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Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier

December 14, 2023

Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier (17 July 1736 – 14 December 1828) was a major French politician of the French Revolution. He is sometimes called the "Great Inquisitor", for his active participation in the Reign of Terror.

Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier

He is primarily known for having created the département of Ariège and mostly for having firmly led the Comittee of General Security, thus being one of the key figures of the Reign of Terror and the "dean of its political police." Vadier also had an influential role on 9 Thermidor, during the fall of Robespierre, with whom he had a long-standing rivalry.

He managed to avoid reprisals for his role during the Terror, which targeted him following Robespierre's fall, and survived the Revolution, participating in relative anonymity during the First Empire period. He was later exiled under the law targeting regicides during Louis XVIII's reign.

Like Robespierre, Barère, or Billaud-Varenne, his exact role during the Terror is still debated by historians. However, it is acknowledged that a significant part of the repressive measures of the Terror and the executions can be attributed to the Comittee of General Security, which he led, and that he participated in organizing the Great Terror by increasing the number of executions alongside Fouché, notably to accuse Robespierre.

Biography edit

Early career edit

Son of a wealthy family in Pamiers, Ariège, he served in the army of the king Louis XV, taking part in the Seven Years' War and the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757. Upon his return to France in 1758, Vadier acquired large tracts of land in Pamiers and in 1770 purchased the office of conseiller (magistrate), which brought him into conflict with many of the local aristocracy and affluent bourgeoisie. Elected as deputy to the Third Estate in the Estates-General of France for the County of Foix (in 1789), Vadier took no prominent part in that assembly.[1]

He left his office as representative in the National Constituent Assembly of the Constitutional Monarchy (September 1791), returning to Ariège département, becoming president of the district tribunal in Mirepoix, contributing to the creation of new revolutionary institutions throughout the region.[1] With the overthrow of the monarchy one year later, (10 August 1792), he was elected to the National Convention (3 September), sat among the Montagnards, joined the Jacobin Club, and voted in favor of Louis XVI' execution (sans appel ni sursis – without appeal or delay) on 17 January 1793. An opponent of the Girondists, Vadier opposed the proscription of Jean-Paul Marat, and following the fall of the Girondists travelled to Ariège to actively oppose the Federalist Revolt there. Vadier was an unwavering and fanatical Jacobin,[2][3] known for his particular violence, often traveling in Ariège with armed men by his side.[4] He also stood out due to his Gascon accent.[5]

Reign of Terror edit

 
Vadier by David d'Angers

From September 1793 onward, he became the president and dean of the Committee of General Security,[1] the policing and repressive organ of the Terror, earning the title of the "dean of the political police" during the Terror, according to Olivier Blanc.[6] Vadier quickly fell out with Robespierre, particularly due to his militant atheism and the creation of the General Police Bureau by the Committee of Public Safety,[7][8][9][10] while he sought to control repression.[4] Under his leadership, the Committee of General Security became a "ministry of Terror."[3]

In Nivôse Year II (January 1794), along with Amar, he exposed the wrongdoings of Fabre d'Églantine, Chabot, and their associates, including Danton, and initiated the trial targeting the Dantonists.[11] He referred to Danton as a "stuffed turbot" in the course of his attacks.[5][12] It seems that he and Amar were the main instigators of the trial of the Dantonists.[12] He directly approached Fouquier-Tinville, requesting him to have certain accused individuals guillotined.[13]

Vadier presided over the Convention when the abolition of slavery was voted upon amid cries of "Long live the Republic, long live the Convention, long live the Mountain."[7] He also played a role in setting up the trial of Camille Desmoulins, who had accused him in the Vieux Cordelier, stating about Vadier: "Marat denounced him as the most infamous renegade."[3] He had a connection with Joséphine de Beauharnais, who was one of his acquaintances.[14] She intervened with Vadier to secure the release of one of her close associates, but it bore no fruit, and instead, he suspected her and had her imprisoned.[14] He maintained close ties with Joseph Fouché.[15] He directly intervened with Fouquier-Tinville, requesting him to have certain accused individuals guillotined.[16] Vadier was also responsible for the imprisonment of the Franco-American deputy Thomas Paine.[17] He later defended Paine's incarceration by arguing that Paine was not American but English because he was born in the United Kingdom.[18][19]

