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Litopterna

January 01, 1970

Litopterna (from Ancient Greek: λῑτή πτέρνα "smooth heel") is an extinct order of South American native ungulates that lived from the Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene-early Holocene around 63 million-12,000 years ago, and were also present in Antarctica during the Eocene. They represent the second most diverse group of South American ungulates after Notoungulata.[1] It is divided into nine families, with Proterotheriidae and Macraucheniidae being the most diverse and last surviving families.[2]

Litopterna
Temporal range: Paleocene–Holocene
Skeleton of Macrauchenia (Macraucheniidae)
Skeleton of Diadiaphorus (Proterotheriidae)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Clade: Panperissodactyla
Order: †Litopterna
Ameghino 1889
Subgroups

Diversity edit

 
Skeleton of Theosodon (Macraucheniidae)
 
Historic life restoration of Thoatherium (Proterotheriidae)

The body forms of many litopterns, notably in the limb and skull structure, are broadly similar to those of living ungulates, unlike other South American native ungulate groups, which are often strongly divergent from living ungulates.[3] Paleocene and Eocene litopterns generally had small body masses, with Protolipterna (Protolipternidae) estimated to have had a body mass of 0.5–1.5 kilograms (1.1–3.3 lb), though the Eocene sparnotheriodontids were considerably larger, with estimated body masses of around 400 kilograms (880 lb). Most proterotheriids had body masses of around 15 to 80 kilograms (33 to 176 lb) while many macraucheniids had body masses of around 80–120 kilograms (180–260 lb). Some of the last macraucheniids like Macrauchenia were considerably larger, with body masses around a ton.[1] Adianthidae generally had small body masses, with members of the genus Adianthus estimated to weigh 7.4–20 kilograms (16–44 lb). Members of the proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae are noted for having bunodont (rounded cusp) molar teeth, which is largely unique to litopterns among South American native ungulates.[2][1] Litopterns of the mid-late Cenozoic had hinge-like limb joints and hooves similar to those of modern ungulates, with the weight being supported on three toes in macraucheniids and one in proterotheriids, with the protherotheriid Thoatherium developing greater toe reduction than that present in living horses.[1] Macraucheniids had long necks and limbs.[4] Members of the macraucheniid subfamily Macraucheniinae saw the progressive migration of the nasal opening to the top of the skull,[5] which was often historically suggested to indicate the presence of a trunk, though other authors have suggested that a moose-like prehensile lip is more likely.[6]

Ecology edit

Litopterns were likely hindgut fermenters.[3] At least some macraucheniids like Macrauchenia are suggested to have been mixed feeders feeding on both browse and grass.[7] Sparnotheriodontids are suggested to have been browsers.[8] Some proterotheriids are suggested to have been browsers,[9] while some members proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae like Megadolodus have been suggested to have been omnivorous with at least part of their diet consisting of hard fruit.[2]

Evolutionary history edit

Litopterna, like other "South American native ungulates" is thought to have originated from groups of archaic "condylarths" that migrated from North America.[1] Sequencing of the collagen proteome and mitochondrial genome of Macrauchenia has revealed that litopterns are true ungulates, sharing a common ancestor with Notoungulata, and with their closest living relatives being Perissodactyla (the group containing living equines, rhinoceros and tapirs) as part of the clade Panperissodactyla, with the split from Perissodactyla being estimated at around 66 million years ago.[10][11] The relationship of Litopterna to other South American native ungulate groups is uncertain, though it may be closely related to the "condylarth" group Didolodontidae. The earliest litopterns appeared during the early Paleocene, around 63 million years ago.[1]

