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Theosodon was long-legged with a long neck resembling modern llamas or guanacos. It was large for a litoptern, reaching up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) in length and weighing up to 170 kilograms (370 lb).[2]
It had a long neck and tapir-like, three-toed feet,[2][3] and like other litopterns and modern horses, tapirs and rhinos, it bore its weight on its middle toes.[2]
Extraordinarily, rather than having nostrils at the front of its head, Theosodon had its nostrils on the top of its snout, halfway between the forehead and the tip of the snout, and its nostrils pointed upwards rather than forwards, possibly as an adaptation for browsing on prickly vegetation.[2]
History and speciesedit
Theosodon has been known since the 19th century, and by 1910 seven species had been described within the genus, all from the early MioceneSanta Cruz Formation in Argentina.[4] The name Theosodon means "god tooth". The first fossils were only dental remains, but it is unknown why this name was given.[2] Though seven species had originally been described, the exact number of discovered species remains uncertain as it varies between different authors. There are either ten or seven species, and in 2014 Schmidt and Ferrero put forward that the genus needed a full taxonomic revision due to this issue.[4]
"Theosodon" hystatusedit
In 1931, fossils found in the late Miocene Arroyo Chasicó Formation were assigned to the genus under the name Theosodon hystatus. This was questioned in 1995, and in 2014 it was moved to the genus Paranauchenia due to similarities to the species Paranauchenia denticulata. This move was supported by phylogenetic analysis that showed the two species formed monophyletic clade.[4]
"Theosodon" arozquetaiedit
In 2018 a new species of macraucheniid litoptern was described based on the partial remains of a skull and two metapodials. A phylogenetic analysis tentatively linked the species to Theosodon as a sister clade and it was named Theosodon arozquetai pending revision. Its body mass was estimated to be somewhere from 80.8 to 116.2 kilograms (178 to 256 lb). It dated to the middle Miocene, about 13 million years ago, somewhat later than most other Theosodon species.[5]
Classificationedit
Reconstructed skeleton
Theosodon is in the subfamily Cramaucheniinae within the family Macraucheniidae. A phylogenetic analysis of the family in 2014 found that Cramaucheniinae is a paraphyletic group, and that Theosodon is a sister clade to the subfamily Macraucheniinae, the least primitive of the members of Cramaucheniinae.[4]
Restoration of Theosodon garretorum and Borhyaena tuberata
Theosodon was a terrestrial and cursorial animal that may have lived in both forests and more open environments.[2] Due to its size and its long neck, Theosodon was likely a high browser, stripping leaves off of trees and shrubs high off the ground.[2]Theosodon had a slender jaw compared to many other litopterns, indicating its food was softer,[6] such as dicotyledons.[7] As its nostrils are upward-facing and at the centre of its head rather than the front, Theosodon may have used this adaptation to feed on thorny plants. Some modern animals such as giraffes feed on thorny plants, and their nostrils are also further back and face more upwards than forwards.[2]
^Scott, William B. (1910). The Litopterna of the Santa Cruz Beds. Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
^Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 247. ISBN1-84028-152-9.
^ abcdSchmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Family". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1231–1238. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. hdl:11336/18953.
^Fonseca, Lurdes (31 May 2018). "Just out | Two new macraucheniids (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the late middle Miocene (Laventan South American Land Mammal Age) of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia @ Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | Paleowire". Retrieved 6 June 2018.
^Cassini, Guillermo; Vizcaíno, Sergio (9 December 2011). "An Approach to the Biomechanics of the Masticatory Apparatus of Early Miocene (Santacrucian Age) South American Ungulates (Astrapotheria, Litopterna, and Notounguluata): Moment Arm Estimation Based on 3D Landmarks". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 19 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9179-5. hdl:11336/17970.
^Cassini, Guillermo (April 2013). "Skull Geometric Morphometrics and Paleoecology of Santacrucian (Late Early Miocene; Patagonia) Native Ungulates (Astrapotheria, Litopterna, and Notoungulata)". Ameghiniana. 50 (2): 193–216.
^Soria, Miguel Fernando (1981). "Los Litopterna del Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno tardío) de la Argentina". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia." (3): 1–54.
^Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005). "Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia" (in Spanish). 42 (3): 611–625. ISSN 1851-8044. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian June 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 2 992 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at it Theosodon see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated it Theosodon to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Theosodon is an extinct genus of litoptern mammal from the Early to Middle Miocene of South America TheosodonTemporal range Early Mid Miocene Colhuehuapian Laventan 21 0 11 8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NTheosodon patagonicum skullScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder LitopternaFamily MacraucheniidaeSubfamily CramaucheniinaeGenus TheosodonAmeghino 1887Type species Theosodon lydekkeriAmeghino 1887SpeciesT arozquetai McGrath et al 2018 T fontanae Ameghino 1891 T garretorum Scott 1910 T gracilis Ameghino 1891 T karaikensis Ameghino 1904 T lallemanti Mercerat 1891 T lydekkeri Ameghino 1887 T patagonicum Ameghino 1891 SynonymsPseudocoelosoma 1 Ameghino 1891 Contents 1 Description 2 History and species 2 1 Theosodon hystatus 2 2 Theosodon arozquetai 3 Classification 4 Paleobiology 5 ReferencesDescription edit nbsp ReconstructionTheosodon was long legged with a long neck resembling modern llamas or guanacos It was large for a litoptern reaching up to 2 metres 6 6 ft in length and weighing up to 170 kilograms 370 lb 2 It had a long neck and tapir like three toed feet 2 3 and like other litopterns and modern horses tapirs and rhinos it bore its weight on its middle toes 2 Extraordinarily rather than having nostrils at the front of its head Theosodon had its nostrils on the top of its snout halfway between the forehead and the tip of the snout and its nostrils pointed upwards rather than forwards possibly as an adaptation for browsing on prickly vegetation 2 History and species editTheosodon has been known since the 19th century and by 1910 seven species had been described within the genus all from the early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation in Argentina 4 The name Theosodon means god tooth The first fossils were only dental remains but it is unknown why this name was given 2 Though seven species had originally been described the exact number of discovered species remains uncertain as it varies between different authors There are either ten or seven species and in 2014 Schmidt and Ferrero put forward that the genus needed a full taxonomic revision due to this issue 4 Theosodon hystatus edit In 1931 fossils found in the late Miocene Arroyo Chasico Formation were assigned to the genus under the name Theosodon hystatus This was questioned in 1995 and in 2014 it was moved to the genus Paranauchenia due to similarities to the species Paranauchenia denticulata This move was supported by phylogenetic analysis that showed the two species formed monophyletic clade 4 Theosodon arozquetai edit In 2018 a new species of macraucheniid litoptern was described based on the partial remains of a skull and two metapodials A phylogenetic analysis tentatively linked the species to Theosodon as a sister clade and it was named Theosodon arozquetai pending revision Its body mass was estimated to be somewhere from 80 8 to 116 2 kilograms 178 to 256 lb It dated to the middle Miocene about 13 million years ago somewhat later than most other Theosodon species 5 Classification edit nbsp Reconstructed skeletonTheosodon is in the subfamily Cramaucheniinae within the family Macraucheniidae A phylogenetic analysis of the family in 2014 found that Cramaucheniinae is a paraphyletic group and that Theosodon is a sister clade to the subfamily Macraucheniinae the least primitive of the members of Cramaucheniinae 4 ProadiantusTricoelodusPolymorphisPternoconiusConiopterniumCramaucheniaTheosodonScalabrinitheriumOxyodontheriumHuayquerianaParanauchenia denticulataParanauchenia hystatusCulliniaPromacraucheniaWindhauseniaXenorhinotheriumMacraucheniopsisMacrauchenia Cramaucheniinae MacraucheniinaePaleobiology edit nbsp Restoration of Theosodon garretorum and Borhyaena tuberataTheosodon was a terrestrial and cursorial animal that may have lived in both forests and more open environments 2 Due to its size and its long neck Theosodon was likely a high browser stripping leaves off of trees and shrubs high off the ground 2 Theosodon had a slender jaw compared to many other litopterns indicating its food was softer 6 such as dicotyledons 7 As its nostrils are upward facing and at the centre of its head rather than the front Theosodon may have used this adaptation to feed on thorny plants Some modern animals such as giraffes feed on thorny plants and their nostrils are also further back and face more upwards than forwards 2 Other fossils were found in the Sarmiento Formation of Argentina 8 9 the Yecua Formation of Bolivia the Honda Group of Colombia the Chucal and Rio Frias Formations of Chile and the Ipururo Formation of Peru 10 References edit nbsp Paleontology portal nbsp Prehistoric mammals portal Scott William B 1910 The Litopterna of the Santa Cruz Beds Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia 1896 1899 Princeton Princeton University Press a b c d e f g h Croft Darin A 18 August 2016 Chucal Chile Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America Indiana University Press pp 104 117 ISBN 978 0 253 02084 0 Palmer D ed 1999 The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals London Marshall Editions p 247 ISBN 1 84028 152 9 a b c d Schmidt Gabriela I Ferrero Brenda S September 2014 Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931 Litopterna Macraucheniidae and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Family Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 5 1231 1238 doi 10 1080 02724634 2014 837393 hdl 11336 18953 Fonseca Lurdes 31 May 2018 Just out Two new macraucheniids Mammalia Litopterna from the late middle Miocene Laventan South American Land Mammal Age of Quebrada Honda Bolivia Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Paleowire Retrieved 6 June 2018 Cassini Guillermo Vizcaino Sergio 9 December 2011 An Approach to the Biomechanics of the Masticatory Apparatus of Early Miocene Santacrucian Age South American Ungulates Astrapotheria Litopterna and Notounguluata Moment Arm Estimation Based on 3D Landmarks Journal of Mammalian Evolution 19 1 9 25 doi 10 1007 s10914 011 9179 5 hdl 11336 17970 Cassini Guillermo April 2013 Skull Geometric Morphometrics and Paleoecology of Santacrucian Late Early Miocene Patagonia Native Ungulates Astrapotheria Litopterna and Notoungulata Ameghiniana 50 2 193 216 Soria Miguel Fernando 1981 Los Litopterna del Colhuehuapense Oligoceno tardio de la Argentina Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia 3 1 54 Kramarz Alejandro G Bond Mariano 2005 Los Litopterna Mammalia de la Formacion Pinturas Mioceno Temprano Medio de Patagonia in Spanish 42 3 611 625 ISSN 1851 8044 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Theosodon at Fossilworks org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Theosodon amp oldid 1184030654, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
