with metal fins covering the outside of the Cylinder Head and cylinders which increase the surface area that air can act on. Air may be force fed with the use of a fan and shroud to achieve efficient cooling with high volumes of air or simply by natural air flow with well designed and angled fins.

In all combustion engines, a great percentage of the heat generated (around 44%) escapes through the exhaust, not through either a liquid cooling system nor through the metal fins of an air-cooled engine (12%). About 8% of the heat energy finds its way into the oil, which although primarily meant for lubrication, also plays a role in heat dissipation via a cooler.[1] Air cooled engines usually run noisier, however it provides more simplicity which gives benefits when it comes to servicing and part replacement and is usually cheaper to be maintained.[2]

Applications

Road vehicles

 
Honda CB1100

Many motorcycles use air cooling for the sake of reducing weight and complexity. Few current production automobiles have air-cooled engines (such as Tatra 815), but historically it was common for many high-volume vehicles. The orientation of the engine cylinders is commonly found in either single-cylinder or coupled in groups of two, and cylinders are commonly oriented in a horizontal fashion as a Flat engine, while vertical Straight-four engine have been used. Examples of past air-cooled road vehicles, in roughly chronological order, include:

Aviation

Most aviation piston engines are air-cooled. While water cooled engines were widely used from the early days of flight, air cooled engines were the dominant choice in aircraft. Following the Second World War, turbojets and jet turbine powered aircraft have come to dominate flight regimes where water cooled piston engines offered the advantage of reduced drag. Today, piston engines are mostly used in slower general aviation aircraft where the greater drag produced by air cooled engines is not a major disadvantage. Therefore, most aero engines produced today are of the air cooled variety. Today, most of the engines currently (2005) manufactured by Lycoming and Continental are used by major manufacturers of light aircraft Cirrus, Cessna and so on.

Other engine manufactures using air-cooled engine technology are ULPower and Jabiru, more active in the Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA) and ultralight aircraft market. Rotax uses a combination of air-cooled cylinders and liquid-cooled cylinder heads.

Diesel engines

Some small diesel engines, e.g. those made by Deutz AG and Lister Petter are air-cooled. Probably the only big Euro 5 truck air-cooled engine (V8 320 kW power 2100 N·m torque one) is being produced by Tatra.

Stationary or portable engines

Stationary or portable engines were commercially introduced early in the 1900s. The first commercial production was by the New Way Motor Company of Lansing, Michigan, US. The company produced air-cooled engines in single and twin cylinders in both horizontal and vertical cylinder format. Subsequent to their initial production which was exported worldwide, other companies took up the advantages of this cooling method, especially in small portable engines. Applications include mowers, generators, outboard motors, pump sets, saw benches and auxiliary power plants and more.

References

  1. ^ Thomas, Kas (1997-02-19). . AVWeb. Aviation Publishing Group. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02.
  2. ^ YouMotorcycle (2015-12-19). "Air Cooled vs. Liquid Cooled Motorcycle Engines". YouMotorcycle. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  3. ^ Sloan 1964, pp. 71–94, Chapter 5, "The copper-cooled engine"

Bibliography

Cited sources

Further reading

  • Biermann, A. E. (1941). "The design of fins for air-cooled cylinders" (pdf). Report Nº 726. NACA.[permanent dead link]
  • P V Lamarque, "The design of cooling fins for Motor-Cycle Engines". Report of the Automobile Research Committee, Institution of Automobile Engineers Magazine, March 1943 issue, and also in "The Institution of Automobile Engineers. Proceedings XXXVII, Session 1942-1943, pp 99-134 and 309-312.
  • Julius Mackerle, "Air-cooled Automotive Engines", Charles Griffin & Company Ltd., London 1972.

