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The Mountain

March 14, 2023

This article is about the historical political group also known as the Montagnards. For other uses, see The Mountain (disambiguation) and Montagnard (disambiguation).

The Mountain (French: La Montagne) was a political group during the French Revolution. Its members, called the Montagnards (French: [mɔ̃taɲaʁ]), sat on the highest benches in the National Convention.

The Mountain
La Montagne
Leaders
 • Paul Barras
 • Bertrand Barère
Founded1792; 231 years ago (1792)
Dissolved1799; 224 years ago (1799)
HeadquartersTuileries Palace, Paris
Newspaper
 • Le Père Duchesne
Political club(s)Jacobin Club
Cordeliers Club
IdeologyCentralisation
Dirigism[1][2]
Jacobinism
Radicalism[3]
Abolitionism[4][5][6]
Political positionLeft-wing[7][8][9]
Colors  Red

They were the most radical group and opposed the Girondins. The term, first used during a session of the Legislative Assembly, came into general use in 1793.[10] By the summer of 1793, that pair of opposed minority groups divided the National Convention. That year, the Montagnards were influential in what is commonly known as the Reign of Terror.

The Mountain was composed mainly of members of the middle class, but represented the constituencies of Paris. As such, the Mountain was sensitive to the motivations of the city and responded strongly to demands from the working class sans-culottes.[11] The Mountain operated on the belief that what was best for Paris would be best for all of France. Although they attempted some rural land reform, most of it was never enacted and they generally focused on the needs of the urban poor over that of rural France.[12]

The Girondins were a moderate political faction created during the Legislative Assembly period.[13] They were the political opponents of the more radical representatives within the Mountain. The Girondins had wanted to avoid the execution of Louis XVI and supported a constitution which would have allowed a popular vote to overturn legislation.[13] The Mountain accused the Girondins of plotting against Paris because this caveat within the proposed constitution would have allowed rural areas of France to vote against legislation that benefits Paris, the main constituency of the Mountain. However, the real discord in the Convention occurred not between the Mountain and the Gironde, but between the aggressive antics of the minority of the Mountain and the rest of the Convention.[14]

The Mountain was not unified as a party and relied on leaders like Maximilien Robespierre, Georges Danton and Jacques Hébert, who themselves came to represent different factions.[15] Hébert, a journalist, gained a following as a radical patriot Montagnard (members who identified with him became known as the Hébertists) while Danton led a more moderate faction of the Mountain (followers came to be known as Dantonists).[16] Regardless of the divisions, the nightly sessions of the Jacobin club, which met in the rue Saint-Honoré, can be considered to be a type of caucus for the Mountain.[17] In June 1793, the Mountain successfully ousted most of the moderate Gironde members of the Convention with the assistance of radical sans-culottes.[18]

Following their coup, the Mountain, led by Hérault de Séchelles, quickly began construction on a new constitution which was completed eight days later.[19] The Committee of Public Safety reported the constitution to the Convention on 10 June and a final draft was adopted on 24 June. The process occurred quickly because as Robespierre, a prominent member of the Mountain, announced on 10 June the "good citizens demanded a constitution" and the "Constitution will be the reply of patriotic deputies, for it is the work of the Mountain".[20] However, this constitution was never actually enacted.[21] The Constitution of 1793 was delayed due to the situation in the war, and due to the Thermidorian Reaction that purged much of the government, it was eventually abandoned.[22]

History

Origins

It is difficult to pinpoint the conception of the Montagnard group because the lines which defined it were themselves quite nebulous early on. Originally, members of The Mountain were the men who sat in the highest rows of the Jacobin Clubs, loosely organized political debate clubs open to the public.[23] Though members of the Montagnards were known for their commitment to radical political resolutions prior to 1793, the contours of political groups presented an ever-evolving reality that shifted in response to events. Would-be prominent Montagnard leaders like Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet and Jean Bon Saint-André were tempted by early Girondin proposals and soon many moderates—even anti-radicals—felt the need to push for radical endeavors in light of threats both within and without the country.[24] It was only after the trial of Louis XVI in December 1792, which united the Montagnards on a position of regicide, that the ideals and power of the group fully consolidated.

