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Timeline of Romani history

December 01, 2023

The Romani people have long been a part of the collective mythology of the West, where they were (and very often still are) depicted as outsiders, aliens, and a threat. For centuries they were enslaved in Eastern Europe and hunted in Western Europe: the Pořajmos, Hitler's attempt at genocide, was one violent link in a chain of persecution that encompassed countries generally considered more tolerant of minorities, such as the United Kingdom. Even today, while there is a surge of Romani self-identification and pride, restrictive measures are being debated and passed by democratic states to curb the rights of the Romani people.

It is generally thought that the Romanies, because they had no written language until relatively recently, have origins obscured by some mythical past. Although there are many unanswered questions, much more is known about the Romanies than is assumed. The greater problem in attempting a comprehensive history of the Romanies is their distribution, not only throughout Europe, but also in the Middle East and the Americas. In each region, Romani history diverged, depending on the attitudes of the host population. For instance, although slavery and serfdom are key themes in the history of Romani in the Eastern Europe, other forms of persecution, including early forms of genocide, are preponderant in Western Europe.

What is not often considered is how the implications of this shatter traditional myths about the Romanies. For example, Romanies are considered to be nomadic, which was largely true in Western Europe; however, the fact that they were slaves and serfs in the Balkans since at least the 15th century (and until the late 19th century) implies that they were settled. Between 1933 and 1945 Roma and Sinti suffered greatly as victims of Nazi persecution and genocide. Building on long-held prejudices, the Nazi regime viewed Roma both as "asocials" (outside “normal” society) and as racial "inferiors" believed to threaten the biological purity and strength of the “superior Aryan” race[1]

Timeline edit

40-70: Indian Traders settled in Roman province of Egypt.

420-438: Indian Musicians taken by Bahram V from India to Persia.

740: Roma people settled in Phrygia.

800-803: Roma people in Adrianopolis, Thrace.

c. 1050-1054: Roma people settled in Sulukule.

c. 1100: Romani people recorded in the Byzantine Empire.

1300-1400 : Romanies already settled in Serbia; in the same time they reached Wallachia where they are perceived as aliens and enslaved.

1407: Romani recorded living in Germany; within ten years they are expelled.[2]

1418: Romanies recorded in France.[3]

1422: Romanies recorded in Rome.

1425: Romanies recorded in Spain.[4]

1471: Anti-Romani laws passed in Lucern, Switzerland.[5]

1482: Anti-Romani laws passed in Brandenburg, Germany.

1492: Spain passes anti-Romani laws and subjects Romanies to the Inquisition as heretics.

1498: Romani settlement in the Americas begins, when four Romanies accompany Christopher Columbus on his third voyage, as slaves.

1502: Louis XII expels the Romanies from France.

1512: Romani recorded in Sweden.[6]

1526: Henry VIII expels the Romanies from England. Romanies caught entering England are to be punished with death.

1530: Egyptians Act 1530 passed in England.

1530: Muslim Roma got their own Sandjak in Rumelia of Ottoman Empire.

1536: Anti-Romani laws passed in Denmark.

1538: Portugal expels Romanies to Brazil.

1540: Anti-Romani laws passed in Flanders.

1541: Anti-Romani laws passed in Scotland.

1549: Anti-Romani laws passed in Bohemia.

1557: Anti-Romani laws passed in Poland and Lithuania.

1560: In Sweden, the Lutheran Church forbids any priests to baptize, marry or bury Romani.[6]

1563: Romanies are denied entrance into the priesthood by the Council of Trent.

1571: Sweden: The act of 1560 are retracted and the church are permitted to baptize, marry and bury Romani.[6]

1578: The King of Sweden attempt to expel the Romani by threatening them with forced labor in Sala silver mine.[6]

1589: Denmark imposes a death sentence on any Romani caught in the country.

1595: Ştefan Răzvan, son of a Romani immigrant from the Ottoman Empire, rules Moldavia for four months.

1619: Philip III of Spain orders all Romanies to settle down and abandon their traditional lifestyle and culture. Failure to do so is punishable by death.

1637: Anti-Romani laws passed in Sweden: all adult Romani men are sentenced to death, while women and children are to be expelled.[6]

1740-1789: In the Habsburg monarchy under Maria Theresa (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to force the Romanies to permanently settle, removed rights to horse and wagon ownership (1754), renamed them as "New Citizens" and forced Romani boys into military service if they had no trade (1761), forced them to register with the local authorities (1767), and prohibited marriage between Romanies (1773). Her successor Josef II prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing and the use of the Romani language, punishable by flogging.[7]

1748: Romani are officially permitted to reside and live in Sweden.[6]

1936-1945: Nazis begin systematic persecution of Romanies, that culminated in the killing of 500,000 to 1,500,000 Romanies in what is called Porajmos, the Romani Holocaust.

