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Tiger beetle

April 22, 2024

Tiger beetles are a family of beetles, Cicindelidae, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, Rivacindela hudsoni, can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5.6 mph; 2.5 m/s), or about 125 body lengths per second.[2] As of 2005, about 2,600 species and subspecies were known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics.[3] While historically treated as a subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) under the name Cicindelinae, several studies since 2020 indicated that they should be treated as a family, the Cicindelidae, which are a sister group to Carabidae within the Adephaga.[4]

Tiger beetle
Temporal range: Aptian–Recent
Lophyra sp. in Tanzania
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Superfamily: Caraboidea
Family: Cicindelidae
Latreille, 1802
Tribes[1]
Synonyms
  • Cicindelinae Latreille, 1802

Description edit

Tiger beetles often have large bulging eyes, long, slender legs and large curved mandibles. All are predatory, both as adults and as larvae. The genus Cicindela has a cosmopolitan distribution. Other well-known genera include Tetracha, Omus, Amblycheila and Manticora. While members of the genus Cicindela are usually diurnal and may be out on the hottest days, Tetracha, Omus, Amblycheila and Manticora are all nocturnal. Both Cicindela and Tetracha are often brightly colored, while the other genera mentioned are usually uniform black in color. Tiger beetles in the genus Manticora are the largest in size of the family. These live primarily in the dry regions of southern Africa.[5]

The larvae of tiger beetles live in cylindrical burrows as much as a meter deep.

Tiger beetle larvae repairing its shaft

The grubs have a large head, armored on top with up to six small eyes and formidable mandibles beneath. There is a prominent hump on the top of their fifth abdominal segment with two pairs of reverse pointing hooks to anchor then in their burrow with their head filling the burrow and flush with the surface. They wait for prey to come too close, attempt to grab and pull them down their shaft. The hump and hooks preventing struggling prey from pulling them out of their shaft.

Tiger beetle larvae attempting to catch prey

The fast-moving adults run down their prey and are extremely fast on the wing, their reaction times being of the same order as that of common houseflies.

Six-spotted tiger beetle adults including a pair

Some tiger beetles in the tropics are arboreal, but most run on the surface of the ground. They live along sea and lake shores, on sand dunes, around playa lakebeds and on clay banks or woodland paths, being particularly fond of sandy surfaces.[6]


Tiger beetles are considered a good indicator species and have been used in ecological studies on biodiversity.[7][8] Several species of wingless parasitic wasps in the genus Methocha (family Thynnidae), lay their eggs on larvae of various Cicindela spp., such as Cicindela dorsalis.[9]

Adaptations edit

Tiger beetles display an unusual form of pursuit in which they alternatively sprint quickly toward their prey, then stop and visually reorient. This may be because while running, the beetle is moving too fast for its visual system to accurately process images.[2] To avoid obstacles while running they hold their antennae rigidly and directly in front of them to mechanically sense their environment.[10] There are many tiger beetles that hunt in flat, sandy areas, and their eyes have flat-world adaptations, such as high-acuity perception streaks corresponding to the horizon. A tiger beetle uses the elevation of its potential prey in its visual field to determine how far away it is. As visual hunters, tiger beetles tend to hunt in open, relatively flat habitats, such as sand bars, woodland paths, and barren ground scrubland. In this sense, beetles might be expected to use elevation as a distance cue in their visual pursuit of prey.[11]

Fossil record edit

The oldest fossil tiger beetle yet found, Cretotetracha grandis, comes from the Yixian Formation in Inner Mongolia, China, and dates to the early Cretaceous Period, 125 million years ago. Most fossils found are grey or yellow silty mudstone.[12] Traits that identify Cretotetracha as Cicindelinae include long mandibles shaped like sickles, simple teeth arranged along the mandible's inner surface, antennae that attach to the head between the base of the mandibles and the eye. The left mandible is approximately 3.3 mm and the right mandible is approximately 4.2mm long. A long body form roughly around 8.1mm where the combined eyes and head are wider than the thorax, and long running legs.[12] Previously known Mesozoic fossils of tiger beetles have been described from the Crato Formation, about 113 million years ago[12] and Oxycheilopsis cretacicus from the Santana Formation, 112 million years ago,[13] both in Brazil.