Rise and terror

The rise of Montagnards corresponds to the fall of the Girondins. The Girondins hesitated on the correct course of action to take with Louis XVI after his attempt to flee France on 20 June 1791. Some of the Girondins believed they could use the king as figurehead. While the Girondins hesitated, the Montagnards took a united stand during the trial in December 1792–January 1793 and favored the king's execution.[25]

Riding on this victory, the Montagnards then sought to discredit the Girondins. They used tactics previously employed by the Girondins to denounce them as liars and enemies of the Revolution.[26] They also formed a legislative committee in which Nicolas Hentz proposed a limitation of inheritances, gaining more support for the Montagnards. Girondin members were subsequently banned from the Jacobin club and excluded from the National Convention on 31 May – 2 June 1793.[27]

Policies of the Mountain

Through attempted land redistribution policies, the Mountain showed some support for the rural poor. In August 1793, Montagnard member Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès drafted a piece of legislation which dealt with agricultural reform; in particular, he urged "relief from rent following harvest loss, compensation for improvements and fixity of tenure".[28] This was in part to combat restlessness of share-croppers in the southwest. This draft never made it into law, but the drastic reforms suggest the Mountain's awareness of the need to please their base of support, both the rural and urban poor.[28]

 
The arrest of Maximilien Robespierre and his allies showing at the centre of the image gendarme Merda firing at Robespierre (colour engraving by Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert after the painting by Fulchran-Jean Harriet, Carnavalet Museum)

Other policies aimed at supporting the poor included price controls enacted by the Mountain in 1793. This law, called the General Maximum, was supported by a group of agitators within the Mountain known as the Enragés. It fixed prices and wages throughout France.[16] At the same time, bread prices were rising as the commodity became scarce, and in an initiative spearheaded by Collot d'Herbois and Billaud-Varenne, a law was enacted in July 1793 that forbade the hoarding of "daily necessities".[29] The hoarding of grain became a crime punishable by death.[30]

Other economic policies enacted by the Mountain included an embargo on the export of French goods. As a result of this embargo, France was essentially unable to trade with foreign markets and the import of goods effectively ended.[30] In theory, this protected French markets from foreign goods and required French people to support French goods. In addition to the embargo against foreign goods, Act 1651, passed by the Mountain in October 1793, further isolated France from the rest of Europe by forbidding any foreign vessels from trading along the French coast.[31]

The Mountain also enacted policies restricting and granting religious freedom. These policies varied but began with a ban on religion, allowing only for "the worship of Reason" in 1793 and progressing to religious freedom with the separation of Church and State in 1795.[32]

Decline and fall

The fall and exclusion of the Montagnards from the National Convention began with the collapse of the Revolution's radical phase and the death of Robespierre on 10 Thermidor (28 July 1794). While the Montagnards celebrated unity, there was growing heterogeneity within the group as Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety overextended themselves with their tight control over the military and their extreme opposition to corruption in the government.[33] Their overextension drew the ire of other revolutionary leaders and a number of plots coalesced on 9 Thermidor (Thermidorian Reaction) when collaborators with the more moderate group the Dantonists acted in response to fears that Robespierre planned to execute them.[25]

The purge of Robespierre was strongly similar to previous measures employed by the Montagnards to expel factions, such as the Girondins. However, as Robespierre was widely considered the heart of the Montagnards, his death symbolized their collapse. Few desired to take on the name of Montagnards afterwards, leaving around only about 100 men.[24] Finally, at the end of 1794 the Mountain largely devolved into a group called The Crest (French: crête), which lacked any real power.[34]

Factions and prominent members

The Mountain was born in 1792, with the merger of two prominent left-wing clubs: the Jacobins and Cordeliers. The Jacobins were initially moderate republicans and the Cordeliers were radical populist. In late 1792, Danton and his supporters wanted a reconciliation with the Girondins, which caused a break with Robespierre. After the trial of Girondins in 1793, Danton became strongly moderate while Robespierre continued his authoritarian policies.

The moderates of Danton were also rival to the followers of Jacques Hébert who wanted the persecution of all non-Montagnards and the dechristianisation of France. When Robespierre eliminated first the Hébertists (March 1794) and then the Dantonistes (April 1794), his group ruled The Mountain. This was until the Thermidorian Reaction, when several conspirators supported by The Plain instituted a coup d'état. They executed Robespierre and his supporters and split from The Mountain to form the Thermidorian Left. The Montagnards that survived were arrested, executed or deported. By 1795 the Mountain had effectively been obliterated.

