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Toyoaki Horiuchi

Toyoaki Horiuchi (Japanese: 堀内豊秋, Hepburn: Horiuchi Toyoaki, 27 September 1900 – 25 September 1948) was a Japanese Navy officer; his highest rank was daisa (大佐, captain). He was known for the development of naval gymnastics, which were meant to improve the alertness and flexibility of sailors in closed areas of warships and he was known for leading the paratroopers. He was the first jumper during the drop on an airfield 60 km south of Manado, Indonesia, in the Battle of Manado.

Toyoaki Horiuchi
Native name
堀内 豊秋
Nickname(s)Takobozu|タコ坊主 (takobozu(octopus))
Born27 September 1900
Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
Died25 September 1948(1948-09-25) (aged 48)
Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Allegiance Empire of Japan
Service/branch Imperial Japanese Navy
Years of service1923-1945
Rank Captain
  • Commander in the parachute troop, naval warships
  • Administrator in occupied land

Early life

He was born in Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture on 27 September 1900 in the house known as Mimageno Kadogoya, since his ancestors were heads of a small town. After graduation from a middle school in 1919, he entered the Naval school at Edajima, Hiroshima Prefecture and graduated in 1922. In the Naval school, he studied not only English but also Spanish and Portuguese. After graduation, he became a naval officer in September 1923, and was ordered to take a pilot student course. Unfortunately, he was struck by a whirling propeller and had to defer his training.[1] He took another course and joined the crew of a destroyer.[citation needed] In December 1, 1927 he was promoted to lieutenant and took artillery. In 1928, he became a division officer in Japanese cruiser Natori and in 1929, he was a division officer in Japanese cruiser Ashigara.[citation needed] In 1930, he became a teacher at the Naval school. He was in charge of artillery and gymnastics. In October 1934, he was appointed as the teacher of artillery at Yokosuka. At the end of 1936, he sailed on the Japanese cruiser Isuzu as the artillery officer.[citation needed]

Navy gymnastics

He was known for the development of his own gymnastics based on the Denmark gymnastics. As a teacher of gymnastics at the Naval school, he had long felt a need that those in the navy should attain more alertness and flexibility of actions in the limited spaces of warships and he studied various methods; traditionally the Japanese Imperial Army had employed the Swedish gymnastics. Once, he had a chance of learning the Denmark gymnastics by visiting Danish gymnasts at Okayama, and developed his own system, based on the flexible movements of extremities; because of his peculiar movements, he was nicknamed octopus man. He revealed the superiority of this gymnastics by showing the team he taught won high marks in various games and finally the Ministry of the Navy employed his method of gymnastics. In 1944, he was awarded for his development of gymnastics by the Navy Minister.[2]

Airborne commander

Prior to the beginning of the Pacific War, he was appointed as a special commander, and on 11 January 1942, his troop successfully performed an airborne operation at Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Earlier, he had been the leader in training paratroopers at Tateyama, Chiba, during which a number of trainees died due to various reasons. On November 1940, the trainees were divided into the first special troop, headed by him numbering 750, another troop was headed by Fukumi. He jumped at 9:52 a.m. on 11 January 1942 from a height of 150 metres. His flight was recorded on film and was used for propaganda purposes.[citation needed]

As an Administrator

According to Japanese reports, Horiuchi treated the inhabitants of the island well, and was appreciated them. During his short tenure, he gave reportedly provided necessary goods such as salt, and reduced the tax to 1/4 of the previous amount. Horiuchi reportedly used the local language and according to one Japanese source, treated the prisoners of war (POWs) of the Netherlands fairly. On 11 January 1992, a goodwill meeting was held in commemoration of the 50th year of the parachute drop. Issai Horiuchi, the son of Horiuchi, carried the photograph of Horiuchi and several hundreds of the inhabitants attended the meeting.[3] Hiroyuki Agawa, who later became a writer, was under Horiuchi when Horiuchi was transferred to Toukou of Taiwan in 1943 as a teacher of Naval students. Horiuchi said to Agawa that he was one of those who were loved by those in the occupied lands. He lost any desire or position when my assistant lieutenant died. To become a good commander, eliminate five desires, especially the sexual desire. Those who lost something will not kill others, but those whose lovers are taken by someone, may kill them. In the occupied lands, the Japanese army and navy made mistakes because of this.[4]