Taxonomy edit

Tiger beetles had been treated either as a family Cicindelidae or as the subfamily Cicindelinae[14] of the Carabidae (ground beetles) but since 2020, there has been growing evidence for the treatment as a separate family, that is sister to the Carabidae.[4] Many genera are the result of the splitting of the large genus Cicindela, and many were described by the German entomologist Walther Horn.[4][15][1]

Genera edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Duran, Daniel P.; Gough, Harlan M. (2020). "Validation of tiger beetles as distinct family (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), review and reclassification of tribal relationships". Systematic Entomology: syen.12440. doi:10.1111/syen.12440. ISSN 0307-6970.
  2. ^ a b Friedlander, Blaine (1998-01-16). "Cornell News, Jan. 16, 1998 When tiger beetles chase prey at high speeds they go blind temporarily, Cornell entomologists learn". News.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  3. ^ Pearson, D.L. & F. Cassola, 2005
  4. ^ a b c Vasilikopoulos, Alexandros; Balke, Michael; Kukowka, Sandra; Pflug, James M.; Martin, Sebastian; Meusemann, Karen; Hendrich, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Maddison, David R.; Niehuis, Oliver; Beutel, Rolf G.; Misof, Bernhard (October 2021). "Phylogenomic analyses clarify the pattern of evolution of Adephaga (Coleoptera) and highlight phylogenetic artefacts due to model misspecification and excessive data trimming". Systematic Entomology. 46 (4): 991–1018. doi:10.1111/syen.12508. ISSN 0307-6970.
  5. ^ Pearson, David L. (2001). Tiger beetles : the evolution, ecology, and diversity of the cicindelids. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Associates. p. 261. ISBN 0801438829.
  6. ^ Werner, K. 2000
  7. ^ Rodríguez, Jon Paul; Pearson, David L.; Barrera, Roberto R. (1998). "A test for the adequacy of bioindicator taxa: Are tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) appropriate indicators for monitoring the degradation of tropical forests in Venezuela?". Biological Conservation. 83 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00017-7. ISSN 0006-3207.
  8. ^ Carroll, Steven S.; Pearson, David L. (1998). "SPATIAL MODELING OF BUTTERFLY SPECIES RICHNESS USING TIGER BEETLES (CICINDELIDAE) AS A BIOINDICATOR TAXON". Ecological Applications. 8 (2): 531–543. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0531:SMOBSR]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1051-0761.
  9. ^ Burdick, D.J. and Wasbauer, M.S. (1959). "Biology of Methocha californica Westwood (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)." Wasmann Jour. Biol. 17:75-88. Department of Environmental Conservation
  10. ^ "Blinded by speed, tiger beetles use antennae to 'see' while running". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  11. ^ Layne, J. E., Chen, P. W., & Gilbert, C. (2006). The role of target elevation in prey selection by tiger beetles (Carabidae: Cicindela spp.). Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(Pt 21), 4295–4303.
  12. ^ a b c Zhao, Xiangdong; Zhao, Xianye; Chen, Lei; Wang, Bo (2019). "The earliest tiger beetle from the Lower Cretaceous of China (Coleoptera: Cicindelinae)". Cretaceous Research. 94: 147–151. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.019. S2CID 134441297.
  13. ^ Gough, Harlan M.; Duran, Daniel P.; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Toussaint, Emmanuel F.A. (2018). "A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelinae)". Systematic Entomology. 44 (2): 1–17. doi:10.1111/syen.12324. S2CID 54046862.
  14. ^ Gough, Harlan M.; Duran, Daniel P.; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Toussaint, Emmanuel F.A. (2019). "A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelinae): Molecular phylogeny of Cicindelinae". Systematic Entomology. 44 (2): 305–321. doi:10.1111/syen.12324. S2CID 54046862.
  15. ^ Baca, Stephen M.; Gustafson, Grey T.; Alexander, Alana M.; Gough, Harlan M.; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A. (October 2021). "Integrative phylogenomics reveals a Permian origin of Adephaga beetles". Systematic Entomology. 46 (4): 968–990. doi:10.1111/syen.12506. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 237486703.