Aside from South America, sparnotheriodontids are also known from the Eocene aged La Meseta Formation in the Antarctic Peninsula, representing the only record of litopterns on the Antarctic continent. Litopterns declined during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, likely as a result of climatic change and competition with recently immigrated North American ungulates who arrived as part of the Great American interchange, following the connection of the previously isolated North and South America via the Isthmus of Panama.[1] Macrauchenia, Macraucheniopsis, Xenorhinotherium (Macraucheniidae) and Neolicaphrium (Proterotheriidae) were the last surviving genera of litopterns. All four became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago as part of the Quaternary extinction event, along with most other large mammals in the Americas, co-inciding with the arrival of the first humans to the continent. It is possible that hunting had a causal role in their extinction.[12][13][14][1]

Classification edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Croft, Darin A.; Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M. (2020-05-30). "Splendid Innovation: The Extinct South American Native Ungulates". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 48 (1): 259–290. Bibcode:2020AREPS..48..259C. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-072619-060126. ISSN 0084-6597. S2CID 213737574.
  2. ^ a b c Carrillo, Juan D.; Suarez, Catalina; Benites-Palomino, Aldo Marcelo; Vanegas, Andrés; Link, Andrés; Rincón, Aldo F.; Luque, Javier; Cooke, Siobhán B.; Tallman, Melissa; Billet, Guillaume (2023-08-31). "New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)". Geodiversitas. 45 (15). doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a15. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 261638835.
  3. ^ a b Croft, Darin A.; Lorente, Malena (2021-08-17). Smith, Thierry (ed.). "No evidence for parallel evolution of cursorial limb adaptations among Neogene South American native ungulates (SANUs)". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): e0256371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256371. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8370646. PMID 34403434.
  4. ^ Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (2014-07-29). "Taxonomic reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae ) and phylogenetic relationships of the family". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1231–1238. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34.1231S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. hdl:11336/18953. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86091386.
  5. ^ Forasiepi, Analía M.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Del Pino, Santiago Hernández; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Amson, Eli; Grohé, Camille (2016-06-22). "Exceptional Skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From the Late Miocene of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, and Paleobiological Implications". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 404: 1–76. doi:10.1206/0003-0090-404.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090. S2CID 89219979.
  6. ^ Moyano, Silvana Rocio; Giannini, Norberto Pedro (November 2018). "Cranial characters associated with the proboscis postnatal-development in Tapirus (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) and comparisons with other extant and fossil hoofed mammals". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 277: 143–147. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.08.005. hdl:11336/86349. S2CID 92143497.
  7. ^ de Oliveira, Karoliny; Asevedo, Lidiane; Calegari, Marcia R.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo (August 2021). "From oral pathology to feeding ecology: The first dental calculus paleodiet study of a South American native megamammal". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 109: 103281. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10903281D. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103281. S2CID 233678648.
  8. ^ Bond, M.; Reguero, M. A.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; Marenssi, S. A. (January 2006). "A new 'South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 258 (1): 163–176. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.12. ISSN 0305-8719.
  9. ^ Morosi, Elizabeth; Ubilla, Martin (2019-02-07). "Dietary and palaeoenvironmental inferences in Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae) using carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (Late Pleistocene; Uruguay)". Historical Biology. 31 (2): 196–202. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1355914. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 133673644.
  10. ^ Welker, Frido; Collins, Matthew J.; Thomas, Jessica A.; Wadsley, Marc; Brace, Selina; Cappellini, Enrico; Turvey, Samuel T.; Reguero, Marcelo; Gelfo, Javier N. (March 18, 2015). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. hdl:11336/14769. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.
  11. ^ Westbury, Michael; Baleka, Sina; Barlow, Axel; Hartmann, Stefanie; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Kramarz, Alejandro; Forasiepi, Analía M; Bond, Mariano; Gelfo, Javier N.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; López-Mendoza, Patricio; Taglioretti, Matias; Scaglia, Fernando; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Jones, Washington (2017-06-27). "A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin's enigmatic South American mammal Macrauchenia patachonica". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 15951. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815951W. doi:10.1038/ncomms15951. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5490259. PMID 28654082.
  12. ^ Webb, S. D. (1976). "Mammalian Faunal Dynamics of the Great American Interchange". Paleobiology. 2 (3): 220–234. Bibcode:1976Pbio....2..220W. doi:10.1017/S0094837300004802. JSTOR 2400220. S2CID 251050063.
  13. ^ Marshall, L. G.; Cifelli, R. L. (1990). "Analysis of changing diversity patterns in Cenozoic land mammal age faunas, South America". Palaeovertebrata. 19: 169–210. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  14. ^ Webb, S. D. (1991). "Ecogeography and the Great American Interchange". Paleobiology. 17 (3): 266–280. Bibcode:1991Pbio...17..266W. doi:10.1017/S0094837300010605. JSTOR 2400869. S2CID 88305955.
  15. ^ "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2022-04-29.

