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The Tibet Area was a province-level administrative division of the Republic of China which consisted of Ü-Tsang (central Tibet) and Ngari (western Tibet) areas, but excluding the Amdo and Kham areas.[1][2][3] However, the Republic of China never exercised control over the territory, which was ruled by the Ganden Phodrang government in Lhasa. The People's Republic of China, which overthrew the ROC on the mainland in 1949, invaded Chamdo (not part of Tibet Area until 1951) in 1950 and incorporated the Dalai Lama-controlled regions in 1951.[4] After the 1959 Tibetan rebellion, the State Council of the PRC ordered the replacement of the Tibetan Kashag government with the "Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region" (PCTAR). The current Tibet Autonomous Region was established as a province-level division of the People's Republic of China in 1965.
In the 18th century, the Qing dynasty established a protectorate over Tibet. After the 1904 Younghusband expedition, China attempted to exert more direct control over Tibet, including incursions and occupation of the Kham region. However, after the 1911 Xinhai Revolution which overthrew the Qing dynasty, Tibet disarmed and expelled all the Chinese officials from the Tibet Area. The newly established Republic of China unilaterally declared Tibet as being part of the "Five Races under One Union". However its policy was not consistent. While its constitution and communications with external powers maintained that Tibet was a "province" of the Republic of China, it recognized that Tibet was not part of China, inviting them to "join" China. The Dalai Lama and the Tibetan administration consistently refused the invitation. They maintained that under the priest–patron relationship that prevailed under the Qing dynasty, Tibet enjoyed wide independence and they wished to preserve it.[5]
The People's Republic of China (PRC), after its establishment, fought and defeated the Tibetans at the 1950 Battle of Chamdo, and took control of Tibet.[7] The ROC government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, continued to claim Tibet as an integral part of its territory, contrary to the claims of the Dalai Lama's Central Tibetan Administration which claimed Tibetan independence.
After the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, Chiang Kai-shek announced in his Letter to Tibetan Compatriots (Chinese: 告西藏同胞書; pinyin: Gào Xīzàng Tóngbāo Shū) that the ROC's policy would be to help the Tibetan diaspora overthrow the People's Republic of China's rule in Tibet. The MTAC sent secret agents to India to disseminate pro-Kuomintang (KMT) and anti-Communist propaganda among Tibetan exiles. In the following years, the MTAC recruited Tibetans to Taiwan to study and work, roughly 400 in number.[8][9][10]
After democratization in mid 1990s, the position of the Republic of China with regard to Tibet shifted. In the opening speech to the International Symposium on Human Rights in Tibet on 8September 2007, ROC President Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party stated that his offices no longer treated exiled Tibetans as Chinese mainlanders.[11] The MTAC was dissolved in 2017 by the Tsai Ing-wen administration, with its remaining functions to be taken on by the Department of Hong Kong, Macao, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet Affairs of the Mainland Affairs Council as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[12]
^ Ma, Rong (2011), Population and Society in Contemporary Tibet, Hong Kong University Press, pp. 17–18, ISBN978-962-209-202-0
^Tibet, worldpopulationreview.com, 2018: "Tibet is an autonomous region located in the People's Republic of China. Tibet was established in 1965 and replaced the administrative division known as the Tibet Area."
^Geoffrey Migiro, Is Tibet a Country?, worldatlas.com, September 14, 2018:"Tibet is an autonomous region of People's Republic of China which was established in 1965 to replace an administrative region known as Tibet Area which they inherited from Republic of China."
^ Ling, Nai-min (1968), Tibet, 1950-1967, Union Research Institute, p. 743: "In 1951, the Chinese Communists had set up the Work Committee of the CCP for the Tibet Area. It became the supreme power organization in the Tibet area during the revolt."
^Okawa, Kensaku (2007). (PDF). The Memoirs of the Institute of Oriental Culture. University of Tokyo. 152: 588–589, 596, 599, 602–603, 607. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012.