Robespierrists
Hébertists
Indulgents
Independent Montagnards

Electoral results

Election year No. of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		No. of
overall seats won 		+/– Leader
National Convention
1792 907,200 (2nd) 26.7
200 / 749
   64 Maximilien Robespierre
Legislative Body
1795 Did not participate Did not participate
64 / 750
   136
1797 Did not participate Did not participate Unknown
1798 Unknown (1st) 70.7
175 / 750
   111 Marie-Joseph Chénier
Council of Five Hundred
1799 Unknown (1st) 48.0
240 / 500
   65 Jean Debry

See also

References

  1. ^ Howard G. Brown (3 August 1995). War, Revolution, and the Bureaucratic State: Politics and Army Administration in France. Clarendon Press. p. 370.
  2. ^ a b Edward Berenson (1984). Populist Religion and Left-Wing Politics in France. Princeton University Press. p. 308.
  3. ^ "Montagnard". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. ^ Fülöp-Miller, Rene (2013). Leaders, Dreamers And Rebels – An Account Of The Great Mass-Movements Of History And Of The Wish-Dreams That Inspired Them. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1473383692.
  5. ^ "Robespierre and the Terror | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  6. ^ Popkin, J. (2010) You are all Free. The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery, pp. 384, 389.
  7. ^ Bell, Madison Smartt (10 June 2009). Toussaint Louverture. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-307-54819-1.
  8. ^ Dinkgreve, Stephan P. (6 December 2020). The Great World History Book. Stephan P. Dinkgreve. p. 523. ISBN 978-5-93830-679-0.
  9. ^ Koekkoek, René (2020-01-23). Uniting ‘good’ Citizens in Thermidorian France. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-41645-1.
  10. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mountain, The" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 937.
  11. ^ Popkin, Jeremy D. (2006). A Short History of the French Revolution (6th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 75–76.
  12. ^ William D. Edmonds, "The Siege" in Jacobinism and the Revolt of Lyon, (Clarendon Press, 1990), p. 249.
  13. ^ a b Popkin 2006, pp. 50–51.
  14. ^ Palmer, R. R. (2005). Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution. Princeton University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0691007618. with a new foreword by Isser Woloch
  15. ^ Popkin 2006, p. 62.
  16. ^ a b Popkin 2006, pp. 64–66.
  17. ^ Palmer 2005, p. 25.
  18. ^ Popkin 2006, p. 66.
  19. ^ Palmer 2005, p. 34.
  20. ^ Palmer 2005, p. 35.
  21. ^ Popkin 2006, p. 67.
  22. ^ Popkin 2006, p. 71.
  23. ^ "Definition of 'mountain' - Collins English Dictionary". Collins English Dictionary.
  24. ^ a b François Furet and Mona Ozouf, A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (Belknap Press, 1989), pp. 380–390.
  25. ^ a b Jeremy D. Popkin, A Short History of the French Revolution, 5th ed. (Pearson, 2009), pp. 72–77.
  26. ^ Marisa Linton, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 174–175.
  27. ^ Robert J. Alderson, This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions: French Consul Michel-Ange-Bernard Mangourit and International Republicanism in Charleston, 1792-1794 (University of South Carolina Press, 2008), pp. 9–10.
  28. ^ a b P. M. Jones, "The 'Agrarian Law': Schemes for Land Redistribution during the French Revolution", Past & Present, no. 133 (1991), p. 112.
  29. ^ Popkin 2006, p. 68.
  30. ^ a b Palmer 2005, p. 226.
  31. ^ Palmer 2005, p. 227.
  32. ^ Voerman, Jan (2009). "The Reign of Terror". Andrews University Seminary Studies. 47 (1): 117–118.
  33. ^ Peter McPhee, Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life (Yale University Press, 2012), p. 271.
  34. ^ "Montagnard". Encyclopædia Britannica.