2006: University of Manchester completes its "Romani project", the first morphological study aiming to collect all the dialects of Romani language throughout Europe and dealing with their coherency.[8]

2006: The first entirely Romani party is founded in Hungary, called the "MCF Roma összefogás" (MCF Union of the Roma), although they managed only 0.08% of total votes at the parliamentary elections held on April 9, 2006. [1][permanent dead link]

2010: In July 2010, French President Nicolas Sarkozy began a systematic deportation campaign against the Romani. His targets were Romanian and Bulgarian Roma. Critics of the Sarkozy administration consider the deportations as a diversionary tactic to reduce attention on threats to French social benefits. The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination expressed concern the deportations are evidence of growing racism and xenophobia in France.

2011: On September 1, 2011, a Romani academy of arts and sciences was founded in Belgrade to promote, organize, and disseminate research into Romani culture, language, and history. The academy has 21 regular members, including prominent Romani academics and public figures from 11 European countries, India, and the United States. There are 13 honorary members, which have included former Czech President Václav Havel. The academy was co-founded by Rajko Đurić, a Serbian Romani writer and academic who is also its first president, and received initial supporting funds from the German Heinrich Böll Foundation.[9]

2012: On October 24, 2012, after many years of delays and disputes over cost and design, Angela Merkel unveils the Memorial to the Sinti and Roma victims of National Socialism in Berlin.

2016: On February 12, 2016, Indian External Affairs Minister, Sushma Swaraj recognized all Roma people as Indian descendants.[10] She called them flag bearers of Indian ethos and culture. Soon the community would be recognized on par with rest of the Indian diaspora.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Sinti and Roma (“Gypsies”) ushmm.org
  2. ^ Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition [2 volumes].
  3. ^ Dowd, Siobhan; Hancock, Ian F.; Hancock, Siobhan; Đurić, Rajko (1998). The Roads of the Roma: A PEN Anthology of Gypsy Writers. p. 30. ISBN 9780900458903.
  4. ^ Modern Spain. p. 171.
  5. ^ The Roma: Between a Myth and the Future
  6. ^ a b c d e f Hadenius, Stig, Nilsson, Torbjörn & Åselius, Gunnar, Sveriges historia: vad varje svensk bör veta, Bonnier Alba, Stockholm, 1996
  7. ^ Samer, Helmut (December 2001). "Maria Theresia and Joseph II: Policies of Assimilation in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism". Rombase. Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz.
  8. ^ "School of Arts, Languages and Cultures - the University of Manchester".
  9. ^ . news.sciencemag.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  10. ^ Romas Are India’s Children: Sushma Swaraj

Further reading edit

  • Donald Kenrick (2007). "Chronology of Gypsy History". Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6440-5.

External links edit

  • - Patrin Web Journal (Internet Archive)
  • - Romani Archive and Documentation Center (Internet Archive)

