The Thổethnic group (also Keo, Mon, Cuoi, Ho, Tay Poong) inhabits the mountainous regions of northern Vietnam, mainly Nghệ An Province southwest of Hanoi. Many Thổ speak the Tho language, which is closely related to Vietnamese. The Thổ population numbered 91,430 in 2019.[1]
The Thổ are one of the 4 main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Việt, Mường, and Chứt. The name Thổ, which means "autochthonous" was originally applied to the Tày ethnic group, however this usage is obsolete.
The Thổ people are a heterogeneous mix of different Vietic peoples. Around the end of the 17th century, Vietnam experienced multiple social upheavals that caused multiple migrations of Viet and Muong peoples into territory of other Vietic speaking ethnic minorities such as the Cuối and intermixed with the local populations. After a period of evolution, were given the name Thổ. Their culture combines elements of Viet and Muong culture, with elements of Thái culture.[2] Their clothing is a mix of Vietnamese, Muong, and Tai traditions from the early modern period. Some women wear clothing similar to the Áo bà ba or the Áo tứ thân, but with a Sarong and a Kerchief. Men wear simple tunics and pants. Just like with the Muong, many clothing items are purchased from the Thái. They mainly grow rice and ramie, and use hemp to make bags, hammocks and nets. In the northern communes of Nghệ An, the stilt houses are identical to that of the Muong. In the South, however, they are in the Thái style.
Subdivisions
Thổ consists of various different ethnolinguistic groups. Quán Vi Miên (2013:12) lists the following branches.
Họ (Lao/Thai exonym for the Han Chinese)
Kẹo (Keo) (Lao/Thai exonym for ethnic Kinh or Vietnamese)
Mọn (Mol) (Mường autonym)
Cuối
Đan Lai
Ly Hà
Tày Poọng (Phoọng, Poọng, Phống) (Lao exonym for the "Khạ", or Mon-Khmer hill tribes)
Languages
Thổ is a heterogeneous group; thus, local groups have distinct languages. However, all of Thổ languages belong to Vietic branch . Nguyễn Hữu Hoành (2009) classify Thổ languages into 5 groups base on their position in Vietic branch.[3]
Tày Poọng (Poong or Phong) and Đan Lai (Liha) - Lexicostatistical studies have found that Đan Lai and Poọng sharing 85% basic lexicon. Thus, Nguyễn (2009) identify them as dialects of a language. The speakers of this language reside mainly in Con Cuông and Tương Dương districts. It may also have close relation with Hung language (Toum) in Laos.
Cuối, Nguyễn (2009) pointed out that Cuối is a distinct language with Vietnamese, Muong and Poọng-Đan Lai. This language have two dialects Cuối Chăm in Tân Hợp commune (Tân Kỳ district) and Cuối Nếp (or Cuối Làng Lỡ) in Thái Hòa town. Because of sharing 66% basic lexicon with Poọng, Nguyễn (2009) proposed to group Cuối with Tày Poọng-Đan Lai to form a subbranch in Vietic, parallel to Việt-Mường branch and Chứt branch.
The position of Thổ languages in Vietic branch
Mọn and Họ, The two dialects share 98% basic lexicon and have a closer relation with Mường languages than Cuối and Poọng. They share 77%, 79% and 71% core lexicon with Mường Bi language, Mường Ống language and Nghệ An dialect of Vietnamese, respectively. Especially, Mọn and Họ are lexical closest with a Mường language in Như Xuân district (84%). Therefore, Nguyễn (2009) group them into a single language in Việt-Mường branch which have a closer relation with Mường languages. Maspéro (1912) named this language as Southern Mường language
Kẹo share 99% lexicon with Nghệ An dialect of Vietnamese. Thus, Nguyễn(2009) classified Kẹo as a dialect of Vietnamese or even a sub-dialect of Nghệ An dialect
Thổ Lâm La and Thổ Như Xuân share respectively 94% and 95% basic lexicon with Nghệ An dialect. However, Nguyễn (2009) argued that two Thổ languages experienced a different phonological innovation with Vietnamese. Thus, he place it into a grey area between being dialects of Vietnamese or being member languages of Viet-Muong branch (Nguồn has a similar status).
