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Time travel in fiction

March 08, 2023

"Time warp" redirects here. For other uses, see Time Warp (disambiguation).

Time travel is a common theme in fiction, mainly since the late 19th century, and has been depicted in a variety of media, such as literature, television, film, and advertisements.[1][2]

Poster for the 1960 film adaptation of H. G. Wells' 1895 novella The Time Machine

The concept of time travel by mechanical means was popularized in H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine.[3][4] In general, time travel stories focus on the consequences of traveling into the past or the future.[3][5][6] The central premise for these stories often involves changing history, either intentionally or by accident, and the ways by which altering the past changes the future and creates an altered present or future for the time traveler upon their return home.[3][6] In other instances, the premise is that the past cannot be changed or that the future is predetermined, and the protagonist's actions turn out to be either inconsequential or intrinsic to events as they originally unfolded.[7] Some stories focus solely on the paradoxes and alternate timelines that come with time travel, rather than time traveling itself.[5] They often provide some sort of social commentary, as time travel provides a "necessary distancing effect" that allows science fiction to address contemporary issues in metaphorical ways.[8]

Mechanisms

Further information: Time travel

Time travel in modern fiction is sometimes achieved by space and time warps, stemming from the scientific theory of general relativity.[9] Stories from antiquity often featured time travel into the future through a time slip brought on by traveling or sleeping,[10] or in other cases, time travel into the past through supernatural means, for example brought on by angels or spirits.[4][11]

Time slip

Main article: Time slip

A time slip is a plot device in fantasy and science fiction in which a person, or group of people, seem to travel through time by unknown means.[12][13] The idea of a time slip has been used in 19th century fantasy, an early example being Washington Irving's 1819 Rip Van Winkle, where the mechanism of time travel is an extraordinarily long sleep.[14] Mark Twain's 1889 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court had considerable influence on later writers.[15] The first novel to include both travel to the past and travel to the future and return to the present is the Charles Dickens 1843 novel A Christmas Carol.[citation needed]

Time slip is one of the main plot devices of time travel stories, another being a time machine. The difference is that in time slip stories, the protagonist typically has no control and no understanding of the process (which is often never explained at all) and is either left marooned in a past or future time and must make the best of it, or is eventually returned by a process as unpredictable and uncontrolled as the journey out.[16] The plot device is also popular in children's literature.[17][18] The 2011 film, Midnight in Paris similarly presents time travel as occurring without an explained mechanism, as the director "eschews a 'realist' internal logic that might explain the time travel, while also foregoing experimental time Distortion techniques, in favor of straightforward editing and a fantastical narrative set-up".[19]

Communication from the future

In literature, communication from the future is a plot device in some science fiction and fantasy stories. Forrest J. Ackerman noted in his 1973 anthology of the best fiction of the year that "the theme of getting hold of tomorrow's newspaper is a recurrent one".[20] An early example of this device can be found in H.G. Wells's 1932 short story "The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper",[20][21] which tells the tale of a man who receives such a paper from 40 years in the future. The 1944 film It Happened Tomorrow also employs this device,[20] with the protagonist receiving the next day's newspaper from an elderly colleague (who is possibly a ghost). Ackerman's anthology also highlights a 1972 short story by Robert Silverberg, "What We Learned From This Morning's Newspaper".[20] In that story, a block of homeowners wake to discover that on November 22, they have received The New York Times for the coming December 1.[1]: 38  As characters learn of future events affecting them through a newspaper delivered a week early, the ultimate effect is that this "so upsets the future that spacetime is destroyed".[1]: 165  The television series Early Edition, inspired by the film It Happened Tomorrow,[22] also revolved around a character who daily received the next day's newspaper,[1]: 235  and sought to change some event therein forecast to happen.

A newspaper from the future can be a fictional edition of a real newspaper, or an entirely fictional newspaper. John Buchan's 1932 novel The Gap in the Curtain, is similarly premised on a group of people being enabled to see, for a moment, an item in The Times newspaper from one year in the future. During the Swedish general election of 2006, the Swedish liberal party used election posters which looked like news items, called Framtidens nyheter ("News of the future"), featuring a future Sweden that had become what the party wanted.[23]

A communication from the future raises questions about the ability of humans to control their destiny.[1]: 165  The visual novel Steins;Gate features characters sending short text messages backwards in time to avert disaster, only to find their problems are exacerbated due to not knowing how individuals in the past will actually utilize the information.[24][25][26]