^"The Issue of Tibet in China-US Relations During The Second World War".
^The last of the Tibetans 2009-12-10 at the Wayback Machine By Ian Buruma
^'President Chen Shui-bian's Remarks at the Opening Ceremony of the 2007 International Symposium on Human Rights in Tibet' Sep 8, 2007[dead link]
^"Taiwan calls time on Mongolia and Tibet affairs commission". South China Morning Post. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
Bibliographyedit
Yu, Fu-Lai Tony; Kwan, Diana S. (2020), Social Construction of National Reality: Taiwan, Tibet and Hong Kong, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN978-1-4985-9243-7
December 01, 2023
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese March 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at zh 西藏地方 see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated zh 西藏地方 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Tibet Area was a province level administrative division of the Republic of China which consisted of U Tsang central Tibet and Ngari western Tibet areas but excluding the Amdo and Kham areas 1 2 3 However the Republic of China never exercised control over the territory which was ruled by the Ganden Phodrang government in Lhasa The People s Republic of China which overthrew the ROC on the mainland in 1949 invaded Chamdo not part of Tibet Area until 1951 in 1950 and incorporated the Dalai Lama controlled regions in 1951 4 After the 1959 Tibetan rebellion the State Council of the PRC ordered the replacement of the Tibetan Kashag government with the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region PCTAR The current Tibet Autonomous Region was established as a province level division of the People s Republic of China in 1965 Tibet Area西藏地方 བ ད ལ ངསArea of the Republic of China 1912 1951 Area of the People s Republic of China 1951 1965 1912 1965Map of the de jure Tibet Area within the ROCCapitalLhasaArea 19531 221 600 km2 471 700 sq mi Population 19531 274 969HistoryHistory Tibet Area established1 January 1912 Established1951 Seventeen PointAgreement23 May 1951 Replacement of Kashag with the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Regionafter the 1959 Tibetan rebellion1959 Sino Indian War20 October 1962 Establishment of theTibet Autonomous Region22 April 1965Preceded by Succeeded byTibet under Qing ruleTibet Tibet Autonomous RegionArunachal PradeshJammu and KashmirToday part ofPeople s Republic of ChinaIndia Contents 1 Background 2 Administrative divisions 2 1 1956 1959 3 See also 4 References 5 BibliographyBackground editMain article Tibetan sovereignty debate In the 18th century the Qing dynasty established a protectorate over Tibet After the 1904 Younghusband expedition China attempted to exert more direct control over Tibet including incursions and occupation of the Kham region However after the 1911 Xinhai Revolution which overthrew the Qing dynasty Tibet disarmed and expelled all the Chinese officials from the Tibet Area The newly established Republic of China unilaterally declared Tibet as being part of the Five Races under One Union However its policy was not consistent While its constitution and communications with external powers maintained that Tibet was a province of the Republic of China it recognized that Tibet was not part of China inviting them to join China The Dalai Lama and the Tibetan administration consistently refused the invitation They maintained that under the priest patron relationship that prevailed under the Qing dynasty Tibet enjoyed wide independence and they wished to preserve it 5 Although there was no Chinese control over Tibet throughout the life of Republican China the ROC asserted that Tibet was placed under the sovereignty of China when the Qing dynasty 1636 1912 ended the brief Nepalese invasion 1788 1792 of parts of Tibet in c 1793 6 In 1912 the ROC established a cabinet level Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission MTAC led by the Executive Yuan in charge of the administration of Tibet and Outer Mongolia regions The People s Republic of China PRC after its establishment fought and defeated the Tibetans at the 1950 Battle of Chamdo and took control of Tibet 7 The ROC government led by Chiang Kai shek continued to claim Tibet as an integral part of its territory