Bibliography

  • François Furet and Mona Ozouf. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. (Belknap Press, 1989).
  • Jeremy D. Popkin, A Short History of the French Revolution, 5th ed. (Pearson, 2009).
  • Marisa Linton, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution. (Oxford University Press, 2013).
  • Morris Slavin. The Making of an Insurrection: Parisian Sections and the Gironde. (Harvard University Press, 1986).
  • Peter Kropotkin, Trans. N. F. Dryhurst The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793. (New York: Vanguard Printings, 1927).
  • Peter McPhee, Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life. (Yale University Press, 2012).
  • Robert J. Alderson, This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions: French Consul Michel-Ange-Bernard Mangourit and International Republicanism in Charleston, 1792-1794. (University of South Carolina Press, 2008).
  • Voerman, Jan, The Reign of Terror. (Andrews University Press, 2009).
  • "Mountain (the Mountain)". Collins English Dictionary Online. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  • "Montagnard (French history)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 8 May 2014.

Further reading

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montagnards.
  • Shusterman, Noah (2013). The French Revolution: Faith, Desire and Politics. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-0415660211.
  • Hanson, Paul R. (2004). Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution (Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest). p. 395. ISBN 978-0810850521.
  • Jordan, David P. (1983). The Jacobins and Their Victims in The Eighteenth Century. University of Pennsylvania. p. 268. ISSN 0193-5380.
  • Palmer, R.R. (2005). Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691121871.
  • Popkin, Jeremy D. (2014). A Short History of the French Revolution. 6th Edition. Pearson Higher Education. ISBN 978-0205968459.