Precognition

Precognition has been explored as a form of time travel in fiction. Author J. B. Priestley wrote of it both in fiction and non-fiction, analysing testimonials of precognition and other "temporal anomalies" in his book Man and Time. His books include time travel to the future through dreaming, which upon waking up results in memories from the future. Such memories, he writes, may also lead to the feeling of déjà vu, that the present events have already been experienced, and are now being re-experienced.[27] Infallible precognition, which describes the future as it truly is, may lead to causal loops, one form of which is explored in Newcomb's paradox.[28][29] The film 12 Monkeys heavily deals with themes of predestination and the Cassandra complex, where the protagonist who travels back in time explains that he can't change the past.[30]

The protagonist of the short story Story of Your Life experiences life as a superimposition of the present and the totality of her life, future included, as a consequence of learning an alien language. The mental faculty is speculation based on the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.[citation needed]

Time loop

Main article: Time loop

A "time loop" or "temporal loop" is a plot device in which periods of time are repeated and re-experienced by the characters, and there is often some hope of breaking out of the cycle of repetition.[31] Time loops are sometimes referred to as causal loops,[30][31] but these two concepts are distinct. Although similar, causal loops are unchanging and self-originating, whereas time loops are constantly resetting. In a time loop when a certain condition is met, such as a death of a character or a clock reaching a certain time, the loop starts again, with one or more characters retaining the memories from the previous loop.[32] Stories with time loops commonly center on the character learning from each successive loop through time.[31]

Experiencing time in reverse

In some media, certain characters are presented as moving through time backwards. This is a very old concept, with some accounts asserting that English mythological figure Merlin lived backwards, and appeared to be able to prophesy the future because for him it was a memory. This tradition has been reflected in certain modern fictional accounts of the character.[33] In the Piers Anthony book Bearing an Hourglass, the second of eight books in the Incarnations of Immortality series, the character of Norton becomes the incarnation of Time and continues his life living backwards in time.[34] The 2016 film Doctor Strange has the character use the Time Stone, one of the Infinity Stones in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, to reverse time, experiencing time backwards while so doing.[35][page needed]

In the film Tenet, characters time travel without jumping back, but by experiencing past reality in reverse, and at the same speed, after going through a 'turnstile' device and until they revert back to normal time flow by going through such a device again.[36] In the meantime, two versions of the time traveller coexist (and must not meet, lest they mutually destruct): the one that had been 'traveling forward' (existing normally) until entering a turnstile and the one traveling backward from the turnstile.[citation needed] The laws of thermodynamics are reversed for time traveling people and objects, so that for example backward travel requires the use of a respirator. Objects left behind by time travellers obey 'reverse thermodynamics;' for example, bullets shot or even simply deposited while traveling backward fly back into (forward traveling) guns.[citation needed]

Record

Protagonists do not travel in time but perceive other times through a record. Depending on the technology, they can minimally consult the record or maximally interact with it as a simulated reality that can deviate causally from the original timeline from the point of interaction. A record can be consulted multiple times, thus providing a time loop mechanism.[citation needed]

Philip K. Dick's novel The Man in the High Castle features books reporting on an alternate timeline. The TV series transposes the mechanism of the books to newsreels. Incidentally, the alternate timeline is the historic timeline, as opposed to the alternate history of the works, so that the records also function as meta-references to the timeline experienced by the authors and the consumers of the works.[citation needed]

The plot of the film Source Code features a simulated and time-looped reality based on the memories of a dead man.[citation needed]

Themes

Time paradox

Further information: Temporal paradox

The idea of changing the past is logically contradictory, creating situations like the grandfather paradox, where time travellers go back in time and change the past in a way that affects their own future, such as by killing their own grandparents.[37][38] The engineer Paul J. Nahin states that "even though the consensus today is that the past cannot be changed, science fiction writers have used the idea of changing the past for good story effect".[1]: 267  Time travel to the past and precognition without the ability to change events may result in causal loops.[30]

The possibility of characters inadvertently or intentionally changing the past gave rise to the idea of "time police", people tasked with preventing such changes from occurring by themselves engaging in time travel to rectify such changes.[39]

Alternative future, history, timelines, and dimensions

See also: Parallel universe (fiction), Future history, Alternate history, and Category:Multiple time paths in fiction

An alternative future or alternate future is a possible future that never comes to pass, typically when someone travels back into the past and alters it so that the events of the alternative future cannot occur,[40] or when a communication from the future to the past effected a change that alters the future.[1]: 165  Alternative histories may exist "side by side", with the time traveller actually arriving at different dimensions as he changes time.[41]

Butterfly effect

See also: Butterfly effect in popular culture

The butterfly effect is the notion that small events can have large, widespread consequences. The term describes events observed in chaos theory where a very small change in initial conditions results in vastly different outcomes. The term was coined by mathematician Edward Lorenz years after the phenomenon was first described.[42]