As a B-class war criminal

On 29 January 1948, a written indictment was read at the Manado Temporary Military Court which presented charges against Japanese Navy Colonel Toyoaki Horiuchi by the order of the Prosecutor General (dated 19 January 1948). The charges were that Horiuchi ordered or allowed Dutch army officers to be subjected to systemic terrorism. He was in a position of knowing the terrorism and did not punish Japanese officers. In 1942, at least 30 Dutch officers were killed with swords. He was in a position of knowing this but did not take necessary preventive measures. These are against the rules dealing with wartime criminals. Lawyer Ide stated that Horiuchi did not know these facts. There were 9 witnesses, most from the Dutch side. Horiuchi sent a letter of testimony that he did not know these facts. However, he felt responsible as an officer of superior rank. For a long time, he believed that we should love enemies. In January 1942, when he set up the parachute troop center, he strongly banned violence to those on the Dutch side. We treated these officers with respect and courtesy. He was impressed by Van den Berg officer who asked for permission while he was responsible. He punished his officers who gave him some violence. Based on his conviction, he freed 650 men of Indonesia. He admitted some of the violence had not been reported to him.[5]

Biographical timeline

  • 27 September 1900: Born at Kawakami Village, now Kumamoto, Japan
  • 31 March 1913: Graduated from Mimage Primary School
  • 1 April 1913 - 31 March 1919: Student at Seiseiko Middle School
  • 26 August 1919 - 1 June 1922: Cadet at Imperial Japanese Naval Academy
  • 1 June 1922: Graduated from above as Midshipman, ranking 156th out of 272 cadets. Assigned to Japanese cruiser ''Asama''; the fleet embarked for Brazil.
  • 17 February 1923: Returned to Japan:
  • 26 February 1923: Crewmember of Japanese battleship ''Nagato''
  • 20 September 1923: Promoted to Ensign
  • 4 July - 10 December 1924: Student at Naval Torpedo School Basic Course
  • 10 December 1924 - 10 April 1925: Student at Naval Gunnery School Basic Course
  • 20 April 1925: the Submarine unit
  • 5 August 1925: the Naval air force at Kasumigaura
  • 1 December 1925: Promoted to Lieutenant (junior grade)
  • 1 December 1926 - 1 December 1927: Navigator of Japanese destroyer ''Uzuki''
  • 1 December 1927: Promoted to Lieutenant
  • 1 December 1927 - 10 December 1928: Student at Naval Gunnery School Advanced Course.
  • 10 December 1928: Division Officer of Japanese cruiser ''Natori''
  • 30 November 1929: Division Officer of Japanese cruiser ''Ashigara''
  • 10 December 1930: Instructor at Imperial Japanese Naval Academy
  • 1 December 1932 - 25 January 1933: Gunnery Officer of Japanese destroyer ''Usugumo''
  • 25 January 1933 - 1 November 1933: Gunnery Officer of Japanese destroyer ''Shinonome''
  • 1 November 1933 - 22 October 1934: Gunnery Officer of Japanese destroyer ''Shirakumo''
  • 15 November 1934: Promoted to Lieutenant Commander
  • 15 November 1934: Instructor at Imperial Japanese Naval Academy
  • 12 October 1936 - 1 December 1936: Attached to Yokosuka Naval District
  • 1 December 1936 - 15 November 1937: Gunnery Officer of Japanese cruiser ''Isuzu''
  • 15 November 1937 - 20 February 1939: Gunnery Officer of Japanese cruiser ''Yakumo''
  • 6 April 1938: Fleet on a distant training voyage
  • 11 July - 30 July 1938: Temporary Gunnery Officer of Japanese cruiser ''Kako''
  • 11 November 1938: on a distant training voyage
  • 20 February 1939 - 15 November 1939: Commanding Officer, 2nd Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force
  • 15 November 1940 Promoted to Commander; Dispatched to Amoi
  • 25 September 1941 - 5 January 1943: Commanding Officer, 1st Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force
  • 11 January 1942: jumped at Manado as the commander of the parachute troop
  • 5 November 1942: Had the honour of meeting Emperor Hirohito and showed Crown Prince Akihito his gymnastics
  • 6 January 1943 - 15 January 1943: Attached to Yokosuka Naval District
  • 15 January 1943: Teacher of special navy students in Macao and Taiwan
  • 1 April 1943: Teacher of natives of Taiwan
  • 1 December 1943 - 5 December 1943: Attached to Kure Naval District
  • 5 December 1943 - 15 January 1945: Executive Officer of Japanese cruiser ''Takao''
  • 1 May 1944: Promoted to Captain
  • 15 January 1945 - 10 February 1945: Attached to Yokosuka Naval District
  • 10 February 1945 - 6 March 1945: Teacher at the Naval school
  • 6 March 1945 - 15 July 1945: Teacher of Naval school at Hario
  • 15 July 1945 - 25 July 1945: Teacher of naval school at Hōfu
  • 25 July 1945 - 1 August 1945: Commanding Officer, 11th Kure Special Naval Landing Force
  • 1 August 1945: Naval headquarters