After 22 Prairial Year II (June 10, 1794), when public debates were abolished in the Revolutionary Tribunal, he had those he wanted to take revenge on brought to trial. According to the Count de Folmon, he initiated the grand trial of members of the parliament of Toulouse.[20] He was also a significant player in the power struggle between the two government committees, the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security, each trying to gain the upper hand.[4][21] During this conflict, he had Robespierre spied on by Taschereau, but Taschereau betrayed him and instead reported his actions to Robespierre.[7]

In Germinal, Year II (April 1794), he took part in the establishment of the Prisoners' Conspiracy, a kind of plot aimed at executing all the prisoners held in Paris.[22] Together with Fouché, he participated in and organized the Great Terror by increasing the number of executions, notably to accuse Robespierre.[23]

On 26 Prairial Year II (June 14, 1794), Élie Lacoste presented his report on the alleged Batz conspiracy, which led to the execution of fifty-four individuals. Vadier once again read to the Convention the indictment, based on false evidence, against Catherine Théot, ridiculing the Cult of the Supreme Being advocated by Robespierre.[9][24]

Thermidor and suites edit

 
Vadier by François Bonneville (1799)

After being targeted by Robespierre in his final speech as a "wicked man,"[4][7] Vadier played a role in the fall of Robespierre by speaking out against him on the 8th and 9th of Thermidor at the Convention. He famously exclaimed, "Catiline is in the Senate!" while pointing at Robespierre.[25] He also criticized Robespierre for his protection of priests.[26] His reasons for doing so were likely a desire to control the state's repressive apparatus and avoid becoming a target of a Robespierre-led purge.[4]

After the death of Robespierre, he voted for the indictment of Carrier, the organizer of the drownings in Nantes.[27][28] On the 15th of Frimaire, Year III (December 5, 1794), an investigation was initiated in the name of the Convention against the "Four" members of the Committee of Year II, including Barère, Collot d'Herbois, Billaud-Varenne, and himself.[29][30] When the investigation was approved, he took to the podium with a pistol in hand, threatening to commit suicide if the Convention did not do justice to his "sixty years of virtue."[22] He had to be restrained by several deputies.[3] Another day, while he was walking in the street, he was arrested and roughed up by Muscadins, groups of reactionary, royalist, and generally bourgeois young men in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, but he emerged unharmed.[31]

Following the uprising in Germinal, Year III, he was sentenced to deportation along with the "Four," but he managed to go into hiding until the amnesty was passed upon the separation of the Convention.[1][25][32][33]

During the Directory, Vadier lent his support to Babeuf's Conspiracy of the Equals but was acquitted by the High Court of Vendôme. However, he remained imprisoned for that issue on Pelée Island near Cherbourg until the year VIII (1799).[25][34] He was then released by Cambacérès after a request from his friend Fouché[15] and kept a low profile in Chartres.

He was placed under surveillance during the Consulate and the Empire and was later exiled as a regicide in 1816.[25] He went to live in Belgium.[25]

Exile and death edit

He never questioned or challenged his actions during the Terror[25][35] but did admit to making a mistake by supporting the fall of Robespierre to one of his friends before going into exile. Similarly, towards the end of his life, he stated:[35][36]

I am ninety-two years old, the strength of my opinions prolongs my days; there is not a single act in my life that I regret, except for having misunderstood Robespierre and mistaking a fellow citizen for a tyrant.

At more than 92 years old, Marc-Guillaume-Alexis Vadier passed away on Sunday, December 14, 1828, at 6:00 PM, in the small house he lived in at 1251 Rue des douze apôtres, Brussels.[30]

Posterity edit

History edit

Historians continue to debate the significance of Vadier's actions and his role within the French Revolution, especially during the Reign of Terror.[7] While he was a member of the Thermidorians, it is acknowledged that a significant portion of the repressive measures during the Terror and the executions can be attributed to the Committee of General Security, which he led. Additionally, he increased the number of executions during the period of the Great Terror in an effort to accuse Robespierre.[4][23][37]