The butterfly effect has found its way into popular imagination. For example, in Ray Bradbury's 1952 short story A Sound of Thunder, the killing of a single insect millions of years in the past drastically changes the world, and in the 2004 film The Butterfly Effect, the protagonist's small changes to their past results in extreme changes.[43]

Time tourism

A "distinct subgenre" of stories explore time travel as a means of tourism,[4] with travelers curious to visit periods or events such as the Victorian Era or the Crucifixion of Christ, or to meet historical figures such as Abraham Lincoln or Ludwig van Beethoven.[39] This theme can be addressed from two or three directions. An early example of present-day tourists travelling back to the past is Ray Bradbury's 1952 A Sound of Thunder, in which the protagonists are big game hunters who travel to the distant past to hunt dinosaurs.[4] An early example of another type, in which tourists from the future visit the present, is Catherine L. Moore and Henry Kuttner's 1946 Vintage Season.[44] The final type in which there are people time-traveling to the future is experienced in the second book of Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, which, as the title indicates, includes a restaurant that exists at the end of the universe. In the restaurant, people time-traveling from all over the space-time continuum (especially the rich) came to the restaurant to view the explosion of the universe put on repeat.[citation needed]

Time war

See also: Category:Temporal war fiction

The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction describes a time war as a fictional war that is "fought across time, usually with each side knowingly using time travel ... in an attempt to establish the ascendancy of one or another version of history". Time wars are also known as "change wars" and "temporal wars".[45] Examples include Clifford D. Simak's 1951 Time and Again, Barrington J. Bayley's 1974 The Fall of Chronopolis, and Matthew Costello's 1990 Time of the Fox.[1]: 267 