March 14, 2023
mountain, this, article, about, historical, political, group, also, known, montagnards, other, uses, disambiguation, montagnard, disambiguation, french, montagne, political, group, during, french, revolution, members, called, montagnards, french, taɲaʁ, highes. This article is about the historical political group also known as the Montagnards For other uses see The Mountain disambiguation and Montagnard disambiguation The Mountain French La Montagne was a political group during the French Revolution Its members called the Montagnards French mɔ taɲaʁ sat on the highest benches in the National Convention The Mountain La MontagneLeaders Maximilien Robespierre Louis Antoine de Saint Just Georges Danton Paul Barras Bertrand BarereFounded1792 231 years ago 1792 Dissolved1799 224 years ago 1799 HeadquartersTuileries Palace ParisNewspaperL Ami du peupleLe Vieux Cordelier Le Pere DuchesnePolitical club s Jacobin ClubCordeliers ClubIdeologyCentralisationDirigism 1 2 JacobinismRadicalism 3 Abolitionism 4 5 6 Political positionLeft wing 7 8 9 Colors RedPolitics of FrancePolitical partiesElectionsThey were the most radical group and opposed the Girondins The term first used during a session of the Legislative Assembly came into general use in 1793 10 By the summer of 1793 that pair of opposed minority groups divided the National Convention That year the Montagnards were influential in what is commonly known as the Reign of Terror The Mountain was composed mainly of members of the middle class but represented the constituencies of Paris As such the Mountain was sensitive to the motivations of the city and responded strongly to demands from the working class sans culottes 11 The Mountain operated on the belief that what was best for Paris would be best for all of France Although they attempted some rural land reform most of it was never enacted and they generally focused on the needs of the urban poor over that of rural France 12 The Girondins were a moderate political faction created during the Legislative Assembly period 13 They were the political opponents of the more radical representatives within the Mountain The Girondins had wanted to avoid the execution of Louis XVI and supported a constitution which would have allowed a popular vote to overturn legislation 13 The Mountain accused the Girondins of plotting against Paris because this caveat within the proposed constitution would have allowed rural areas of France to vote against legislation that benefits Paris the main constituency of the Mountain However the real discord in the Convention occurred not between the Mountain and the Gironde but between the aggressive antics of the minority of the Mountain and the rest of the Convention 14 The Mountain was not unified as a party and relied on leaders like Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton and Jacques Hebert who themselves came to represent different factions 15 Hebert a journalist gained a following as a radical patriot Montagnard members who identified with him became known as the Hebertists while Danton led a more moderate faction of the Mountain followers came to be known as Dantonists 16 Regardless of the divisions the nightly sessions of the Jacobin club which met in the rue Saint Honore can be considered to be a type of caucus for the Mountain 17 In June 1793 the Mountain successfully ousted most of the moderate Gironde members of the Convention with the assistance of radical sans culottes 18 Following their coup the Mountain led by Herault de Sechelles quickly began construction on a new constitution which was completed eight days later 19 The Committee of Public Safety reported the constitution to the Convention on 10 June and a final draft was adopted on 24 June The process occurred quickly because as Robespierre a prominent member of the Mountain announced on 10 June the good citizens demanded a constitution and the Constitution will be the reply of patriotic deputies for it is the work of the Mountain 20 However this constitution was never actually enacted 21 The Constitution of 1793 was delayed due to the situation in the war and due to the Thermidorian Reaction that purged much of the government it was eventually abandoned 22 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Rise and terror 1 3 Policies of the Mountain 1 4 Decline and fall 2 Factions and prominent members 3 Electoral results 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further readingHistory EditOrigins Edit It is difficult to pinpoint the conception of the Montagnard group because the lines which defined it were themselves quite nebulous early on Originally members of The Mountain were the men who sat in the highest rows of the Jacobin Clubs loosely organized political debate clubs open to the public 23 Though members of the Montagnards were known for their commitment to radical political resolutions prior to 1793 the contours of political groups presented an ever evolving reality that shifted in response to events Would be prominent Montagnard leaders like Jean Baptiste Robert Lindet and Jean Bon Saint Andre were tempted by early Girondin proposals and soon many moderates even anti radicals felt the need to push for radical endeavors in light of threats both within and without the country 24 It was only after the trial of Louis XVI in December 1792 which united the Montagnards on a position of regicide that the ideals and power of the group fully consolidated Rise and terror Edit The rise of Montagnards corresponds to the fall of the Girondins The Girondins hesitated on the correct course of action to take with Louis XVI after his attempt to flee France on 20 June 1791 Some of the Girondins believed they could use the king as figurehead While the Girondins hesitated the Montagnards took a united stand during the trial in December 1792 January 1793 and favored the king s execution 25 Riding on this victory the Montagnards then sought to discredit the Girondins They used tactics previously employed by the Girondins to denounce them