General and cited references edit

  • "Further new country records of African Tiger Beetles with some taxonomical note (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae)" by Peter Schüle. Entomologia Africana 15(2), 2010.
  • The Tiger beetles of Africa by Karl Werner, Taita Publishers 2000.
  • "A Quantitative Analysis of Species Descriptions of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera Cicindelidae), from 1758 to 2004, and Notes about Related Developments in Biodiversity Studies" by D.L. Pearson and F. Cassola. The Coleopterists Bulletin Vol 59, no. 2, June 2005.
  • Tiger Beetles of Alberta: Killers on the Clay, Stalkers on the Sand by John Acorn. University of Alberta Press, 2001.
  • Tiger Beetles: The Evolution, Ecology, and Diversity of the Cicindelids by David L. Pearson and Alfried P. Vogler. Cornell University Press, 2001.
  • A Field Guide to the Tiger Beetles of the United States and Canada by David L. Pearson, C. Barry Knisley and Charles J. Kazilek. Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • The Beetles of the World, volume 13 2010-08-05 at the Wayback Machine, volume 15 2010-08-05 at the Wayback Machine, volume 18 2010-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, and 20 volume 20 by Karl Werner, Sciences Nat, Venette, 1991, 1992, 1993 & 1995.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cicindelidae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Cicindelinae.
  • (in Japanese)
  • Planet's Coolest Critters—Tiger Beetles
  • Tiger Beetles of Papua Indonesia
  • Tiger beetles of Florida on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
  • Moravec J. (2010): Tiger Beetles of the Madagascan Region (Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros, Mascarenes, and other islands) Taxonomic revision of the 17 genera occurring in the region (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) (430 pp.)
  • Siuslaw Hairy-Necked Tiger Beetle 2020-06-29 at the Wayback Machine—Video produced by Oregon Field Guide
  • Štrunc V. (2020): Tiger Beetles of the World - Illustrated guide to the genera, 338 species