Ghost story

Researcher Barbara Bronlow wrote that traditional ghost stories are in effect an early form of time travel, since they depict living people of the present interacting with (dead) people of the past. She noted as an instance that Christopher Marlow's Doctor Faustus called up Helen of Troy and met her arising from her grave.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Nahin, Paul J. (1999). Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387985718.
  2. ^ Nahin, Paul J. (2011). Time Travel: A Writer's Guide to the Real Science of Plausible Time Travel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. ix. ISBN 9781421401201.
  3. ^ a b c Sterling, Bruce (3 May 2016). "Science fiction - Time travel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Kuiper, Kathleen (2012). Prose: Literary Terms and Concepts (1st ed.). New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9781615304943.
  5. ^ a b Sterling, Bruce (3 May 2016). "Science fiction - Time travel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b Flood, Alison (23 September 2011). "Time travel in fiction: why authors return to it time and time again". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  7. ^ charliejane (31 January 2008). "Can You Escape Your Fate? Science Fiction Has The Answer!". io9. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  8. ^ Redmond, Sean (2014). Liquid Metal: the Science Fiction Film Reader. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-231501842. Retrieved 30 September 2015. [...] the time travel motif also has an ideological function because it literally provides the necessary distancing effect that science fiction needs to be able to metaphorically address the most pressing issues and themes that concern people in the present.
  9. ^ Stephen Hawking (1999). "Space and Time Warps". Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  10. ^ Fitting, Peter (2010). "Utopia, Dystopia, and Science Fiction". The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-521-88665-9.
  11. ^ Alkon, Paul K. (1987). Origins of Futuristic Fiction. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-820309323.
  12. ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (12 June 2009). "Timeslip romance". io9. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  13. ^ Palmer, Christopher (2007). Philip K. Dick: Exhilaration and Terror of the Postmodern (Reprint ed.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-853236184. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  14. ^ Lee, Maggie (12 April 2016). "Film Review: 'A Bride for Rip Van Winkle'". Variety. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  15. ^ James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 9781107493735. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  16. ^ Schweitzer, Darrell (2009). The Fantastic Horizon: Essays and Reviews (1st ed.). Rockville, Maryland: Borgo Press. p. 112. ISBN 9781434403209. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  17. ^ Lucas, Ann Lawson (2003). The Presence of the Past in Children's Literature. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-313324833.
  18. ^ Cosslett, Tess (1 April 2002). ""History from Below": Time-Slip Narratives and National Identity". The Lion and the Unicorn. 26 (2): 243–253. doi:10.1353/uni.2002.0017. ISSN 1080-6563. S2CID 145407419. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  19. ^ Jones, Matthew; Ormrod, Joan (2015). Time Travel in Popular Media:Essays on Film, Television, Literature and Video Games. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 278. ISBN 9781476620084.
  20. ^ a b c d Ackerman, Forrest J. (1973). Best Science Fiction for 1973. Ace Books. p. 36.
  21. ^ "The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper". Gutenberg.net.au. 10 November 1971. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  22. ^ Young, R. G. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Film: Ali Baba to Zombies. New York: Applause. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-55783-269-6.
  23. ^ Jonsson, Gunnar (29 June 2006). "Fp [Folkpartiet] satsar på löpsedlar som valaffischer" [FP [The People's Party] focuses on headlines as election posters]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  24. ^ 秋葉原に時間の扉が開かれる 『シュタインズ・ゲート』 [The gate of time can be opened at Akihabara, "Steins;Gate"] (in Japanese). Famitsu. 13 June 2009. from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  25. ^ Ishii, Senji (15 October 2009). 時間という禁断のテーマに挑んだ本格派ノベルゲーム『シュタインズ・ゲート』インプレッション [Impressions of "Steins;Gate", a novel game about the forbidden topic of time] (in Japanese). Famitsu. from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  26. ^ "Steins;Gate". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. June 2009. p. 231.
  27. ^ Price, Katy (December 2014). "Testimonies of precognition and encounters with psychiatry in letters to J. B. Priestley". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 48: 103–111. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.07.006. PMID 25176614.
  28. ^ Craig, William Lane (October 1987). "Divine Foreknowledge and Newcomb's Paradox". Philosophia. 17 (3): 331–350. doi:10.1007/BF02455055. S2CID 143485859. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  29. ^ Dummett, Michael (1993). The Seas of Language (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 356, 370–375. ISBN 978-0-198240112.
  30. ^ a b c Klosterman, Chuck (2009). Eating the Dinosaur (1st ed.). New York: Scribner. pp. 60–62. ISBN 9781439168486.
  31. ^ a b c Chelsea Quinn Yarbro. "Time Loop". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
  32. ^ Jones, Matthew; Ormrod, Joan (2015). Time Travel in Popular Media: Essays on Film, Television, Literature and Video Games. McFarland & Company. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-786478071.
  33. ^ Goodrich, Peter H. (2003). Merlin: A Casebook. New York: Routledge. pp. 83, 247. ISBN 1135583404.
  34. ^ Amazing Science Fiction Stories. 58: 15. 1984. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[title missing]
  35. ^ Johnston, Jacob (22 November 2016). Marvel's Doctor Strange: The Art of the Movie. New York. ISBN 978-0785198208.
  36. ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (27 August 2020). "The crucial Tenet scene that reveals true meaning of movie's title". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  37. ^ Langford, David. "Time Paradoxes". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  38. ^ Swartz, Norman (October 31, 1993). "Time Travel: Visiting the Past". Norman Swartz - Biography. Simon Fraser University. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  39. ^ a b Stableford, Brian (2006). Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. p. 534. ISBN 0415974607.
  40. ^ Prucher, Jeffrey; Wolfe, Gene (2007). "alternate future". Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-195305678. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  41. ^ "Journeys in Space and Time". Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. Episode 8. November 16, 1980. Event occurs at 36 minute mark. PBS.
  42. ^ Hilborn, Robert C. (April 2004). "Sea gulls, butterflies, and grasshoppers: A brief history of the butterfly effect in nonlinear dynamics". American Journal of Physics. 72 (4): 425–427. Bibcode:2004AmJPh..72..425H. doi:10.1119/1.1636492.
  43. ^ Peter Dizikes (June 8, 2008). "The meaning of the butterfly". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
  44. ^ Bova, Ben (2003). "Introduction". The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two (1st ed.). New York: Tor Books. pp. ix-xi. ISBN 978-0-765305343.
  45. ^ Langford, David. "Changewar". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  46. ^ Bronlow, Barbara H. Petrovna, Natalia; Cougland, George C.; Ramirez, Juan Mario (eds.). Workshop on the Ongoing Impact of Ancient Myth on Contemporary Culture: 146–148. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Further reading

External links

  • Timelinks - the big list of time travel video, film, and television - over 700 films and television programs featuring time travel.
  • Time-Travel Fiction - Big list of adventures in time travel.
  • Andy's Anachronisms - Exploring the themes of time travel and alternate universes in literature and entertainment.