Distribution
As of 2009, 80% (59,579 persons) of all ethnic Thổ live in Nghệ An Province, while 13% (9,652 persons) are found in Thanh Hóa Province Quán Vi Miên (2013:11).
Quán Vi Miên (2013:12-13) lists ethnic Thổ populations and branches (ethnic subdivisions) for the following districts of Nghệ An Province.
Quỳ Hợp District: 18,394 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn branches, in the following communes:
^ ab"Report on Results of the 2019 Census". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^"Tho People in Vietnam". www.vietnamroyaltourism.com. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
^“Nguyễn Hữu Hoành. 2009. Tìm hiểu ngôn ngữ các dân tộc ở Việt Nam: Vấn đề dân tộc Thổ xét từ góc độ ngôn ngữ, Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học xã hội.[1]”
Quán Vi Miên. 2013. Văn hóa dân gian: dân tộc Thổ. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa thông tin.
Thi Nhị & Trần Mạnh Cát (1975). "Vài nét về người Thổ ở Nghệ An". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam, 444-455. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
Đặng Nghiêm Vạn & Nguyễn Anh Ngọc (1975). "Vài nét về ba nhóm Đan Lai, Ly Hà va 'Tày Poọng'". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam, 456-471. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
March 10, 2023
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The Thổ ethnic group also Keo Mon Cuoi Ho Tay Poong inhabits the mountainous regions of northern Vietnam mainly Nghệ An Province southwest of Hanoi Many Thổ speak the Tho language which is closely related to Vietnamese The Thổ population numbered 91 430 in 2019 1 ThổTotal population91 430 2019 1 Regions with significant populations Vietnam Nghệ An Province Laos Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province LanguagesTho Vietic languages Vietnamese LaoReligionBuddhism AnimismThe Thổ are one of the 4 main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam the others being the Việt Mường and Chứt The name Thổ which means autochthonous was originally applied to the Tay ethnic group however this usage is obsolete Contents 1 History 2 Subdivisions 3 Languages 4 Distribution 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory Edit A traditional Tho dress The Thổ people are a heterogeneous mix of different Vietic peoples Around the end of the 17th century Vietnam experienced multiple social upheavals that caused multiple migrations of Viet and Muong peoples into territory of other Vietic speaking ethnic minorities such as the Cuối and intermixed with the local populations After a period of evolution were given the name Thổ Their culture combines elements of Viet and Muong culture with elements of Thai culture 2 Their clothing is a mix of Vietnamese Muong and Tai traditions from the early modern period Some women wear clothing similar to the Ao ba ba or the Ao tứ than but with a Sarong and a Kerchief Men wear simple tunics and pants Just like with the Muong many clothing items are purchased from the Thai They mainly grow rice and ramie and use hemp to make bags hammocks and nets In the northern communes of Nghệ An the stilt houses are identical to that of the Muong In the South however they are in the Thai style Subdivisions EditThổ consists of various different ethnolinguistic groups Quan Vi Mien 2013 12 lists the following branches Họ Lao Thai exonym for the Han Chinese Kẹo Keo Lao Thai exonym for ethnic Kinh or Vietnamese Mọn Mol Mường autonym Cuối Đan Lai Ly Ha Tay Poọng Phoọng Poọng Phống Lao exonym for the Khạ or Mon Khmer hill tribes Languages EditThổ is a heterogeneous group thus local groups have distinct languages However all of Thổ languages belong to Vietic branch Nguyễn Hữu Hoanh 2009 classify Thổ languages