as liars and enemies of the Revolution 26 They also formed a legislative committee in which Nicolas Hentz proposed a limitation of inheritances gaining more support for the Montagnards Girondin members were subsequently banned from the Jacobin club and excluded from the National Convention on 31 May 2 June 1793 27 Policies of the Mountain Edit Through attempted land redistribution policies the Mountain showed some support for the rural poor In August 1793 Montagnard member Jean Jacques Regis de Cambaceres drafted a piece of legislation which dealt with agricultural reform in particular he urged relief from rent following harvest loss compensation for improvements and fixity of tenure 28 This was in part to combat restlessness of share croppers in the southwest This draft never made it into law but the drastic reforms suggest the Mountain s awareness of the need to please their base of support both the rural and urban poor 28 The arrest of Maximilien Robespierre and his allies showing at the centre of the image gendarme Merda firing at Robespierre colour engraving by Jean Joseph Francois Tassaert after the painting by Fulchran Jean Harriet Carnavalet Museum Other policies aimed at supporting the poor included price controls enacted by the Mountain in 1793 This law called the General Maximum was supported by a group of agitators within the Mountain known as the Enrages It fixed prices and wages throughout France 16 At the same time bread prices were rising as the commodity became scarce and in an initiative spearheaded by Collot d Herbois and Billaud Varenne a law was enacted in July 1793 that forbade the hoarding of daily necessities 29 The hoarding of grain became a crime punishable by death 30 Other economic policies enacted by the Mountain included an embargo on the export of French goods As a result of this embargo France was essentially unable to trade with foreign markets and the import of goods effectively ended 30 In theory this protected French markets from foreign goods and required French people to support French goods In addition to the embargo against foreign goods Act 1651 passed by the Mountain in October 1793 further isolated France from the rest of Europe by forbidding any foreign vessels from trading along the French coast 31 The Mountain also enacted policies restricting and granting religious freedom These policies varied but began with a ban on religion allowing only for the worship of Reason in 1793 and progressing to religious freedom with the separation of Church and State in 1795 32 Decline and fall Edit The fall and exclusion of the Montagnards from the National Convention began with the collapse of the Revolution s radical phase and the death of Robespierre on 10 Thermidor 28 July 1794 While the Montagnards celebrated unity there was growing heterogeneity within the group as Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety overextended themselves with their tight control over the military and their extreme opposition to corruption in the government 33 Their overextension drew the ire of other revolutionary leaders and a number of plots coalesced on 9 Thermidor Thermidorian Reaction when collaborators with the more moderate group the Dantonists acted in response to fears that Robespierre planned to execute them 25 The purge of Robespierre was strongly similar to previous measures employed by the Montagnards to expel factions such as the Girondins However as Robespierre was widely considered the heart of the Montagnards his death symbolized their collapse Few desired to take on the name of Montagnards afterwards leaving around only about 100 men 24 Finally at the end of 1794 the Mountain largely devolved into a group called The Crest French crete which lacked any real power 34 Factions and prominent members EditThe Mountain was born in 1792 with the merger of two prominent left wing clubs the Jacobins and Cordeliers The Jacobins were initially moderate republicans and the Cordeliers were radical populist In late 1792 Danton and his supporters wanted a reconciliation with the Girondins which caused a break with Robespierre After the trial of Girondins in 1793 Danton became strongly moderate while Robespierre continued his authoritarian policies The moderates of Danton were also rival to the followers of Jacques Hebert who wanted the persecution of all non Montagnards and the dechristianisation of France When Robespierre eliminated first the Hebertists March 1794 and then the Dantonistes April 1794 his group ruled The Mountain This was until the Thermidorian Reaction when several conspirators supported by The Plain instituted a coup d etat They executed Robespierre and his supporters and split from The Mountain to form the Thermidorian Left The Montagnards that survived were arrested executed or deported By 1795 the Mountain had effectively been obliterated RobespierristsMaximilien Robespierre Louis Antoine de Saint Just Georges Couthon Marie Jean Herault de Sechelles Pierre Francois Joseph Robert Paul Barras Joseph Fouche Augustin Robespierre Jacques Louis David Bertrand Barere Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jacques Nicolas Billaud Varenne Jean Lambert Tallien Louis Michel le Peletier Francois Hanriot Jean Baptiste de Lavalette Jean Baptiste Fleuriot Lescot Antoine Simon Rene Levasseur Gilbert Romme Jean Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon Felix Lepeletier Claude Francois de Payan Francois Nicolas Anthoine Jeanbon Saint Andre Marc Antoine Jullien de Paris Marc Antoine JullienHebertistsJacques Hebert Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Jean Paul Marat supporter Jean Baptiste Joseph Gobel Anacharsis Cloots Francois Chabot Jean Baptiste Noel Bouchotte Stanislas Marie Maillard Francois Nicolas Vincent Antoine Francois Momoro Charles Philippe Ronsin Joseph Le Bon Jean Baptiste Carrier Jean Nicolas Pache Formerly a Girondin Claude JavoguesIndulgentsGeorges Danton Camille Desmoulins Formerly a Robespierrist Fabre d Eglantine Julien of Toulouse Francois Louis Bourdon