March 08, 2023
time, travel, fiction, time, warp, redirects, here, other, uses, time, warp, disambiguation, time, travel, common, theme, fiction, mainly, since, late, 19th, century, been, depicted, variety, media, such, literature, television, film, advertisements, poster, 1. Time warp redirects here For other uses see Time Warp disambiguation Time travel is a common theme in fiction mainly since the late 19th century and has been depicted in a variety of media such as literature television film and advertisements 1 2 Poster for the 1960 film adaptation of H G Wells 1895 novella The Time MachineThe concept of time travel by mechanical means was popularized in H G Wells 1895 novel The Time Machine 3 4 In general time travel stories focus on the consequences of traveling into the past or the future 3 5 6 The central premise for these stories often involves changing history either intentionally or by accident and the ways by which altering the past changes the future and creates an altered present or future for the time traveler upon their return home 3 6 In other instances the premise is that the past cannot be changed or that the future is predetermined and the protagonist s actions turn out to be either inconsequential or intrinsic to events as they originally unfolded 7 Some stories focus solely on the paradoxes and alternate timelines that come with time travel rather than time traveling itself 5 They often provide some sort of social commentary as time travel provides a necessary distancing effect that allows science fiction to address contemporary issues in metaphorical ways 8 Contents 1 Mechanisms 1 1 Time slip 1 2 Communication from the future 1 3 Precognition 1 4 Time loop 1 5 Experiencing time in reverse 1 6 Record 2 Themes 2 1 Time paradox 2 1 1 Alternative future history timelines and dimensions 2 1 2 Butterfly effect 2 2 Time tourism 2 3 Time war 2 4 Ghost story 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksMechanisms EditFurther information Time travel Time travel in modern fiction is sometimes achieved by space and time warps stemming from the scientific theory of general relativity 9 Stories from antiquity often featured time travel into the future through a time slip brought on by traveling or sleeping 10 or in other cases time travel into the past through supernatural means for example brought on by angels or spirits 4 11 Time slip Edit Main article Time slip A time slip is a plot device in fantasy and science fiction in which a person or group of people seem to travel through time by unknown means 12 13 The idea of a time slip has been used in 19th century fantasy an early example being Washington Irving s 1819 Rip Van Winkle where the mechanism of time travel is an extraordinarily long sleep 14 Mark Twain s 1889 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur s Court had considerable influence on later writers 15 The first novel to include both travel to the past and travel to the future and return to the present is the Charles Dickens 1843 novel A Christmas Carol citation needed Time slip is one of the main plot devices of time travel stories another being a time machine The difference is that in time slip stories the protagonist typically has no control and no understanding of the process which is often never explained at all and is either left marooned in a past or future time and must make the best of it or is eventually returned by a process as unpredictable and uncontrolled as the journey out 16 The plot device is also popular in children s literature 17 18 The 2011 film Midnight in Paris similarly presents time travel as occurring without an explained mechanism as the director eschews a realist internal logic that might explain the time travel while also foregoing experimental time Distortion techniques in favor of straightforward editing and a fantastical narrative set up 19 Communication from the future Edit In literature communication from the future is a plot device in some science fiction and fantasy stories Forrest J Ackerman noted in his 1973 anthology of the best fiction of the year that the theme of getting hold of tomorrow s newspaper is a recurrent one 20 An early example of this device can be found in H G Wells s 1932 short story The Queer Story of Brownlow s Newspaper 20 21 which tells the tale of a man who receives such a paper from 40 years in the future The 1944 film It Happened Tomorrow also employs this device 20 with the protagonist receiving the next day s newspaper from an elderly colleague who is possibly a ghost Ackerman s anthology also highlights a 1972 short story by Robert Silverberg What We Learned From This Morning s Newspaper 20 In that story a block of homeowners wake to discover that on November 22 they have received The New York Times for the coming December 1 1 38 As characters learn of future events affecting them through a newspaper delivered a week early the ultimate effect is that this so upsets the future that spacetime is destroyed 1 165 The television series Early Edition inspired by the film It Happened Tomorrow 22 also revolved around a character who daily received the next day s newspaper 1 235 and sought to change some event therein forecast to happen A newspaper from the future can be a fictional edition of a real newspaper or an entirely fictional newspaper John Buchan s 1932 novel The Gap in the Curtain is similarly premised on a group of people being enabled to see for a moment an item in The Times newspaper from one year in the future During the Swedish general election of 2006 the Swedish liberal