Further reading edit

  • McKenna, Malcolm C; Bell, Susane K (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Litopterna.

January 01, 1970
litopterna, from, ancient, greek, λῑτή, πτέρνα, smooth, heel, extinct, order, south, american, native, ungulates, that, lived, from, paleocene, pleistocene, early, holocene, around, million, years, were, also, present, antarctica, during, eocene, they, represe. Litopterna from Ancient Greek lῑth pterna smooth heel is an extinct order of South American native ungulates that lived from the Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene early Holocene around 63 million 12 000 years ago and were also present in Antarctica during the Eocene They represent the second most diverse group of South American ungulates after Notoungulata 1 It is divided into nine families with Proterotheriidae and Macraucheniidae being the most diverse and last surviving families 2 LitopternaTemporal range Paleocene Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Skeleton of Macrauchenia Macraucheniidae Skeleton of Diadiaphorus Proterotheriidae Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Clade Panperissodactyla Order LitopternaAmeghino 1889 Subgroups Didolodontidae Notonychopidae Protolipternidae Sparnotheriodontidae Indaleciidae Lopholipterna Proterotherioidea Proterotheriidae Macrauchenioidea Adianthidae Macraucheniidae Contents 1 Diversity 2 Ecology 3 Evolutionary history 4 Classification 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksDiversity edit nbsp Skeleton of Theosodon Macraucheniidae nbsp Historic life restoration of Thoatherium Proterotheriidae The body forms of many litopterns notably in the limb and skull structure are broadly similar to those of living ungulates unlike other South American native ungulate groups which are often strongly divergent from living ungulates 3 Paleocene and Eocene litopterns generally had small body masses with Protolipterna Protolipternidae estimated to have had a body mass of 0 5 1 5 kilograms 1 1 3 3 lb though the Eocene sparnotheriodontids were considerably larger with estimated body masses of around 400 kilograms 880 lb Most proterotheriids had body masses of around 15 to 80 kilograms 33 to 176 lb while many macraucheniids had body masses of around 80 120 kilograms 180 260 lb Some of the last macraucheniids like Macrauchenia were considerably larger with body masses around a ton 1 Adianthidae generally had small body masses with members of the genus Adianthus estimated to weigh 7 4 20 kilograms 16 44 lb Members of the proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae are noted for having bunodont rounded cusp molar teeth which is largely unique to litopterns among South American native ungulates 2 1 Litopterns of the mid late Cenozoic had hinge like limb joints and hooves similar to those of modern ungulates with the weight being supported on three toes in macraucheniids and one in proterotheriids with the protherotheriid Thoatherium developing greater toe reduction than that present in living horses 1 Macraucheniids had long necks and limbs 4 Members of the macraucheniid subfamily Macraucheniinae saw the progressive migration of the nasal opening to the top of the skull 5 which was often historically suggested to indicate the presence of a trunk though other authors have suggested that a moose like prehensile lip is more likely 6 Ecology editLitopterns were likely hindgut fermenters 3 At least some macraucheniids like Macrauchenia are suggested to have been mixed feeders feeding on both browse and grass 7 Sparnotheriodontids are suggested to have been browsers 8 Some proterotheriids are suggested to have been browsers 9 while some members proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae like Megadolodus have been suggested to have been omnivorous with at least part of their diet consisting of hard fruit 2 Evolutionary history editLitopterna like other South American