After the war

  • 15 August 1945: He was a special commander at Kochi. Later, he was engaged in repatriation works.
  • 6 January 1947: Detained at Sugamo Prison as a Class B war criminal suspect.
  • 28 January 1948: Indicted by the Dutch army at Manado
  • 15 May 1948: Executed at Manado
  • 29 April 1953: He was released from POW.
  • 10 February 1965: His ashes were returned to Kumamoto.
  • 17 August 1979: Televised in Harukanaru Uminohateni by TV Asahi
  • 11 December 1987: The house Mimageno Kadogoya where he was born became a memorial hall.
  • 11 January 1992: Commemorative ceremony of the 50th anniversary of the parachute drop was performed in Manado[6]

References

  1. ^ Uehara[2011:71]
  2. ^ Koizumi[2009:7the chapter]
  3. ^ Uehara 2011:preface
  4. ^ Uehara[2010:221]
  5. ^ Uehara[2011:307-319]
  6. ^ Horiuchi2011:369-370

Sources

  • Mitsuharu Uehara, The life of Captain Horiuchi- a navy commander who was executed unjustly 2011, Kojinsha NF Bunko, ISBN 978-4-7698-2686-6
  • Hiroyuki Agawa, Kazutoshi Hando, Japanese Navy Ikari age 2003, PHP Bunko, ISBN 4-569-66425-3
  • Masayoshi Koizumi, The housekeeping book of a navy captain Kojinsha NF Bunko, 2009, ISBN 978-4-7698-2601-9

