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Todd Howard

Todd Andrew Howard (born 1970) is an American video game designer, director, and producer. He serves as director and executive producer at Bethesda Game Studios, where he has led the development of the Fallout and The Elder Scrolls series.

Todd Howard
Howard in 2010
Born
Todd Andrew Howard

1970 (age 52–53)
Alma materCollege of William & Mary (1993)
Occupation(s)Video game designer, director, producer
Years active1994–present
EmployerBethesda Game Studios
Known forThe Elder Scrolls, Fallout
Children2[1]

Early life and education

Todd Andrew Howard was born in 1970 in Lower Macungie Township, Pennsylvania, to Ronald (Ron) and Priscilla Howard. His elder brother, Jeffrey Mark (Jeff) Howard, later became the director of creative affairs for Disney, where he oversaw the production of Bambi II.[2][3][4] He developed an interest in computers, particularly video games, at a very young age.[5] Howard says the 1980s role-playing video games Wizardry and Ultima III: Exodus were inspirations for his future games.[5]

Howard attended Emmaus High School in Emmaus, Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1989.[4] He then attended the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, where he majored in business while taking computer classes for credit. He graduated from William and Mary in 1993.[3][4] Howard later stated that a business major appeared as the easiest path through college.[3][5]

During the holiday break of his senior year in college, Howard obtained a copy of Wayne Gretzky Hockey (1988) by Bethesda Softworks in Rockville, Maryland. On Martin Luther King Jr. Day, he visited the offices of Bethesda Softworks, which he passed by daily on his commute to and from school.[3][5] He asked for a job at the company but was rejected and told that he needed to finish school as a prerequisite. After graduating, he returned to Bethesda, seeking a job but was rejected again due to a lack of job opportunities then at the company. Howard then started working for a smaller game company in Yorktown, Virginia, which enabled him to visit several conventions like the Consumer Electronics Show, where he continued approaching Bethesda to request being hired.[5]

Career

Bethesda Softworks eventually recruited Howard in 1994 as a producer.[4][5] His first game development credit for Bethesda was as the producer and designer of The Terminator: Future Shock (1995), followed by work as a designer on Skynet and The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall, both released in 1996.[6] He was project leader for the first time on The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard, released in 1998.[7]

In 2000, Howard was appointed project leader and designer for The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind and the expansions that followed.[7] The game was released in 2002 and was a critical and commercial success, winning several Game of the Year awards. He then led the creation of The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion (2006) as its executive producer.[8] After this, he served as game director and executive producer of Fallout 3, released in 2008.[9][10]

Howard returned to The Elder Scrolls series to lead the development as the creative director of its fifth installment, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, which was released in November 2011.[11] He subsequently directed Fallout 4, released in November 2015,[12] and produced Fallout 76, a multiplayer installment in the series that attracted criticism upon its release in November 2018.[13] Howard will also serve as the executive producer of the upcoming game based on the Indiana Jones series of films, currently in development by MachineGames and Lucasfilm Games.[14]

Opinions and recognition

 
Howard in June 2018

Howard admitted in 2011 that The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion had sacrificed what made The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind "particular", saying: "With Oblivion, we're dealing with the capital province, and we wanted to get back to the more classic Arena and Daggerfall feel of a fantasy world that felt more refined and welcoming. But in that, we sacrificed some of what made Morrowind special: the wonder of discovery."[15] He said Bethesda's philosophy for The Elder Scrolls games was to allow people to "live another life, in another world".[16]

In 2012, Howard also said he was favorable to modding in video games, claiming he did not understand why many developers do not allow it.[17] In 2016, after the release of Fallout 4, Howard admitted that he was well aware of the criticisms received by the game, especially with regards to the dialogue system, saying: "The way we did some dialogue stuff [in Fallout 4], that didn't work as well. But I know the reasons we tried that – to make a nice interactive conversation – but [it was] less successful than some other things in the game."[18]

Howard has spoken at industry events and conferences. In 2009, he spoke to developers at the D.I.C.E. Summit, sharing his rules of game development.[19] He returned as a keynote speaker at the 2012 D.I.C.E. Summit.[20] He said developers should ignore demographics and installed base, and follow their passions, saying that "if install base really mattered, we'd all make board games, because there are a lot of tables".[21]

Howard's work has often received attention by the generalist media and press; his games have been featured in Newsweek,[22] CNN,[23] USA Today,[24] and The Today Show.[25] The high popularity of the games Howard has directed and produced has turned him, and some of his quotes, into Internet memes.