December 01, 2023
timeline, romani, history, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Timeline of Romani history news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Romani people have long been a part of the collective mythology of the West where they were and very often still are depicted as outsiders aliens and a threat For centuries they were enslaved in Eastern Europe and hunted in Western Europe the Porajmos Hitler s attempt at genocide was one violent link in a chain of persecution that encompassed countries generally considered more tolerant of minorities such as the United Kingdom Even today while there is a surge of Romani self identification and pride restrictive measures are being debated and passed by democratic states to curb the rights of the Romani people It is generally thought that the Romanies because they had no written language until relatively recently have origins obscured by some mythical past Although there are many unanswered questions much more is known about the Romanies than is assumed The greater problem in attempting a comprehensive history of the Romanies is their distribution not only throughout Europe but also in the Middle East and the Americas In each region Romani history diverged depending on the attitudes of the host population For instance although slavery and serfdom are key themes in the history of Romani in the Eastern Europe other forms of persecution including early forms of genocide are preponderant in Western Europe What is not often considered is how the implications of this shatter traditional myths about the Romanies For example Romanies are considered to be nomadic which was largely true in Western Europe however the fact that they were slaves and serfs in the Balkans since at least the 15th century and until the late 19th century implies that they were settled Between 1933 and 1945 Roma and Sinti suffered greatly as victims of Nazi persecution and genocide Building on long held prejudices the Nazi regime viewed Roma both as asocials outside normal society and as racial inferiors believed to threaten the biological purity and strength of the superior Aryan race 1 Contents 1 Timeline 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksTimeline edit40 70 Indian Traders settled in Roman province of Egypt 420 438 Indian Musicians taken by Bahram V from India to Persia 740 Roma people settled in Phrygia 800 803 Roma people in Adrianopolis Thrace c 1050 1054 Roma people settled in Sulukule c 1100 Romani people recorded in the Byzantine Empire 1300 1400 Romanies already settled in Serbia in the same time they reached Wallachia where they are perceived as aliens and enslaved 1407 Romani recorded living in Germany within ten years they are expelled 2 1418 Romanies recorded in France 3 1422 Romanies recorded in Rome 1425 Romanies recorded in Spain 4 1471 Anti Romani laws passed in Lucern Switzerland 5 1482 Anti Romani laws passed in Brandenburg Germany 1492 Spain passes anti Romani laws and subjects Romanies to the Inquisition as heretics 1498 Romani settlement in the Americas begins when four Romanies accompany Christopher Columbus on his third voyage as slaves 1502 Louis XII expels the Romanies from France 1512 Romani recorded in Sweden 6 1526 Henry VIII expels the Romanies from England Romanies caught entering England are to be punished with death 1530 Egyptians Act 1530 passed in England 1530 Muslim Roma got their own Sandjak in Rumelia of Ottoman Empire 1536 Anti Romani laws passed in Denmark 1538 Portugal expels Romanies to Brazil 1540 Anti Romani laws passed in Flanders 1541 Anti Romani laws passed in Scotland 1549 Anti Romani laws passed in Bohemia 1557 Anti Romani laws passed in Poland and Lithuania 1560 In Sweden the Lutheran Church forbids any priests to baptize marry or bury Romani 6 1563 Romanies are denied entrance into the priesthood by the Council of Trent 1571 Sweden The act of 1560 are retracted and the church are permitted to baptize marry and bury Romani 6 1578 The King of Sweden attempt to expel the Romani by threatening them with forced labor in Sala silver mine 6 1589 Denmark imposes a death sentence on any Romani caught in the country 1595 Stefan Răzvan son of a Romani immigrant from the Ottoman Empire rules Moldavia for four months 1619 Philip III of Spain orders all Romanies to settle down and abandon their traditional lifestyle and culture Failure to do so is punishable by death 1637 Anti Romani laws passed in Sweden all adult Romani men are sentenced to death while women and children are to be expelled 6 1740 1789 In the Habsburg monarchy under Maria Theresa 1740 1780 a series of decrees tried to force the Romanies to permanently settle removed rights to horse and wagon ownership 1754 renamed them as New Citizens and forced Romani boys into military service if they had no trade 1761 forced them to register with the local authorities 1767 and prohibited marriage between Romanies 1773 Her successor Josef II prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing and the use of the Romani language punishable by flogging 7 1748 Romani are officially permitted to reside and live in Sweden 6 1936 1945 Nazis begin systematic persecution of Romanies that culminated in the killing of 500 000 to 1 500 000 Romanies in what is called Porajmos the Romani Holocaust 2006 University of Manchester completes its Romani project the first morphological study aiming to collect all the dialects of Romani language throughout Europe and dealing with their coherency 8 2006 The first entirely Romani party is founded in Hungary called the MCF Roma osszefogas MCF Union of the Roma although they managed only 0 08 of total votes at the parliamentary elections held on April 9 2006 1 permanent dead link 2010 In July 2010 French President Nicolas Sarkozy began a systematic deportation campaign against the Romani His targets were Romanian and Bulgarian Roma Critics of the Sarkozy administration consider the deportations as a diversionary tactic to reduce attention on threats to French social benefits The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination expressed concern the deportations are evidence of growing racism and xenophobia in France 2011 On September 1 2011 a Romani academy of arts and sciences was founded in Belgrade to promote organize and disseminate research into Romani culture language and history The academy has 21 regular members including prominent Romani academics and public figures from 11 European countries India and the United States There are 13 honorary members which have included former Czech President Vaclav Havel The academy was co founded by Rajko Đuric a Serbian Romani writer and academic who is also its first president and received initial supporting funds from the German Heinrich Boll Foundation 9 2012 On October 24 2012 after many years of delays and disputes over cost and design Angela Merkel unveils the Memorial to the Sinti and Roma victims of National Socialism in Berlin 2016 On February 12 2016 Indian External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj recognized all Roma people as Indian descendants 10 She called them flag bearers of Indian ethos and culture Soon the community would be recognized on par with rest of the Indian diaspora See also editHistory of the Romani peopleReferences edit Sinti and Roma Gypsies ushmm org Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts 2nd Edition 2 volumes Dowd Siobhan Hancock Ian F Hancock Siobhan Đuric Rajko 1998 The Roads of the Roma A PEN Anthology of Gypsy Writers p 30 ISBN 9780900458903 Modern Spain p 171 The Roma Between a Myth and the Future a b c d e f Hadenius Stig Nilsson Torbjorn amp Aselius Gunnar Sveriges historia vad varje svensk bor veta Bonnier Alba Stockholm 1996 Samer Helmut December 2001 Maria Theresia and Joseph II Policies of Assimilation in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism Rombase Karl Franzens Universitaet Graz School of Arts Languages and Cultures the University of Manchester Roma Establish Academy of Arts and Sciences in Belgrade ScienceInsider news sciencemag org Archived from the original on 9 October 2012 Retrieved 27 April 2022 Romas Are India s Children Sushma SwarajFurther reading editDonald Kenrick 2007 Chronology of Gypsy History Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies Romanies Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 6440 5 External links editTimeline of Romani History Patrin Web Journal Internet Archive A Chronology of significant dates in Romani history Romani Archive and Documentation Center Internet Archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Timeline of Romani history amp oldid 1155897139, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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