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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met December 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Toyoaki Horiuchi news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Toyoaki Horiuchi Japanese 堀内豊秋 Hepburn Horiuchi Toyoaki 27 September 1900 25 September 1948 was a Japanese Navy officer his highest rank was daisa 大佐 captain He was known for the development of naval gymnastics which were meant to improve the alertness and flexibility of sailors in closed areas of warships and he was known for leading the paratroopers He was the first jumper during the drop on an airfield 60 km south of Manado Indonesia in the Battle of Manado Toyoaki HoriuchiNative name堀内 豊秋Nickname s Takobozu タコ坊主 takobozu octopus Born27 September 1900Kumamoto Kumamoto Prefecture JapanDied25 September 1948 1948 09 25 aged 48 Manado North Sulawesi IndonesiaAllegiance Empire of JapanService wbr branch Imperial Japanese NavyYears of service1923 1945RankCaptain Commander in the parachute troop naval warships Administrator in occupied land Contents 1 Early life 2 Navy gymnastics 3 Airborne commander 4 As an Administrator 5 As a B class war criminal 6 Biographical timeline 6 1 After the war 7 References 7 1 SourcesEarly life EditHe was born in Kumamoto Kumamoto Prefecture on 27 September 1900 in the house known as Mimageno Kadogoya since his ancestors were heads of a small town After graduation from a middle school in 1919 he entered the Naval school at Edajima Hiroshima Prefecture and graduated in 1922 In the Naval school he studied not only English but also Spanish and Portuguese After graduation he became a naval officer in September 1923 and was ordered to take a pilot student course Unfortunately he was struck by a whirling propeller and had to defer his training 1 He took another course and joined the crew of a destroyer citation needed In December 1 1927 he was promoted to lieutenant and took artillery In 1928 he became a division officer in Japanese cruiser Natori and in 1929 he was a division officer in Japanese cruiser Ashigara citation needed In 1930 he became a teacher at the Naval school He was in charge of artillery and gymnastics In October 1934 he was appointed as the teacher of artillery at Yokosuka At the end of 1936 he sailed on the Japanese cruiser Isuzu as the artillery officer citation needed Navy gymnastics EditHe was known for the development of his own gymnastics based on the Denmark gymnastics As a teacher of gymnastics at the Naval school he had long felt a need that those in the navy should attain more alertness and flexibility of actions in the limited spaces of warships and he studied various methods traditionally the Japanese Imperial Army had employed the Swedish gymnastics Once he had a chance of learning the Denmark gymnastics by visiting Danish gymnasts at Okayama and developed his own system based on the flexible movements of extremities because of his peculiar movements he was nicknamed octopus man He revealed the superiority of this gymnastics by showing the team he taught won high marks in various games and finally the Ministry of the Navy employed his method of gymnastics In 1944 he was awarded for his development of gymnastics by the Navy Minister 2 Airborne commander EditPrior to the beginning of the Pacific War he was appointed as a special commander and on 11 January 1942 his troop successfully performed an airborne operation at Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia Earlier he had been the leader in training paratroopers at Tateyama Chiba during which a number of trainees died due to various reasons On November 1940 the trainees were divided into the first special troop headed by him numbering 750 another troop was headed by Fukumi He jumped at 9 52 a m on 11 January 1942 from a height of 150 metres His flight was recorded on film and was used for propaganda purposes citation needed As an Administrator EditAccording to Japanese reports Horiuchi treated the inhabitants of the island well and was appreciated them During his short tenure he gave reportedly provided necessary goods such as salt and reduced the tax to 1 4 of the previous amount Horiuchi reportedly used the local language and according to one Japanese source treated the prisoners of war POWs of the Netherlands fairly On 11 January 1992 a goodwill meeting was held in commemoration of the 50th year of the parachute drop Issai Horiuchi the son of Horiuchi carried the photograph of Horiuchi and several hundreds of the inhabitants attended the meeting 3 Hiroyuki Agawa who later became a writer was under Horiuchi when Horiuchi was transferred to Toukou of Taiwan in 1943 as a teacher of Naval students Horiuchi said to Agawa that he was one of those who were loved by those in the occupied lands He lost any desire or position when my assistant lieutenant died To become a good commander eliminate five desires especially the sexual desire Those who lost something will not kill others but those whose lovers are taken by someone may kill them In the occupied lands the Japanese army and navy made mistakes because of this 4 As a B class war criminal EditOn 29 January 1948 a written indictment was read at the Manado Temporary Military Court which presented charges against Japanese Navy Colonel Toyoaki Horiuchi by the order of the Prosecutor General dated 19 January 1948 The charges were that Horiuchi ordered or allowed Dutch army officers to be subjected to systemic terrorism He was