party used election posters which looked like news items called Framtidens nyheter News of the future featuring a future Sweden that had become what the party wanted 23 A communication from the future raises questions about the ability of humans to control their destiny 1 165 The visual novel Steins Gate features characters sending short text messages backwards in time to avert disaster only to find their problems are exacerbated due to not knowing how individuals in the past will actually utilize the information 24 25 26 Precognition Edit Precognition has been explored as a form of time travel in fiction Author J B Priestley wrote of it both in fiction and non fiction analysing testimonials of precognition and other temporal anomalies in his book Man and Time His books include time travel to the future through dreaming which upon waking up results in memories from the future Such memories he writes may also lead to the feeling of deja vu that the present events have already been experienced and are now being re experienced 27 Infallible precognition which describes the future as it truly is may lead to causal loops one form of which is explored in Newcomb s paradox 28 29 The film 12 Monkeys heavily deals with themes of predestination and the Cassandra complex where the protagonist who travels back in time explains that he can t change the past 30 The protagonist of the short story Story of Your Life experiences life as a superimposition of the present and the totality of her life future included as a consequence of learning an alien language The mental faculty is speculation based on the Sapir Whorf hypothesis citation needed Time loop Edit Main article Time loop A time loop or temporal loop is a plot device in which periods of time are repeated and re experienced by the characters and there is often some hope of breaking out of the cycle of repetition 31 Time loops are sometimes referred to as causal loops 30 31 but these two concepts are distinct Although similar causal loops are unchanging and self originating whereas time loops are constantly resetting In a time loop when a certain condition is met such as a death of a character or a clock reaching a certain time the loop starts again with one or more characters retaining the memories from the previous loop 32 Stories with time loops commonly center on the character learning from each successive loop through time 31 Experiencing time in reverse Edit In some media certain characters are presented as moving through time backwards This is a very old concept with some accounts asserting that English mythological figure Merlin lived backwards and appeared to be able to prophesy the future because for him it was a memory This tradition has been reflected in certain modern fictional accounts of the character 33 In the Piers Anthony book Bearing an Hourglass the second of eight books in the Incarnations of Immortality series the character of Norton becomes the incarnation of Time and continues his life living backwards in time 34 The 2016 film Doctor Strange has the character use the Time Stone one of the Infinity Stones in the Marvel Cinematic Universe to reverse time experiencing time backwards while so doing 35 page needed In the film Tenet characters time travel without jumping back but by experiencing past reality in reverse and at the same speed after going through a turnstile device and until they revert back to normal time flow by going through such a device again 36 In the meantime two versions of the time traveller coexist and must not meet lest they mutually destruct the one that had been traveling forward existing normally until entering a turnstile and the one traveling backward from the turnstile citation needed The laws of thermodynamics are reversed for time traveling people and objects so that for example backward travel requires the use of a respirator Objects left behind by time travellers obey reverse thermodynamics for example bullets shot or even simply deposited while traveling backward fly back into forward traveling guns citation needed Record Edit Protagonists do not travel in time but perceive other times through a record Depending on the technology they can minimally consult the record or maximally interact with it as a simulated reality that can deviate causally from the original timeline from the point of interaction A record can be consulted multiple times thus providing a time loop mechanism citation needed Philip K Dick s novel The Man in the High Castle features books reporting on an alternate timeline The TV series transposes the mechanism of the books to newsreels Incidentally the alternate timeline is the historic timeline as opposed to the alternate history of the works so that the records also function as meta references to the timeline experienced by the authors and the consumers of the works citation needed The plot of the film Source Code features a simulated and time looped reality based on the memories of a dead man citation needed Themes EditTime paradox Edit Further information Temporal paradox The idea of changing the past is logically contradictory creating situations like the grandfather paradox where time travellers go back in time and change the past in a way that affects their own future such as by killing their own grandparents 37 38 The engineer Paul J Nahin states that even though the consensus today is that the past cannot be changed science fiction writers have used the idea of changing the past for good story effect 1 267 Time travel to the past and precognition without the ability