into 5 groups base on their position in Vietic branch 3 Tay Poọng Poong or Phong and Đan Lai Liha Lexicostatistical studies have found that Đan Lai and Poọng sharing 85 basic lexicon Thus Nguyễn 2009 identify them as dialects of a language The speakers of this language reside mainly in Con Cuong and Tương Dương districts It may also have close relation with Hung language Toum in Laos Cuối Nguyễn 2009 pointed out that Cuối is a distinct language with Vietnamese Muong and Poọng Đan Lai This language have two dialects Cuối Chăm in Tan Hợp commune Tan Kỳ district and Cuối Nếp or Cuối Lang Lỡ in Thai Hoa town Because of sharing 66 basic lexicon with Poọng Nguyễn 2009 proposed to group Cuối with Tay Poọng Đan Lai to form a subbranch in Vietic parallel to Việt Mường branch and Chứt branch The position of Thổ languages in Vietic branch Mọn and Họ The two dialects share 98 basic lexicon and have a closer relation with Mường languages than Cuối and Poọng They share 77 79 and 71 core lexicon with Mường Bi language Mường Ống language and Nghệ An dialect of Vietnamese respectively Especially Mọn and Họ are lexical closest with a Mường language in Như Xuan district 84 Therefore Nguyễn 2009 group them into a single language in Việt Mường branch which have a closer relation with Mường languages Maspero 1912 named this language as Southern Mường language Kẹo share 99 lexicon with Nghệ An dialect of Vietnamese Thus Nguyễn 2009 classified Kẹo as a dialect of Vietnamese or even a sub dialect of Nghệ An dialect Thổ Lam La and Thổ Như Xuan share respectively 94 and 95 basic lexicon with Nghệ An dialect However Nguyễn 2009 argued that two Thổ languages experienced a different phonological innovation with Vietnamese Thus he place it into a grey area between being dialects of Vietnamese or being member languages of Viet Muong branch Nguồn has a similar status Distribution EditAs of 2009 80 59 579 persons of all ethnic Thổ live in Nghệ An Province while 13 9 652 persons are found in Thanh Hoa Province Quan Vi Mien 2013 11 Quan Vi Mien 2013 12 13 lists ethnic Thổ populations and branches ethnic subdivisions for the following districts of Nghệ An Province Quỳ Hợp District 18 394 people Họ Kẹo Mọn branches in the following communes Tam Hợp 5 515 ethnic Thổ Nghĩa Xuan 3 855 ethnic Thổ Minh Hợp 1 983 ethnic Thổ Hạ Sơn 2 652 ethnic Thổ Văn Lợi 2 403 ethnic Thổ Thọ Hợp 1 730 ethnic Thổ Quỳ Hợp city 265 ethnic Thổ Nghĩa Đan District 28 487 people Họ Kẹo Mọn Cuối Đếp branches Tan Kỳ District 15 695 people Họ Kẹo Mọn Cuối Chăm branches Con Cuong District 3 220 people Đan Lai Ly Ha branches Tương Dương District 436 people Tay Poọng branchSee also EditList of ethnic groups in VietnamReferences Edit a b Report on Results of the 2019 Census General Statistics Office of Vietnam Retrieved 1 May 2020 Tho People in Vietnam www vietnamroyaltourism com Retrieved 2020 01 22 Nguyễn Hữu Hoanh 2009 Tim hiểu ngon ngữ cac dan tộc ở Việt Nam Vấn đề dan tộc Thổ xet từ goc độ ngon ngữ Ha Nội NXB Khoa học xa hội 1 Quan Vi Mien 2013 Văn hoa dan gian dan tộc Thổ Ha Nội Nha xuất bản văn hoa thong tin Thi Nhị amp Trần Mạnh Cat 1975 Vai net về người Thổ ở Nghệ An In Ủy ban khoa học xa hội Việt Nam Viện dan tộc học Về vấn đề xac định thanh phần cac dan tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam 444 455 Ha Nội Nha xuất bản khoa học xa hội Đặng Nghiem Vạn amp Nguyễn Anh Ngọc 1975 Vai net về ba nhom Đan Lai Ly Ha va Tay Poọng In Ủy ban khoa học xa hội Việt Nam Viện dan tộc học Về vấn đề xac định thanh phần cac dan tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam 456 471 Ha Nội Nha xuất bản khoa học xa hội Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thổ people amp oldid 1099592080, 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