Howard was the 16th recipient of a Game Developers Conference Lifetime Achievement Award.[26] The magazine GamePro named him among the "Top 20 Most Influential People in Gaming over the Last 20 Years".[26] Howard also received the D.I.C.E. Award for "Best Game Director" in 2012 and 2016.[26] In 2014, he was awarded the Lara of Honor, a lifetime achievement award from Germany.[26] In 2013, IGN listed Howard 70th in a ranking of "The Top 100 Game Creators of All Time".[27] He was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences in 2017.[26] In 2020, Howard received the 2020 Develop Star award for "outstanding achievements and contribution to the industry".[28]

During an appearance on Lex Fridman's podcast, Howard stated that he considers Tetris to be the greatest game ever created. He also stated that Ultima VII: The Black Gate is one of his personal favorites, and it had a large influence on the games he has developed.[29]

Personal life

Howard married his wife on July 8, 1995, at St. Thomas More Catholic Church in Allentown, Pennsylvania.[2] He has a son who was born in 2003 or 2004.[3]

Works

Year Title Role(s)
1995 The Terminator: Future Shock Production, additional design
1996 Skynet Production, design
The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall Additional design
1998 The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard Project leader, design, writing
2002 The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind Project leader, original concept
2003 The Elder Scrolls III: Bloodmoon Executive producer
2004 The Elder Scrolls Travels: Shadowkey
2006 The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
2007 The Elder Scrolls IV: Shivering Isles
2008 Fallout 3 Game director
2011 The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
2012 The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Dawnguard
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Hearthfire
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Dragonborn
2015 Fallout Shelter Executive producer
Fallout 4 Game director
2018 Fallout 76 Executive producer
2019 The Elder Scrolls: Blades
2023 Starfield Game director
TBA The Elder Scrolls VI
TBA Untitled Indiana Jones project Executive producer
TBA Fallout 5[30] Game director

Uncredited

Year Title Role
1994 NCAA Basketball: Road to the Final Four 2 Producer[31]
1994 The Elder Scrolls: Arena CD-ROM version tester[31]

References

  1. ^ Bethesda's Todd Howard Accepts The Develop Star Award 2020, retrieved February 2, 2023
  2. ^ a b "Marriage of Yaissle / Howard". The Morning Call. July 9, 1995. p. E4. from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ^ a b c d e Berthold, Jessica (January 1, 2006). "Life's animated for ex-Valley brothers". The Morning Call. p. E7. from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ a b c d Callahan, Marion (October 28, 2008). "THE BROTHERS HOWARD **Valley natives have action-packed careers with fairy tale endings". The Morning Call. from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Hanson, Ben (January 13, 2011). "Road To Skyrim: The Todd Howard Interview". Game Informer. from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  6. ^ Takashi, Dean (July 4, 2018). "Skyrim director Todd Howard: Why triple-A games are better when you don't play it safe". VentureBeat. from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  7. ^ a b Kane, Alex (March 27, 2019). "Morrowind: An oral history". Polygon. from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  8. ^ "Oblivion to Feature Soundtrack by Jeremy Soule". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. October 21, 2005. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.
  9. ^ Remo, Chris (October 13, 2008). "Falling Into Fallout 3: Director Todd Howard Talks Scope And Evolution". Gamasutra. from the original on May 8, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  10. ^ "Fallout 3 Q&A – E3 Thoughts and More". GameSpot. August 2, 2007. from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  11. ^ Senior, Tom (March 11, 2011). "Bethesda's Todd Howard: "Oblivion sacrificed what made Morrowind special"". PCGamer. from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  12. ^ Hussain, Tamoor (June 3, 2015). "Fallout 4 Officially Confirmed for PC, Xbox One, PS4". GameSpot. from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  13. ^ Avard, Alex (June 3, 2019). "Todd Howard admits criticism of Fallout 76 was 'well deserved'". GamesRadar+. from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  14. ^ Skebelts, Joe (January 12, 2021). "Indiana Jones Game Coming from Bethesda and Lucasfilm Games". IGN. from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  15. ^ . Official Xbox Magazine. March 10, 2011. Archived from the original on March 12, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  16. ^ Howard, Todd. . The Elder Scrolls Codex. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010.
  17. ^ "Todd Howard: Mods "make your game better", more companies should allow them". VG247. March 1, 2012. from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  18. ^ "Todd Howard acknowledges criticism of dialogue in Fallout 4". Gamereactor. June 16, 2019. from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  19. ^ Totilo, Stephen (February 20, 2009). . MTV. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  20. ^ Mihoerck, Dan (February 8, 2012). "Todd Howard D.I.C.E. 2012 Opening Keynote Address". GameSpot. from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  21. ^ Remo, Chris (February 20, 2009). "DICE 09: Bethesda's Howard On Supreme Playability". Gamasutra. from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  22. ^ Whalen, Andrew (June 13, 2019). "Todd Howard Says 'Starfield' Is a Realistic Extrapolation of Today's Cutting-Edge Space Exploration Technology". Newsweek. from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  23. ^ Frum, Larry (November 10, 2011). "Review: 'The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim' brings fantasy world to life". CNN. from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  24. ^ Molina, Brett (June 15, 2015). "'Fallout 4' launching Nov. 10". USA Today. from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  25. ^ Benedetti, Winda (November 11, 2011). "Five tips for getting the most out of 'Skyrim'". Today. from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c d e "Todd Howard to Be Inducted Into the Aias Hall of Fame at the 20th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Ceremony". Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. December 14, 2016. from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  27. ^ "Top 100 Game Creators – Todd Howard". IGN. from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  28. ^ "Bethesda's Todd Howard to receive the 2020 Develop Star award for his 'outstanding achievements and contribution to the industry' | Business News". MCV/DEVELOP. March 10, 2020. from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  29. ^ "Todd Howard: Skyrim, Elder Scrolls 6, Fallout, and Starfield | Lex Fridman Podcast #342". YouTube.
  30. ^ "Todd Howard Confirms Fallout 5 Is Coming After Elder Scrolls 6". IGN. June 14, 2022. from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  31. ^ a b Blancato, Joe (February 6, 2007). "Bethesda: The Right Direction". The Escapist. Retrieved October 16, 2022.