contrary to the claims of the Dalai Lama s Central Tibetan Administration which claimed Tibetan independence After the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion Chiang Kai shek announced in his Letter to Tibetan Compatriots Chinese 告西藏同胞書 pinyin Gao Xizang Tongbao Shu that the ROC s policy would be to help the Tibetan diaspora overthrow the People s Republic of China s rule in Tibet The MTAC sent secret agents to India to disseminate pro Kuomintang KMT and anti Communist propaganda among Tibetan exiles In the following years the MTAC recruited Tibetans to Taiwan to study and work roughly 400 in number 8 9 10 After democratization in mid 1990s the position of the Republic of China with regard to Tibet shifted In the opening speech to the International Symposium on Human Rights in Tibet on 8 September 2007 ROC President Chen Shui bian of the Democratic Progressive Party stated that his offices no longer treated exiled Tibetans as Chinese mainlanders 11 The MTAC was dissolved in 2017 by the Tsai Ing wen administration with its remaining functions to be taken on by the Department of Hong Kong Macao Inner Mongolia and Tibet Affairs of the Mainland Affairs Council as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 12 Administrative divisions editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message 1956 1959 edit Administrative divisions setup by the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region nbsp Flag of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region 中央代表团 Central Government Representative Team Division 专区 Tibetan Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin County 宗 Lhasa Division Office 拉萨办事处 Lasa Banshichu 9 countiesXigaze Division Office 日喀则办事处 Rikaze Banshichu 12 countiesHeihe Division Office 黑河办事处 Heihe Banshichu 4 countiesNgari Division Office 阿里办事处 Alǐ Banshichu 8 countiesShannan Division Office 山南办事处 Shannan Banshichu 10 countiesTagong Division Office 塔工办事处 Tǎgōng Banshichu 6 countiesGyangze Division Office 江孜办事处 Jiangzi Banshichu 6 countiesQamdo Division Office 昌都办事处 Changdu Banshichu 18 countiesSee also edit nbsp China portal nbsp Taiwan portal nbsp Asia portalTibet 1912 1951 Sino Tibetan War 1930 1932 Qinghai Tibet War 1932 Central Tibetan Administration established 1959 References edit Ma Rong 2011 Population and Society in Contemporary Tibet Hong Kong University Press pp 17 18 ISBN 978 962 209 202 0 Tibet worldpopulationreview com 2018 Tibet is an autonomous region located in the People s Republic of China Tibet was established in 1965 and replaced the administrative division known as the Tibet Area Geoffrey Migiro Is Tibet a Country worldatlas com September 14 2018 Tibet is an autonomous region of People s Republic of China which was established in 1965 to replace an administrative region known as Tibet Area which they inherited from Republic of China Ling Nai min 1968 Tibet 1950 1967 Union Research Institute p 743 In 1951 the Chinese Communists had set up the Work Committee of the CCP for the Tibet Area It became the supreme power organization in the Tibet area during the revolt Yu amp Kwan 2020 pp 86 87 Sperling 2004 pp 6 7 Goldstein 1989 p 72 Both cite the ROC s position paper at the 1914 Simla Conference Yu amp Kwan 2020 p 87 Okawa Kensaku 2007 Lessons from Tibetans in Taiwan Their history current situation and relationship with Taiwanese nationalism PDF The Memoirs of the Institute of Oriental Culture University of Tokyo 152 588 589 596 599 602 603 607 Archived from the original PDF on 24 April 2012 The Issue of Tibet in China US Relations During The Second World War The last of the Tibetans Archived 2009 12 10 at the Wayback Machine By Ian Buruma President Chen Shui bian s Remarks at the Opening Ceremony of the 2007 International Symposium on Human Rights in Tibet Sep 8 2007 dead link Taiwan calls time on Mongolia and Tibet affairs commission South China Morning Post 16 August 2017 Retrieved 26 April 2020 Bibliography editYu Fu Lai Tony Kwan Diana S 2020 Social Construction of National Reality Taiwan Tibet and Hong Kong Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1 4985 9243 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tibet Area administrative division amp oldid 1182838349, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