to change events may result in causal loops 30 The possibility of characters inadvertently or intentionally changing the past gave rise to the idea of time police people tasked with preventing such changes from occurring by themselves engaging in time travel to rectify such changes 39 Alternative future history timelines and dimensions Edit See also Parallel universe fiction Future history Alternate history and Category Multiple time paths in fiction An alternative future or alternate future is a possible future that never comes to pass typically when someone travels back into the past and alters it so that the events of the alternative future cannot occur 40 or when a communication from the future to the past effected a change that alters the future 1 165 Alternative histories may exist side by side with the time traveller actually arriving at different dimensions as he changes time 41 Butterfly effect Edit See also Butterfly effect in popular culture The butterfly effect is the notion that small events can have large widespread consequences The term describes events observed in chaos theory where a very small change in initial conditions results in vastly different outcomes The term was coined by mathematician Edward Lorenz years after the phenomenon was first described 42 The butterfly effect has found its way into popular imagination For example in Ray Bradbury s 1952 short story A Sound of Thunder the killing of a single insect millions of years in the past drastically changes the world and in the 2004 film The Butterfly Effect the protagonist s small changes to their past results in extreme changes 43 Time tourism Edit A distinct subgenre of stories explore time travel as a means of tourism 4 with travelers curious to visit periods or events such as the Victorian Era or the Crucifixion of Christ or to meet historical figures such as Abraham Lincoln or Ludwig van Beethoven 39 This theme can be addressed from two or three directions An early example of present day tourists travelling back to the past is Ray Bradbury s 1952 A Sound of Thunder in which the protagonists are big game hunters who travel to the distant past to hunt dinosaurs 4 An early example of another type in which tourists from the future visit the present is Catherine L Moore and Henry Kuttner s 1946 Vintage Season 44 The final type in which there are people time traveling to the future is experienced in the second book of Douglas Adams The Hitchhiker s Guide to the Galaxy series The Restaurant at the End of the Universe which as the title indicates includes a restaurant that exists at the end of the universe In the restaurant people time traveling from all over the space time continuum especially the rich came to the restaurant to view the explosion of the universe put on repeat citation needed Time war Edit See also Category Temporal war fiction The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction describes a time war as a fictional war that is fought across time usually with each side knowingly using time travel in an attempt to establish the ascendancy of one or another version of history Time wars are also known as change wars and temporal wars 45 Examples include Clifford D Simak s 1951 Time and Again Barrington J Bayley s 1974 The Fall of Chronopolis and Matthew Costello s 1990 Time of the Fox 1 267 Ghost story Edit Researcher Barbara Bronlow wrote that traditional ghost stories are in effect an early form of time travel since they depict living people of the present interacting with dead people of the past She noted as an instance that Christopher Marlow s Doctor Faustus called up Helen of Troy and met her arising from her grave 46 See also EditEternal return List of games containing time travel List of time travel works of fiction Time viewer Time travel in The Lord of the RingsReferences Edit a b c d e f g h Nahin Paul J 1999 Time Machines Time Travel in Physics Metaphysics and Science Fiction 2nd ed New York Springer ISBN 978 0 387985718 Nahin Paul J 2011 Time Travel A Writer s Guide to the Real Science of Plausible Time Travel Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p ix ISBN 9781421401201 a b c Sterling Bruce 3 May 2016 Science fiction Time travel Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 28 December 2017 a b c d Kuiper Kathleen 2012 Prose Literary Terms and Concepts 1st ed New York Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc pp 63 64 ISBN 9781615304943 a b Sterling Bruce 3 May 2016 Science fiction Time travel Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 28 December 2017 a b Flood Alison 23 September 2011 Time travel in fiction why authors return to it time and time again The Guardian Retrieved 29 November 2015 charliejane 31 January 2008 Can You Escape Your Fate Science Fiction Has The Answer io9 Retrieved 22 February 2020 Redmond Sean 2014 Liquid Metal the Science Fiction Film Reader New York Columbia University Press p 114 ISBN 978 0 231501842 Retrieved 30 September 2015 the time travel motif also has an ideological function because it literally provides the necessary distancing effect that science fiction needs to be able to metaphorically address the most pressing issues and themes that concern people in the present Stephen Hawking 1999 Space and Time Warps Retrieved 20 February 2016 Fitting Peter 2010 Utopia Dystopia and Science Fiction The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 138 139 ISBN 978 0 521 88665 9 Alkon Paul K 1987 Origins of Futuristic Fiction Athens University of Georgia Press pp 95 96 ISBN 978 0 820309323 Anders Charlie