External links

todd, howard, other, people, named, disambiguation, todd, andrew, howard, born, 1970, american, video, game, designer, director, producer, serves, director, executive, producer, bethesda, game, studios, where, development, fallout, elder, scrolls, series, howa. For other people named Todd Howard see Todd Howard disambiguation Todd Andrew Howard born 1970 is an American video game designer director and producer He serves as director and executive producer at Bethesda Game Studios where he has led the development of the Fallout and The Elder Scrolls series Todd HowardHoward in 2010BornTodd Andrew Howard1970 age 52 53 Lower Macungie Township Pennsylvania U S Alma materCollege of William amp Mary 1993 Occupation s Video game designer director producerYears active1994 presentEmployerBethesda Game StudiosKnown forThe Elder Scrolls FalloutChildren2 1 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Opinions and recognition 3 Personal life 4 Works 5 Uncredited 6 References 7 External linksEarly life and educationTodd Andrew Howard was born in 1970 in Lower Macungie Township Pennsylvania to Ronald Ron and Priscilla Howard His elder brother Jeffrey Mark Jeff Howard later became the director of creative affairs for Disney where he oversaw the production of Bambi II 2 3 4 He developed an interest in computers particularly video games at a very young age 5 Howard says the 1980s role playing video games Wizardry and Ultima III Exodus were inspirations for his future games 5 Howard attended Emmaus High School in Emmaus Pennsylvania where he graduated in 1989 4 He then attended the College of William amp Mary in Williamsburg Virginia where he majored in business while taking computer classes for credit He graduated from William and Mary in 1993 3 4 Howard later stated that a business major appeared as the easiest path through college 3 5 During the holiday break of his senior year in college Howard obtained a copy of Wayne Gretzky Hockey 1988 by Bethesda Softworks in Rockville Maryland On Martin Luther King Jr Day he visited the offices of Bethesda Softworks which he passed by daily on his commute to and from school 3 5 He asked for a job at the company but was rejected and told that he needed to finish school as a prerequisite After graduating he returned to Bethesda seeking a job but was rejected again due to a lack of job opportunities then at the company Howard then started working for a smaller game company in Yorktown Virginia which enabled him to visit several conventions like the Consumer Electronics Show where he continued approaching Bethesda to request being hired 5 CareerBethesda Softworks eventually recruited Howard in 1994 as a producer 4 5 His first game development credit for Bethesda was as the producer and designer of The Terminator Future Shock 1995 followed by work as a designer on Skynet and The Elder Scrolls II Daggerfall both released in 1996 6 He was project leader for the first time on The Elder Scrolls Adventures Redguard released in 1998 7 In 2000 Howard was appointed project leader and designer for The Elder Scrolls III Morrowind and the expansions that followed 7 The game was released in 2002 and was a critical and commercial success winning several Game of the Year awards He then led the creation of The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion 2006 as its executive producer 8 After this he served as game director and executive producer of Fallout 3 released in 2008 9 10 Howard returned to The Elder Scrolls series to lead the development as the creative director of its fifth installment The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim which was released in November 2011 11 He subsequently directed Fallout 4 released in November 2015 12 and produced Fallout 76 a multiplayer installment in the series that attracted criticism upon its release in November 2018 13 Howard will also serve as the executive producer of the upcoming game based on the Indiana Jones series of films currently in development by MachineGames and Lucasfilm Games 14 Opinions and recognition nbsp Howard in June 2018Howard admitted in 2011 that The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion had sacrificed what made The Elder Scrolls III Morrowind particular saying With Oblivion we re dealing with the capital province and we wanted to get back to the more classic Arena and Daggerfall feel of a fantasy world that felt more refined and