in a position of knowing the terrorism and did not punish Japanese officers In 1942 at least 30 Dutch officers were killed with swords He was in a position of knowing this but did not take necessary preventive measures These are against the rules dealing with wartime criminals Lawyer Ide stated that Horiuchi did not know these facts There were 9 witnesses most from the Dutch side Horiuchi sent a letter of testimony that he did not know these facts However he felt responsible as an officer of superior rank For a long time he believed that we should love enemies In January 1942 when he set up the parachute troop center he strongly banned violence to those on the Dutch side We treated these officers with respect and courtesy He was impressed by Van den Berg officer who asked for permission while he was responsible He punished his officers who gave him some violence Based on his conviction he freed 650 men of Indonesia He admitted some of the violence had not been reported to him 5 Biographical timeline EditThis section is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this section if appropriate Editing help is available March 2017 27 September 1900 Born at Kawakami Village now Kumamoto Japan 31 March 1913 Graduated from Mimage Primary School 1 April 1913 31 March 1919 Student at Seiseiko Middle School 26 August 1919 1 June 1922 Cadet at Imperial Japanese Naval Academy 1 June 1922 Graduated from above as Midshipman ranking 156th out of 272 cadets Assigned to Japanese cruiser Asama the fleet embarked for Brazil 17 February 1923 Returned to Japan 26 February 1923 Crewmember of Japanese battleship Nagato 20 September 1923 Promoted to Ensign 4 July 10 December 1924 Student at Naval Torpedo School Basic Course 10 December 1924 10 April 1925 Student at Naval Gunnery School Basic Course 20 April 1925 the Submarine unit 5 August 1925 the Naval air force at Kasumigaura 1 December 1925 Promoted to Lieutenant junior grade 1 December 1926 1 December 1927 Navigator of Japanese destroyer Uzuki 1 December 1927 Promoted to Lieutenant 1 December 1927 10 December 1928 Student at Naval Gunnery School Advanced Course 10 December 1928 Division Officer of Japanese cruiser Natori 30 November 1929 Division Officer of Japanese cruiser Ashigara 10 December 1930 Instructor at Imperial Japanese Naval Academy 1 December 1932 25 January 1933 Gunnery Officer of Japanese destroyer Usugumo 25 January 1933 1 November 1933 Gunnery Officer of Japanese destroyer Shinonome 1 November 1933 22 October 1934 Gunnery Officer of Japanese destroyer Shirakumo 15 November 1934 Promoted to Lieutenant Commander 15 November 1934 Instructor at Imperial Japanese Naval Academy 12 October 1936 1 December 1936 Attached to Yokosuka Naval District 1 December 1936 15 November 1937 Gunnery Officer of Japanese cruiser Isuzu 15 November 1937 20 February 1939 Gunnery Officer of Japanese cruiser Yakumo 6 April 1938 Fleet on a distant training voyage 11 July 30 July 1938 Temporary Gunnery Officer of Japanese cruiser Kako 11 November 1938 on a distant training voyage 20 February 1939 15 November 1939 Commanding Officer 2nd Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force 15 November 1940 Promoted to Commander Dispatched to Amoi 25 September 1941 5 January 1943 Commanding Officer 1st Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force 11 January 1942 jumped at Manado as the commander of the parachute troop 5 November 1942 Had the honour of meeting Emperor Hirohito and showed Crown Prince Akihito his gymnastics 6 January 1943 15 January 1943 Attached to Yokosuka Naval District 15 January 1943 Teacher of special navy students in Macao and Taiwan 1 April 1943 Teacher of natives of Taiwan 1 December 1943 5 December 1943 Attached to Kure Naval District 5 December 1943 15 January 1945 Executive Officer of Japanese cruiser Takao 1 May 1944 Promoted to Captain 15 January 1945 10 February 1945 Attached to Yokosuka Naval District 10 February 1945 6 March 1945 Teacher at the Naval school 6 March 1945 15 July 1945 Teacher of Naval school at Hario 15 July 1945 25 July 1945 Teacher of naval school at Hōfu 25 July 1945 1 August 1945 Commanding Officer 11th Kure Special Naval Landing Force 1 August 1945 Naval headquartersAfter the war Edit 15 August 1945 He was a special commander at Kochi Later he was engaged in repatriation works 6 January 1947 Detained at Sugamo Prison as a Class B war criminal suspect 28 January 1948 Indicted by the Dutch army at Manado 15 May 1948 Executed at Manado 29 April 1953 He was released from POW 10 February 1965 His ashes were returned to Kumamoto 17 August 1979 Televised in Harukanaru Uminohateni by TV Asahi 11 December 1987 The house Mimageno Kadogoya where he was born became a memorial hall 11 January 1992 Commemorative ceremony of the 50th anniversary of the parachute drop was performed in Manado 6 References Edit Uehara 2011 71 Koizumi 2009 7the chapter Uehara 2011 preface Uehara 2010 221 Uehara 2011 307 319 Horiuchi2011 369 370 Sources Edit Mitsuharu Uehara The life of Captain Horiuchi a navy commander who was executed unjustly 2011 Kojinsha NF Bunko ISBN 978 4 7698 2686 6 Hiroyuki Agawa Kazutoshi Hando Japanese Navy Ikari age 2003 PHP Bunko ISBN 4 569 66425 3 Masayoshi Koizumi The housekeeping book of a navy captain Kojinsha NF Bunko 2009 ISBN 978 4 7698 2601 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Toyoaki Horiuchi amp oldid 1113023224, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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