native ungulates is thought to have originated from groups of archaic condylarths that migrated from North America 1 Sequencing of the collagen proteome and mitochondrial genome of Macrauchenia has revealed that litopterns are true ungulates sharing a common ancestor with Notoungulata and with their closest living relatives being Perissodactyla the group containing living equines rhinoceros and tapirs as part of the clade Panperissodactyla with the split from Perissodactyla being estimated at around 66 million years ago 10 11 The relationship of Litopterna to other South American native ungulate groups is uncertain though it may be closely related to the condylarth group Didolodontidae The earliest litopterns appeared during the early Paleocene around 63 million years ago 1 Aside from South America sparnotheriodontids are also known from the Eocene aged La Meseta Formation in the Antarctic Peninsula representing the only record of litopterns on the Antarctic continent Litopterns declined during the Pliocene and Pleistocene likely as a result of climatic change and competition with recently immigrated North American ungulates who arrived as part of the Great American interchange following the connection of the previously isolated North and South America via the Isthmus of Panama 1 Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Xenorhinotherium Macraucheniidae and Neolicaphrium Proterotheriidae were the last surviving genera of litopterns All four became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene around 12 000 years ago as part of the Quaternary extinction event along with most other large mammals in the Americas co inciding with the arrival of the first humans to the continent It is possible that hunting had a causal role in their extinction 12 13 14 1 Classification editThis section relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Litopterna news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2022 Order Litopterna 15 Proacrodon Family Protolipternidae Asmithwoodwardia Miguelsoria Protolipterna Family Indaleciidae Adiantoides Indalecia Family Sparnotheriodontidae Phoradiadius Notiolofos Sparnotheriodon Victorlemoinea Family Amilnedwardsiidae Amilnedwardsia Ernestohaeckelia Rutimeyeria Family Notonychopidae Notonychops Requisia Superfamily Macrauchenioidea Family Adianthidae Proectocion Adianthinae Adianthus Proadiantus Proheptaconus Thadanius Tricoelodus Family Macraucheniidae Llullataruca Subfamily Cramaucheniinae Coniopternium Caliphrium Cramauchenia Phoenixauchenia Polymorphis Pternoconius Theosodon Subfamily Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Oxyodontherium Paranauchenia Promacrauchenia Scalabrinitherium Windhausenia Xenorhinotherium Superfamily Proterotherioidea Family ProterotheriidaeReferences edit a b c d e f g h Croft Darin A Gelfo Javier N Lopez Guillermo M 2020 05 30 Splendid Innovation The Extinct South American Native Ungulates Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48 1 259 290 Bibcode 2020AREPS 48 259C doi 10 1146 annurev earth 072619 060126 ISSN 0084 6597 S2CID 213737574 a b c Carrillo Juan D Suarez Catalina Benites Palomino Aldo Marcelo Vanegas Andres Link Andres Rincon Aldo F Luque Javier Cooke Siobhan B Tallman Melissa Billet Guillaume 2023 08 31 New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae Mammalia Litopterna Geodiversitas 45 15 doi 10 5252 geodiversitas2023v45a15 ISSN 1280 9659 S2CID 261638835 a b Croft Darin A Lorente Malena 2021 08 17 Smith Thierry ed No evidence for parallel evolution of cursorial limb adaptations among Neogene South American native ungulates SANUs PLOS ONE 16 8 e0256371 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0256371 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 8370646 PMID 34403434 Schmidt Gabriela I Ferrero Brenda S 2014 07 29 Taxonomic reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931 Litopterna Macraucheniidae and phylogenetic