welcoming But in that we sacrificed some of what made Morrowind special the wonder of discovery 15 He said Bethesda s philosophy for The Elder Scrolls games was to allow people to live another life in another world 16 In 2012 Howard also said he was favorable to modding in video games claiming he did not understand why many developers do not allow it 17 In 2016 after the release of Fallout 4 Howard admitted that he was well aware of the criticisms received by the game especially with regards to the dialogue system saying The way we did some dialogue stuff in Fallout 4 that didn t work as well But I know the reasons we tried that to make a nice interactive conversation but it was less successful than some other things in the game 18 Howard has spoken at industry events and conferences In 2009 he spoke to developers at the D I C E Summit sharing his rules of game development 19 He returned as a keynote speaker at the 2012 D I C E Summit 20 He said developers should ignore demographics and installed base and follow their passions saying that if install base really mattered we d all make board games because there are a lot of tables 21 Howard s work has often received attention by the generalist media and press his games have been featured in Newsweek 22 CNN 23 USA Today 24 and The Today Show 25 The high popularity of the games Howard has directed and produced has turned him and some of his quotes into Internet memes Howard was the 16th recipient of a Game Developers Conference Lifetime Achievement Award 26 The magazine GamePro named him among the Top 20 Most Influential People in Gaming over the Last 20 Years 26 Howard also received the D I C E Award for Best Game Director in 2012 and 2016 26 In 2014 he was awarded the Lara of Honor a lifetime achievement award from Germany 26 In 2013 IGN listed Howard 70th in a ranking of The Top 100 Game Creators of All Time 27 He was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Academy of Interactive Arts amp Sciences in 2017 26 In 2020 Howard received the 2020 Develop Star award for outstanding achievements and contribution to the industry 28 During an appearance on Lex Fridman s podcast Howard stated that he considers Tetris to be the greatest game ever created He also stated that Ultima VII The Black Gate is one of his personal favorites and it had a large influence on the games he has developed 29 Personal lifeHoward married his wife on July 8 1995 at St Thomas More Catholic Church in Allentown Pennsylvania 2 He has a son who was born in 2003 or 2004 3 WorksYear Title Role s 1995 The Terminator Future Shock Production additional design1996 Skynet Production designThe Elder Scrolls II Daggerfall Additional design1998 The Elder Scrolls Adventures Redguard Project leader design writing2002 The Elder Scrolls III Morrowind Project leader original concept2003 The Elder Scrolls III Bloodmoon Executive producer2004 The Elder Scrolls Travels Shadowkey2006 The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion2007 The Elder Scrolls IV Shivering Isles2008 Fallout 3 Game director2011 The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim2012 The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim DawnguardThe Elder Scrolls V Skyrim HearthfireThe Elder Scrolls V Skyrim Dragonborn2015 Fallout Shelter Executive producerFallout 4 Game director2018 Fallout 76 Executive producer2019 The Elder Scrolls Blades2023 Starfield Game directorTBA The Elder Scrolls VITBA Untitled Indiana Jones project Executive producerTBA Fallout 5 30 Game directorUncreditedYear Title Role1994 NCAA Basketball Road to the Final Four 2 Producer 31 1994 The Elder Scrolls Arena CD ROM version tester 31 References Bethesda s Todd Howard Accepts The Develop Star Award 2020 retrieved February 2 2023 a b Marriage of Yaissle Howard The Morning Call July 9 1995 p E4 Archived from the original on February 22 2021 Retrieved February 22 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d e Berthold Jessica January 1 2006 Life s animated for ex Valley brothers The Morning Call p E7 Archived from the original on February 22 2021 Retrieved February 22 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d Callahan Marion October 28 2008 THE BROTHERS HOWARD Valley natives have action packed careers with fairy tale endings The Morning Call Archived from the original on July 25 2019 Retrieved August 29 2018 a b c d e f Hanson Ben January 13 2011 Road To Skyrim The Todd Howard