Jane 12 June 2009 Timeslip romance io9 Retrieved 27 August 2015 Palmer Christopher 2007 Philip K Dick Exhilaration and Terror of the Postmodern Reprint ed Liverpool Liverpool University Press p 146 ISBN 978 0 853236184 Retrieved 11 February 2017 Lee Maggie 12 April 2016 Film Review A Bride for Rip Van Winkle Variety Retrieved 30 April 2021 James Edward Mendlesohn Farah 2002 The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 106 ISBN 9781107493735 Retrieved 11 February 2017 Schweitzer Darrell 2009 The Fantastic Horizon Essays and Reviews 1st ed Rockville Maryland Borgo Press p 112 ISBN 9781434403209 Retrieved 22 September 2017 Lucas Ann Lawson 2003 The Presence of the Past in Children s Literature Westport Connecticut Praeger p 113 ISBN 978 0 313324833 Cosslett Tess 1 April 2002 History from Below Time Slip Narratives and National Identity The Lion and the Unicorn 26 2 243 253 doi 10 1353 uni 2002 0017 ISSN 1080 6563 S2CID 145407419 Retrieved 22 September 2017 Jones Matthew Ormrod Joan 2015 Time Travel in Popular Media Essays on Film Television Literature and Video Games Jefferson North Carolina McFarland p 278 ISBN 9781476620084 a b c d Ackerman Forrest J 1973 Best Science Fiction for 1973 Ace Books p 36 The Queer Story of Brownlow s Newspaper Gutenberg net au 10 November 1971 Retrieved 24 December 2015 Young R G 1997 The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Film Ali Baba to Zombies New York Applause p 318 ISBN 978 1 55783 269 6 Jonsson Gunnar 29 June 2006 Fp Folkpartiet satsar pa lopsedlar som valaffischer FP The People s Party focuses on headlines as election posters Dagens Nyheter in Swedish Retrieved 9 September 2015 秋葉原に時間の扉が開かれる シュタインズ ゲート The gate of time can be opened at Akihabara Steins Gate in Japanese Famitsu 13 June 2009 Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 Retrieved 1 November 2009 Ishii Senji 15 October 2009 時間という禁断のテーマに挑んだ本格派ノベルゲーム シュタインズ ゲート インプレッション Impressions of Steins Gate a novel game about the forbidden topic of time in Japanese Famitsu Archived from the original on 13 November 2009 Retrieved 7 November 2009 Steins Gate Famitsu in Japanese Enterbrain June 2009 p 231 Price Katy December 2014 Testimonies of precognition and encounters with psychiatry in letters to J B Priestley Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 48 103 111 doi 10 1016 j shpsc 2014 07 006 PMID 25176614 Craig William Lane October 1987 Divine Foreknowledge and Newcomb s Paradox Philosophia 17 3 331 350 doi 10 1007 BF02455055 S2CID 143485859 Retrieved 11 February 2017 Dummett Michael 1993 The Seas of Language 1st ed Oxford Clarendon Press pp 356 370 375 ISBN 978 0 198240112 a b c Klosterman Chuck 2009 Eating the Dinosaur 1st ed New York Scribner pp 60 62 ISBN 9781439168486 a b c Chelsea Quinn Yarbro Time Loop The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Retrieved 2015 10 18 Jones Matthew Ormrod Joan 2015 Time Travel in Popular Media Essays on Film Television Literature and Video Games McFarland amp Company p 207 ISBN 978 0 786478071 Goodrich Peter H 2003 Merlin A Casebook New York Routledge pp 83 247 ISBN 1135583404 Amazing Science Fiction Stories 58 15 1984 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Missing or empty title help title missing Johnston Jacob 22 November 2016 Marvel s Doctor Strange The Art of the Movie New York ISBN 978 0785198208 Stolworthy Jacob 27 August 2020 The crucial Tenet scene that reveals true meaning of movie s title The Independent Archived from the original on 2022 05 07 Retrieved 26 August 2021 Langford David Time Paradoxes The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Retrieved 30 November 2015 Swartz Norman October 31 1993 Time Travel Visiting the Past Norman Swartz Biography Simon Fraser University Retrieved February 20 2016 a b Stableford Brian 2006 Science Fact and Science Fiction An Encyclopedia New York Routledge p 534 ISBN 0415974607 Prucher Jeffrey Wolfe Gene 2007 alternate future Brave New Words The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction New York Oxford University Press pp 4 5 ISBN 978 0 195305678 Retrieved 4 January 2016 Journeys in Space and Time Cosmos A Personal Voyage Episode 8 November 16 1980 Event occurs at 36 minute mark PBS Hilborn Robert C April 2004 Sea gulls butterflies and grasshoppers A brief history of the butterfly effect in nonlinear dynamics American Journal of Physics 72 4 425 427 Bibcode 2004AmJPh 72 425H doi 10 1119 1 1636492 Peter Dizikes June 8 2008 The meaning of the butterfly Boston Globe Retrieved May 31 2016 Bova Ben 2003 Introduction The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume Two 1st ed New York Tor Books pp ix xi ISBN 978 0 765305343 Langford David Changewar The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Retrieved November 17 2015 Bronlow Barbara H Petrovna Natalia Cougland George C Ramirez Juan Mario eds Workshop on the Ongoing Impact of Ancient Myth on Contemporary Culture 146 148 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Missing or empty title help Further reading EditGleick James 2016 Time Travel A History Pantheon ISBN 978 0 307908797 External links EditTimelinks the big list of time travel video film and television over 700 films and television programs featuring time travel Time Travel Fiction Big list of adventures in time travel Andy s Anachronisms Exploring the themes of time travel and alternate universes in literature and entertainment Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Time travel in fiction amp oldid 1133447858, 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