April 22, 2024
tiger, beetle, family, beetles, cicindelidae, known, their, aggressive, predatory, habits, running, speed, fastest, known, species, tiger, beetle, rivacindela, hudsoni, speed, about, body, lengths, second, 2005, about, species, subspecies, were, known, with, r. Tiger beetles are a family of beetles Cicindelidae known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed The fastest known species of tiger beetle Rivacindela hudsoni can run at a speed of 9 km h 5 6 mph 2 5 m s or about 125 body lengths per second 2 As of 2005 about 2 600 species and subspecies were known with the richest diversity in the Oriental Indo Malayan region followed by the Neotropics 3 While historically treated as a subfamily of ground beetles Carabidae under the name Cicindelinae several studies since 2020 indicated that they should be treated as a family the Cicindelidae which are a sister group to Carabidae within the Adephaga 4 Tiger beetleTemporal range Aptian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Lophyra sp in Tanzania Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Superfamily Caraboidea Family CicindelidaeLatreille 1802 Tribes 1 Cicindelini Collyridini Manticorini including Amblycheila Megacephalini Oxycheilini Ctenostomatini Synonyms Cicindelinae Latreille 1802 Contents 1 Description 2 Adaptations 3 Fossil record 4 Taxonomy 5 Genera 6 Citations 7 General and cited references 8 External linksDescription editTiger beetles often have large bulging eyes long slender legs and large curved mandibles All are predatory both as adults and as larvae The genus Cicindela has a cosmopolitan distribution Other well known genera include Tetracha Omus Amblycheila and Manticora While members of the genus Cicindela are usually diurnal and may be out on the hottest days Tetracha Omus Amblycheila and Manticora are all nocturnal Both Cicindela and Tetracha are often brightly colored while the other genera mentioned are usually uniform black in color Tiger beetles in the genus Manticora are the largest in size of the family These live primarily in the dry regions of southern Africa 5 The larvae of tiger beetles live in cylindrical burrows as much as a meter deep source source source source source source source source Tiger beetle larvae repairing its shaft The grubs have a large head armored on top with up to six small eyes and formidable mandibles beneath There is a prominent hump on the top of their fifth abdominal segment with two pairs of reverse pointing hooks to anchor then in their burrow with their head filling the burrow and flush with the surface They wait for prey to come too close attempt to grab and pull them down their shaft The hump and hooks preventing struggling prey from pulling them out of their shaft source source source source source source source source Tiger beetle larvae attempting to catch prey The fast moving adults run down their prey and are extremely fast on the wing their reaction times being of the same order as that of common houseflies source source source source source source source source Six spotted tiger beetle adults including a pair Some tiger beetles in the tropics are arboreal but most run on the surface of the ground They live along sea and lake shores on sand dunes around playa lakebeds and on clay banks or woodland paths being particularly fond of sandy surfaces 6 Tiger beetles are considered a good indicator species and have been used in ecological studies on biodiversity 7 8 Several species of wingless parasitic wasps in the genus Methocha family Thynnidae lay their eggs on larvae of various Cicindela spp such as Cicindela dorsalis 9 Adaptations editTiger beetles display an unusual form of pursuit in which they alternatively sprint quickly toward their prey then stop and visually reorient This may be because while running the beetle is moving too fast for its visual system to accurately process images 2 To avoid obstacles while running they hold their antennae rigidly and directly in front of them to mechanically sense their environment 10 There are many tiger beetles that hunt in flat sandy areas and their eyes have flat world adaptations such as high acuity perception streaks corresponding to the horizon A tiger beetle uses the elevation of its potential prey in its visual field to determine how far away it is As visual hunters tiger beetles tend to hunt in open relatively flat habitats such as sand bars woodland paths and barren ground scrubland In this sense beetles might be expected to use elevation as a distance cue in their visual pursuit of prey 11 Fossil record editThe oldest fossil tiger beetle yet found Cretotetracha grandis comes from the Yixian Formation in Inner Mongolia China and dates to the early Cretaceous Period 125 million years ago Most fossils found are grey or yellow silty mudstone 12 Traits that identify