Interview Game Informer Archived from the original on March 13 2014 Retrieved March 12 2014 Takashi Dean July 4 2018 Skyrim director Todd Howard Why triple A games are better when you don t play it safe VentureBeat Archived from the original on July 30 2019 Retrieved July 30 2019 a b Kane Alex March 27 2019 Morrowind An oral history Polygon Archived from the original on July 27 2019 Retrieved July 30 2019 Oblivion to Feature Soundtrack by Jeremy Soule GameSpot CBS Interactive October 21 2005 Archived from the original on April 11 2013 Remo Chris October 13 2008 Falling Into Fallout 3 Director Todd Howard Talks Scope And Evolution Gamasutra Archived from the original on May 8 2015 Retrieved June 15 2015 Fallout 3 Q amp A E3 Thoughts and More GameSpot August 2 2007 Archived from the original on December 19 2014 Retrieved June 15 2015 Senior Tom March 11 2011 Bethesda s Todd Howard Oblivion sacrificed what made Morrowind special PCGamer Archived from the original on February 22 2021 Retrieved July 30 2019 Hussain Tamoor June 3 2015 Fallout 4 Officially Confirmed for PC Xbox One PS4 GameSpot Archived from the original on June 17 2015 Retrieved June 18 2015 Avard Alex June 3 2019 Todd Howard admits criticism of Fallout 76 was well deserved GamesRadar Archived from the original on July 30 2019 Retrieved July 30 2019 Skebelts Joe January 12 2021 Indiana Jones Game Coming from Bethesda and Lucasfilm Games IGN Archived from the original on February 22 2021 Retrieved January 12 2021 Bethesda Oblivion sacrificed what made Morrowind special Official Xbox Magazine March 10 2011 Archived from the original on March 12 2011 Retrieved August 3 2019 Howard Todd The RPG for the Next Generation The Elder Scrolls Codex Archived from the original on January 24 2010 Todd Howard Mods make your game better more companies should allow them VG247 March 1 2012 Archived from the original on August 3 2019 Retrieved August 3 2019 Todd Howard acknowledges criticism of dialogue in Fallout 4 Gamereactor June 16 2019 Archived from the original on August 3 2019 Retrieved August 3 2019 Totilo Stephen February 20 2009 DICE 2009 The Following Colorful Wisdom Is From Todd Howard MTV Archived from the original on October 21 2013 Retrieved March 12 2014 Mihoerck Dan February 8 2012 Todd Howard D I C E 2012 Opening Keynote Address GameSpot Archived from the original on November 8 2016 Retrieved March 12 2014 Remo Chris February 20 2009 DICE 09 Bethesda s Howard On Supreme Playability Gamasutra Archived from the original on October 22 2013 Retrieved March 12 2014 Whalen Andrew June 13 2019 Todd Howard Says Starfield Is a Realistic Extrapolation of Today s Cutting Edge Space Exploration Technology Newsweek Archived from the original on July 29 2019 Retrieved July 30 2019 Frum Larry November 10 2011 Review The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim brings fantasy world to life CNN Archived from the original on July 30 2019 Retrieved July 30 2019 Molina Brett June 15 2015 Fallout 4 launching Nov 10 USA Today Archived from the original on July 30 2019 Retrieved July 30 2019 Benedetti Winda November 11 2011 Five tips for getting the most out of Skyrim Today Archived from the original on July 30 2019 Retrieved July 30 2019 a b c d e Todd Howard to Be Inducted Into the Aias Hall of Fame at the 20th Annual D I C E Awards Ceremony Academy of Interactive Arts amp Sciences December 14 2016 Archived from the original on July 25 2019 Retrieved July 25 2019 Top 100 Game Creators Todd Howard IGN Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Retrieved April 16 2013 Bethesda s Todd Howard to receive the 2020 Develop Star award for his outstanding achievements and contribution to the industry Business News MCV DEVELOP March 10 2020 Archived from the original on September 21 2020 Retrieved December 28 2020 Todd Howard Skyrim Elder Scrolls 6 Fallout and Starfield Lex Fridman Podcast 342 YouTube Todd Howard Confirms Fallout 5 Is Coming After Elder Scrolls 6 IGN June 14 2022 Archived from the original on June 20 2022 Retrieved June 21 2022 a b Blancato Joe February 6 2007 Bethesda The Right Direction The Escapist Retrieved October 16 2022 External linksTodd Howard at IMDb Portals nbsp Biography nbsp Video games nbsp United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Todd Howard amp oldid 1183743415, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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