relationships of the family Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 5 1231 1238 Bibcode 2014JVPal 34 1231S doi 10 1080 02724634 2014 837393 hdl 11336 18953 ISSN 0272 4634 S2CID 86091386 Forasiepi Analia M MacPhee Ross D E Del Pino Santiago Hernandez Schmidt Gabriela I Amson Eli Grohe Camille 2016 06 22 Exceptional Skull of Huayqueriana Mammalia Litopterna Macraucheniidae From the Late Miocene of Argentina Anatomy Systematics and Paleobiological Implications Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 404 1 76 doi 10 1206 0003 0090 404 1 1 ISSN 0003 0090 S2CID 89219979 Moyano Silvana Rocio Giannini Norberto Pedro November 2018 Cranial characters associated with the proboscis postnatal development in Tapirus Perissodactyla Tapiridae and comparisons with other extant and fossil hoofed mammals Zoologischer Anzeiger 277 143 147 doi 10 1016 j jcz 2018 08 005 hdl 11336 86349 S2CID 92143497 de Oliveira Karoliny Asevedo Lidiane Calegari Marcia R Gelfo Javier N Mothe Dimila Avilla Leonardo August 2021 From oral pathology to feeding ecology The first dental calculus paleodiet study of a South American native megamammal Journal of South American Earth Sciences 109 103281 Bibcode 2021JSAES 10903281D doi 10 1016 j jsames 2021 103281 S2CID 233678648 Bond M Reguero M A Vizcaino S F Marenssi S A January 2006 A new South American ungulate Mammalia Litopterna from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula Geological Society London Special Publications 258 1 163 176 doi 10 1144 GSL SP 2006 258 01 12 ISSN 0305 8719 Morosi Elizabeth Ubilla Martin 2019 02 07 Dietary and palaeoenvironmental inferences in Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli 1921 Litopterna Proterotheriidae using carbon and oxygen stable isotopes Late Pleistocene Uruguay Historical Biology 31 2 196 202 doi 10 1080 08912963 2017 1355914 ISSN 0891 2963 S2CID 133673644 Welker Frido Collins Matthew J Thomas Jessica A Wadsley Marc Brace Selina Cappellini Enrico Turvey Samuel T Reguero Marcelo Gelfo Javier N March 18 2015 Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin s South American ungulates Nature 522 7554 81 84 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 81W doi 10 1038 nature14249 hdl 11336 14769 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 25799987 S2CID 4467386 Westbury Michael Baleka Sina Barlow Axel Hartmann Stefanie Paijmans Johanna L A Kramarz Alejandro Forasiepi Analia M Bond Mariano Gelfo Javier N Reguero Marcelo A Lopez Mendoza Patricio Taglioretti Matias Scaglia Fernando Rinderknecht Andres Jones Washington 2017 06 27 A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin s enigmatic South American mammal Macrauchenia patachonica Nature Communications 8 1 15951 Bibcode 2017NatCo 815951W doi 10 1038 ncomms15951 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 5490259 PMID 28654082 Webb S D 1976 Mammalian Faunal Dynamics of the Great American Interchange Paleobiology 2 3 220 234 Bibcode 1976Pbio 2 220W doi 10 1017 S0094837300004802 JSTOR 2400220 S2CID 251050063 Marshall L G Cifelli R L 1990 Analysis of changing diversity patterns in Cenozoic land mammal age faunas South America Palaeovertebrata 19 169 210 Retrieved 2018 10 08 Webb S D 1991 Ecogeography and the Great American Interchange Paleobiology 17 3 266 280 Bibcode 1991Pbio 17 266W doi 10 1017 S0094837300010605 JSTOR 2400869 S2CID 88305955 PBDB paleobiodb org Retrieved 2022 04 29 Further reading editMcKenna Malcolm C Bell Susane K 1997 Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 11013 6 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Litopterna An artist s rendition of a Macrauchenia a representative genus of the Litopterna Retrieved from the Red Academica Uruguaya megafauna page Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Litopterna amp oldid 1222467770, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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