Cretotetracha as Cicindelinae include long mandibles shaped like sickles simple teeth arranged along the mandible s inner surface antennae that attach to the head between the base of the mandibles and the eye The left mandible is approximately 3 3 mm and the right mandible is approximately 4 2mm long A long body form roughly around 8 1mm where the combined eyes and head are wider than the thorax and long running legs 12 Previously known Mesozoic fossils of tiger beetles have been described from the Crato Formation about 113 million years ago 12 and Oxycheilopsis cretacicus from the Santana Formation 112 million years ago 13 both in Brazil Taxonomy editTiger beetles had been treated either as a family Cicindelidae or as the subfamily Cicindelinae 14 of the Carabidae ground beetles but since 2020 there has been growing evidence for the treatment as a separate family that is sister to the Carabidae 4 Many genera are the result of the splitting of the large genus Cicindela and many were described by the German entomologist Walther Horn 4 15 1 nbsp Museum specimen of Manticora sp from Mozambique nbsp The rare Salt Creek tiger beetle Cicindela nevadica lincolniana nbsp Cicindela goryi from India showing the large eyes and mandibles nbsp Most tiger beetles run on the ground living on sand and lake shores nbsp Cicindela chinensis nbsp One of species in Gunung Belumut Recreational Forest Genera editAbroscelis Hope 1838 Amblycheila Say 1829 Aniara Hope 1838 Antennaria Dokhtouroff 1883 Apteroessa Hope 1838 Archidela Rivalier 1963 Baloghiella Mandl 1981 Bennigsenium W Horn 1897 Brasiella Rivalier 1954 Caledonica Chaudoir 1860 Caledonomorpha W Horn 1897 Callidema Guerin Meneville 1843 Callytron Gistl 1848 Calomera Motschulsky 1862 Calyptoglossa Jeannel 1946 Cenothyla Rivalier 1969 Cephalota Dokhtouroff 1883 Chaetodera Jeannel 1946 Cheilonycha Lacordaire 1843 Cheiloxya Guerin Meneville 1855 Cicindela Linnaeus 1758 Collyris Fabricius 1801 Cratohaerea Chaudoir 1850 Cretotetracha Zhao et al 2019 Ctenostoma Klug 1821 Cylindera Westwood 1831 Darlingtonica Cassola 1986 Derocrania Chaudoir 1860 Diastrophella Rivalier 1957 Dilatotarsa Dokhtouroff 1882 Distipsidera Westwood 1837 Dromica Dejean 1826 Dromicoida Werner 1995 Dromochorus Guerin Meneville 1845 Ellipsoptera Dokhtouroff 1883 Enantiola Rivalier 1961 Eunota Rivalier 1954 Euprosopus Dejean 1825 Euryarthron Guerin Meneville 1849 Eurymorpha Hope 1838 Euzona Rivalier 1963 Grammognatha Motschulsky 1850 Grandopronotalia W Horn 1936 Guineica Rivalier 1963 Habrodera Motschulsky 1862 Habroscelimorpha Dokhtouroff 1883 Heptodonta Hope 1838 Hypaetha Leconte 1860 Hujia Song Jarzembowski and Xiao 2022 Iresia Dejean 1831 Jansenia Chaudoir 1865 Jundlandia LeConte 1854 Langea W Horn 1901 Leptognatha Rivalier 1963 Lophyra Motschulsky 1859 Macfarlandia Sumlin 1981 Manautea Deuve 2006 Mantica Kolbe 1896 Manticora Fabricius 1781 Megacephala Latreille 1802 Megalomma Westwood 1842 Metriocheila Thomson 1857 Micromentignatha Sumlin 1981 Microthylax Rivalier 1954 Myriochila Motschulsky 1862 Naviauxella Cassola 1988 Neochila Basilewsky 1953 Neocicindela Rivalier 1963 Neocollyris W Horn 1901 Neolaphyra Bedel 1895 Nickerlea W Horn 1899 Notospira Rivalier 1961 Odontocheila Laporte 1834 Omus Eschscholtz 1829 Opilidia Rivalier 1954 Opisthencentrus W Horn 1893 Orthocindela Rivalier 1972 Oxycheila Dejean 1825 Oxycheilopsis Cassola amp Werner 2004 Oxygonia Mannerheim 1837 Oxygoniola W Horn 1892 Paraphysodeutera J Moravec 2002 Pentacomia Bates 1872 Peridexia Chaudoir 1860 Phaeoxantha Chaudoir 1850 Phyllodroma Lacordaire 1843 Physodeutera Lacordaire 1843 Picnochile Motschulsky 1856 Platychile Macleay 1825 Pogonostoma Klug 1835 Polyrhanis Rivalier 1963 Pometon Fleutiaux 1899 Prepusa Chaudoir 1850 Probstia Cassola 2002 Pronyssa Bates 1874 Pronyssiformia W Horn 1929 Prothyma Hope 1838 Prothymidia Rivalier 1957 Protocollyris Mandl 1975 Pseudotetracha Fleutiaux 1894 Pseudoxycheila Guerin Meneville 1839 Rhysopleura Sloane 1906 Rhytidophaena Bates 1891 Rivacindela Nidek 1973 Ronhuberia J Moravec amp Kudrna 2002 Salpingophora Rivalier 1950 Socotrana Cassola amp Wranik 1998 Stenocosmia Rivalier 1965 Sumlinia Cassola amp Werner 2001 Tetracha Hope 1838 Therates Latreille 1816 Thopeutica Schaum 1861 Tricondyla Latreille 1822 Vata Fauvel 1903 Waltherhornia Olsoufieff 1934Citations edit a b Duran Daniel P Gough Harlan M 2020 Validation of tiger beetles as distinct family Coleoptera Cicindelidae review and reclassification of tribal relationships Systematic Entomology syen 12440 doi 10 1111 syen 12440 ISSN 0307 6970 a b Friedlander Blaine 1998 01 16 Cornell News Jan 16 1998 When tiger beetles chase prey at high speeds they go blind temporarily Cornell entomologists learn News cornell edu Retrieved 2020 10 26 Pearson D L amp F Cassola 2005 a b c Vasilikopoulos Alexandros Balke Michael Kukowka