March 08, 2023
cooled, engine, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, need, rewritten, comply, with, wikipedia, quality, standards, help, talk, page, contain, . This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards You can help The talk page may contain suggestions June 2012 This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Air cooled engine news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Internal combustion engine cooling Air cooled engines rely on the circulation of air directly over heat dissipation fins or hot areas of the engine to cool them in order to keep the engine within operating temperatures In all combustion engines a great percentage of the heat generated around 44 escapes through the exhaust not through the metal fins of an air cooled engine 12 About 8 of the heat energy is transferred to the oil which although primarily meant for lubrication also plays a role in heat dissipation via a cooler Air cooled engines are used generally in applications which would not suit liquid cooling as such modern air cooled engines are used in motorcycles general aviation aircraft lawn mowers generators outboard motors pump sets saw benches and auxiliary power units A cylinder from an air cooled aviation engine a Continental C85 Notice the rows of fins on both the steel cylinder barrel and the aluminum cylinder head The fins provide additional surface area for air to pass over the cylinder and absorb heat Contents 1 Introduction 2 Applications 2 1 Road vehicles 2 2 Aviation 2 3 Diesel engines 2 4 Stationary or portable engines 3 References 4 Bibliography 4 1 Cited sources 4 2 Further readingIntroduction EditMost modern internal combustion engines are cooled by a closed circuit carrying liquid coolant through channels in the engine block and cylinder head where the coolant absorbs heat to a heat exchanger or radiator where the coolant releases heat into the air or raw water in the case of marine engines Thus while they are not ultimately cooled by the liquid because of the liquid coolant circuit they are known as water cooled In contrast heat generated by an air cooled engine is released directly into the air Typically this is facilitated with metal fins covering the outside of the Cylinder Head and cylinders which increase the surface area that air can act on Air may be force fed with the use of a fan and shroud to achieve efficient cooling with high volumes of air or simply by natural air flow with well designed and angled fins In all combustion engines a great percentage of the heat generated around 44 escapes through the exhaust not through either a liquid cooling system nor through the metal fins of an air cooled engine 12 About 8 of the heat energy finds its way into the oil which although primarily meant for lubrication also plays a role in heat dissipation via a cooler 1 Air cooled engines usually run noisier however it provides more simplicity which gives benefits when it comes to servicing and part replacement and is usually cheaper to be maintained 2 Applications EditRoad vehicles Edit Honda CB1100 Many motorcycles use air cooling for the sake of reducing weight and complexity Few current production automobiles have air cooled engines such as Tatra 815 but historically it was common for many high volume vehicles The orientation of the engine cylinders is commonly found in either single cylinder or coupled in groups of two and cylinders are commonly oriented in a horizontal fashion as a Flat engine while vertical Straight four engine have been used Examples of past air cooled road vehicles in roughly chronological order include Franklin 1902 1934 New Way 1905 limited production run out from the CLARKMOBILE Chevrolet Series M Copper Cooled 1921 1923 very few built 3 Tatra all wheel drive military trucks Tatra 11 1923 1927 and subsequent models Tatra T77 1934 1938 Tatra T87 1936 1950 Tatra T97 1936 1939 Tatra T600 Tatraplan 1946 1952 Tatra T603 1955 1975 Tatra T613 1974 1996 Tatra T700 1996 1999 Crosley 1939 1945 The East German Trabant 1957 1991 Trabant 500 1957 1962 Trabant 600 1962 1965 Trabant 601 1964 1989 ZAZ Zaporozhets 1958 1994 Fiat 500 1957 1975 Fiat 126 1972 1987 Porsche 356 1948 1965 Porsche 911 1964 1998 Porsche 912 1965 1969 1976 VW Porsche 914 1969 1976 The Volkswagen Beetle Type 2 SP2 Karmann Ghia and Type 3 all utilized the same air cooled engine 1938 2013 with various displacements Volkswagen Type 2 T3 1979 1982 Volkswagen Type 4 1968 1974 Volkswagen Gol G1 1980 1986 Toyota U engine 1961 1976 Chevrolet Corvair 1960 1969 Citroen 2CV 1948 1990 Featured a high pressure oil cooling system and used a fan bolted to the crankshaft end Citroen GS and GSA Honda 1300 1969 1973 NSU Prinz Royal Enfield Motorcycles India The 350cc and 500cc Twinspark motorcycle engines are air cooled Oltcit Club 1981 1995 T13 653 G11 631 and VO36 630 Demak Dzm 200 2015Aviation Edit Most aviation piston engines are air cooled While water cooled engines were widely used from the early days of flight air cooled engines were the dominant choice in aircraft Following the Second World War turbojets and jet turbine powered aircraft have come to dominate flight regimes where water cooled piston engines offered the advantage of reduced drag Today piston engines are mostly used in slower general aviation aircraft where the greater drag produced by air cooled engines is not a major disadvantage Therefore most aero engines produced today are of the air cooled variety Today most of the engines currently 2005 manufactured by Lycoming and Continental are used by major manufacturers of light aircraft Cirrus Cessna and so on Other engine manufactures using air cooled engine technology are ULPower and Jabiru more active in the Light Sport Aircraft LSA and ultralight aircraft market Rotax uses a combination of air cooled cylinders and liquid cooled cylinder heads Diesel engines Edit Some small diesel engines e g those made by Deutz AG and Lister Petter are air cooled Probably the only big Euro 5 truck air cooled engine V8 320 kW power 2100 N m torque one is being produced by Tatra Stationary or portable engines Edit Stationary or portable engines were commercially introduced early in the 1900s The first commercial production was by the New Way Motor Company of Lansing Michigan US The company produced air cooled engines in single and twin cylinders in both horizontal and vertical cylinder format Subsequent to their initial production which was exported worldwide other companies took up the advantages of this cooling method especially in small portable engines Applications include mowers generators outboard motors pump sets saw benches and auxiliary power plants and more References Edit Thomas Kas 1997 02 19 Shock Cooling Myth or Reality AVWeb Aviation Publishing Group Archived from the original on 2008 12 02 YouMotorcycle 2015 12 19 Air Cooled vs Liquid Cooled Motorcycle Engines YouMotorcycle Retrieved 2020 04 23 Sloan 1964 pp 71 94 Chapter 5 The copper cooled engine Bibliography EditCited sources Edit Sloan Alfred P 1964 McDonald John ed My Years with General Motors Garden City NY US Doubleday LCCN 64011306 OCLC 802024 Republished in 1990 with a new introduction by Peter Drucker ISBN 978 0385042352 Further reading Edit Biermann A E 1941 The design of fins for air cooled cylinders pdf Report Nº 726 NACA permanent dead link P V Lamarque The design of cooling fins for Motor Cycle Engines Report of the Automobile Research Committee Institution of Automobile Engineers Magazine March 1943 issue and also in The Institution of Automobile Engineers Proceedings XXXVII Session 1942 1943 pp 99 134 and 309 312 Julius Mackerle Air cooled Automotive Engines Charles Griffin amp Company Ltd London 1972 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Air cooled engine amp oldid 1119167365, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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