Louis Legendre Antoine Marie Charles Garnier Antoine Christophe Merlin Louis Marie Stanislas Freron Pierre Philippeaux Francois Joseph Westermann Edme Bonaventure Courtois Jacques Alexis Thuriot de la RosiereIndependent MontagnardsPierre Joseph Cambon Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois Crance Jean Francois Rewbell Lazare Carnot Formerly a Plain Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai Formerly a Plain Henri Gregoire Formerly a Plain Pierre Louis Prieur Claude Antoine Prieur Duvernois Formerly a Plain Elie Lacoste Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier Armand Joseph Guffroy Formerly a Robespierrist Claude Basire Francois ChabotElectoral results EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Election year No ofoverall votes ofoverall vote No ofoverall seats won LeaderNational Convention1792 907 200 2nd 26 7 200 749 64 Maximilien RobespierreLegislative Body1795 Did not participate Did not participate 64 750 1361797 Did not participate Did not participate Unknown1798 Unknown 1st 70 7 175 750 111 Marie Joseph ChenierCouncil of Five Hundred1799 Unknown 1st 48 0 240 500 65 Jean DebrySee also EditAnti clericalism Left wing populism 2 Liberalism and radicalism in France Republicanism Socialism in France The Mountain 1849 References Edit Howard G Brown 3 August 1995 War Revolution and the Bureaucratic State Politics and Army Administration in France Clarendon Press p 370 a b Edward Berenson 1984 Populist Religion and Left Wing Politics in France Princeton University Press p 308 Montagnard Encyclopaedia Britannica Fulop Miller Rene 2013 Leaders Dreamers And Rebels An Account Of The Great Mass Movements Of History And Of The Wish Dreams That Inspired Them Read Books Ltd ISBN 978 1473383692 Robespierre and the Terror History Today www historytoday com Retrieved 19 September 2017 Popkin J 2010 You are all Free The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery pp 384 389 Bell Madison Smartt 10 June 2009 Toussaint Louverture Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group p 216 ISBN 978 0 307 54819 1 Dinkgreve Stephan P 6 December 2020 The Great World History Book Stephan P Dinkgreve p 523 ISBN 978 5 93830 679 0 Koekkoek Rene 2020 01 23 Uniting good Citizens in Thermidorian France Brill ISBN 978 90 04 41645 1 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Mountain The Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 18 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 937 Popkin Jeremy D 2006 A Short History of the French Revolution 6th ed Pearson Education pp 75 76 William D Edmonds The Siege in Jacobinism and the Revolt of Lyon Clarendon Press 1990 p 249 a b Popkin 2006 pp 50 51 Palmer R R 2005 Twelve Who Ruled The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution Princeton University Press p 26 ISBN 978 0691007618 with a new foreword by Isser Woloch Popkin 2006 p 62 a b Popkin 2006 pp 64 66 Palmer 2005 p 25 Popkin 2006 p 66 Palmer 2005 p 34 Palmer 2005 p 35 Popkin 2006 p 67 Popkin 2006 p 71 Definition of mountain Collins English Dictionary Collins English Dictionary a b Francois Furet and Mona Ozouf A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution Belknap Press 1989 pp 380 390 a b Jeremy D Popkin A Short History of the French Revolution 5th ed Pearson 2009 pp 72 77 Marisa Linton Choosing Terror Virtue Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution Oxford University Press 2013 pp 174 175 Robert J Alderson This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions French Consul Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit and International Republicanism in Charleston 1792 1794 University of South Carolina Press 2008 pp 9 10 a b P M Jones The Agrarian Law Schemes for Land Redistribution during the French Revolution Past amp Present no 133 1991 p 112 Popkin 2006 p 68 a b Palmer 2005 p 226 Palmer 2005 p 227 Voerman Jan 2009 The Reign of Terror Andrews University Seminary Studies 47 1 117 118 Peter McPhee Robespierre A Revolutionary Life Yale University Press 2012 p 271 Montagnard Encyclopaedia Britannica Bibliography EditFrancois Furet and Mona Ozouf A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution Belknap Press 1989 Jeremy D Popkin A Short History of the French Revolution 5th ed Pearson 2009 Marisa Linton Choosing Terror Virtue Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution Oxford University Press 2013 Morris Slavin The Making of an Insurrection Parisian Sections and the Gironde Harvard University Press 1986 Peter Kropotkin Trans N F Dryhurst The Great French Revolution 1789 1793 New York Vanguard Printings 1927 Peter McPhee Robespierre A Revolutionary Life Yale University Press 2012 Robert J Alderson This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions French Consul Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit and International Republicanism in Charleston 1792 1794 University of South Carolina Press 2008 Voerman Jan The Reign of Terror Andrews University Press 2009 Mountain the Mountain Collins English Dictionary Online Retrieved 24 May 2014 Montagnard French history Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Retrieved 8 May 2014 Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montagnards Shusterman Noah 2013 The French Revolution Faith Desire and Politics Routledge p 255 ISBN 978 0415660211 Hanson Paul R 2004 Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution Historical Dictionaries of War Revolution and Civil Unrest p 395 ISBN 978 0810850521 Jordan David P 1983 The Jacobins and Their Victims in The Eighteenth Century University of Pennsylvania p 268 ISSN 0193 5380 Palmer R R 2005 Twelve Who Ruled The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691121871 Popkin Jeremy D 2014 A Short History of the French Revolution 6th Edition Pearson Higher Education ISBN 978 0205968459 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Mountain amp oldid 1095151500, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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