Sandra Pflug James M Martin Sebastian Meusemann Karen Hendrich Lars Mayer Christoph Maddison David R Niehuis Oliver Beutel Rolf G Misof Bernhard October 2021 Phylogenomic analyses clarify the pattern of evolution of Adephaga Coleoptera and highlight phylogenetic artefacts due to model misspecification and excessive data trimming Systematic Entomology 46 4 991 1018 doi 10 1111 syen 12508 ISSN 0307 6970 Pearson David L 2001 Tiger beetles the evolution ecology and diversity of the cicindelids Ithaca Comstock Publishing Associates p 261 ISBN 0801438829 Werner K 2000 Rodriguez Jon Paul Pearson David L Barrera Roberto R 1998 A test for the adequacy of bioindicator taxa Are tiger beetles Coleoptera Cicindelidae appropriate indicators for monitoring the degradation of tropical forests in Venezuela Biological Conservation 83 1 69 76 doi 10 1016 S0006 3207 97 00017 7 ISSN 0006 3207 Carroll Steven S Pearson David L 1998 SPATIAL MODELING OF BUTTERFLY SPECIES RICHNESS USING TIGER BEETLES CICINDELIDAE AS A BIOINDICATOR TAXON Ecological Applications 8 2 531 543 doi 10 1890 1051 0761 1998 008 0531 SMOBSR 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 1051 0761 Burdick D J and Wasbauer M S 1959 Biology of Methocha californica Westwood Hymenoptera Tiphiidae Wasmann Jour Biol 17 75 88 Department of Environmental Conservation Blinded by speed tiger beetles use antennae to see while running ScienceDaily Retrieved 2020 10 26 Layne J E Chen P W amp Gilbert C 2006 The role of target elevation in prey selection by tiger beetles Carabidae Cicindela spp Journal of Experimental Biology 209 Pt 21 4295 4303 a b c Zhao Xiangdong Zhao Xianye Chen Lei Wang Bo 2019 The earliest tiger beetle from the Lower Cretaceous of China Coleoptera Cicindelinae Cretaceous Research 94 147 151 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2018 10 019 S2CID 134441297 Gough Harlan M Duran Daniel P Kawahara Akito Y Toussaint Emmanuel F A 2018 A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of tiger beetles Coleoptera Carabidae Cicindelinae Systematic Entomology 44 2 1 17 doi 10 1111 syen 12324 S2CID 54046862 Gough Harlan M Duran Daniel P Kawahara Akito Y Toussaint Emmanuel F A 2019 A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of tiger beetles Coleoptera Carabidae Cicindelinae Molecular phylogeny of Cicindelinae Systematic Entomology 44 2 305 321 doi 10 1111 syen 12324 S2CID 54046862 Baca Stephen M Gustafson Grey T Alexander Alana M Gough Harlan M Toussaint Emmanuel F A October 2021 Integrative phylogenomics reveals a Permian origin of Adephaga beetles Systematic Entomology 46 4 968 990 doi 10 1111 syen 12506 ISSN 0307 6970 S2CID 237486703 General and cited references edit Further new country records of African Tiger Beetles with some taxonomical note Coleoptera Cicindelidae by Peter Schule Entomologia Africana 15 2 2010 The Tiger beetles of Africa by Karl Werner Taita Publishers 2000 A Quantitative Analysis of Species Descriptions of Tiger Beetles Coleoptera Cicindelidae from 1758 to 2004 and Notes about Related Developments in Biodiversity Studies by D L Pearson and F Cassola The Coleopterists Bulletin Vol 59 no 2 June 2005 Tiger Beetles of Alberta Killers on the Clay Stalkers on the Sand by John Acorn University of Alberta Press 2001 Tiger Beetles The Evolution Ecology and Diversity of the Cicindelids by David L Pearson and Alfried P Vogler Cornell University Press 2001 A Field Guide to the Tiger Beetles of the United States and Canada by David L Pearson C Barry Knisley and Charles J Kazilek Oxford University Press 2005 The Beetles of the World volume 13 Archived 2010 08 05 at the Wayback Machine volume 15 Archived 2010 08 05 at the Wayback Machine volume 18 Archived 2010 10 06 at the Wayback Machine and 20 volume 20 by Karl Werner Sciences Nat Venette 1991 1992 1993 amp 1995 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cicindelidae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Cicindelinae Cicindela Online https web archive org web 20060831202838 http homepage3 nifty com trechinae cicinw htm in Japanese Planet s Coolest Critters Tiger Beetles Tiger Beetles of the U S A Tiger Beetles of Papua Indonesia Tiger beetles of Florida on the UF IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Moravec J 2010 Tiger Beetles of the Madagascan Region Madagascar Seychelles Comoros Mascarenes and other islands Taxonomic revision of the 17 genera occurring in the region Coleoptera Cicindelidae 430 pp Siuslaw Hairy Necked Tiger Beetle Archived 2020 06 29 at the Wayback Machine Video produced by Oregon Field Guide Strunc V 2020 Tiger Beetles of the World Illustrated guide to the genera 338 species Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tiger beetle amp oldid 1216152971, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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