Art edit

Literature edit

Vadier is a figure present in the Hugolian imagination; he is mentioned several times by Victor Hugo, notably in his last novel, "Ninety-Three,"[38] and in "Literature and Mixed Philosophy," where he stated: "Everything was already in that dark point, January 21, May 31, Thermidor 9, a bloody trilogy; Buzot, who was to devour Louis XVI, Robespierre, who was to devour Buzot, Vadier, who was to devour Robespierre, a sinister trinity."[39] He is represented as a cold man in a piece of Romain Rolland.[40]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Hanson, Paul R., Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution (Lanham Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2004), 320–21.
  2. ^ Tackett, Timothy; Chassagne, Serge (2018). Anatomie de la Terreur: le processus révolutionnaire, 1787-1793. L'univers historique. Éditions du Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-132367-2.
  3. ^ a b c d Conte, Arthur (1989). Billaud-Varenne: géant de la révolution. Orban. ISBN 978-2-85565-506-2.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Martin, Jean-Clément (2006). Violence et Révolution: essai sur la naissance d'un mythe national. L'Univers historique. Éd. du Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-043842-1.
  5. ^ a b Giboury, Jacques-Philippe Auteur du texte (1989). Dictionnaire des régicides : 1793 / Jacques-Philippe Giboury (in French). Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  6. ^ Blanc, Olivier (1992). La corruption sous la terreur: 1792 - 1794. Les hommes et l'histoire. Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-06910-3.
  7. ^ a b c d e Hazan, Éric (2012). Une histoire de la Révolution française. la Fabrique éd. ISBN 978-2-35872-038-0.
  8. ^ Boulant, Antoine (2022). Robespierre: la vertu et la terreur. Bibliothèque des illustres. Perrin Bibliothèque nationale de France. ISBN 978-2-262-08754-8.
  9. ^ a b Ferro, Marc (2001). Histoire de France. Jacob. ISBN 978-2-7381-0927-9.
  10. ^ Bluche, Frédéric; Rials, Stéphane; Tulard, Jean (2003). La Révolution française. Que sais-je?. Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053393-1.
  11. ^ Boulant, Antoine (2022). Robespierre: la vertu et la terreur. Bibliothèque des illustres. Perrin Bibliothèque nationale de France. ISBN 978-2-262-08754-8.
  12. ^ a b Madelin, Louis (1979). Les hommes de la Révolution. Présence de l'histoire. Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-00159-9.
  13. ^ Fayard, Jean-François (1987). La justice révolutionnaire: chronique de la terreur. Les hommes et l'histoire. Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-01032-7.
  14. ^ a b Branda, Pierre (2020). Joséphine: le paradoxe du cygne. Collection Tempus. Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-08556-8.
  15. ^ a b Waresquiel, Emmanuel de (2014). Fouché: les silences de la pieuvre. Tallandier. ISBN 978-2-84734-780-7.
  16. ^ Fayard, Jean-François (1987). La justice révolutionnaire: chronique de la terreur. Les hommes et l'histoire. Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-01032-7.
  17. ^ "Thomas Paine: Age of Reason". www.ushistory.org. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  18. ^ Lessay, Jean (1987). L' Américain de la convention: Thomas Paine, professeur de révolutions, député du Pas-de-Calais. Libr. Acad. Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-00453-8.
  19. ^ Clark, J. C. D. (2018). "The Unexpected Revolution: France, 1787–1802". academic.oup.com. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198816997.003.0006. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  20. ^ Rouzet-Folmon. Histoire du duc d'Orléans (in French). p. 325..
  21. ^ Gueniffey, Patrice (2013). Histoires de la Révolution et de l'Empire. Collection Tempus. Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-04368-1.
  22. ^ a b "Marc, Guillaume, Albert Vadier - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale". www2.assemblee-nationale.fr. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  23. ^ a b Martin, Jean-Clément (2018). Les échos de la Terreur: vérités d'un mensonge d'État, 1794-2001. Contemporaines. Belin. ISBN 978-2-410-00206-5.
  24. ^ Sédillot, René (1990). Le coût de la terreur. Collection "Vérités et légendes". Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-00651-8.
  25. ^ a b c d e f Sicard, Germain (4 January 2021), "Vadier (1736-1828) et la Terreur en Ariège", Mélanges Germain Sicard, Études d’histoire du droit et des idées politiques (in French), Toulouse: Presses de l’Université Toulouse Capitole, pp. 909–918, ISBN 978-2-37928-097-9, retrieved 3 October 2023
  26. ^ Mathiez, Albert; Bosc, Yannick; Gauthier, Florence (2010). La réaction thermidorienne. la Fabrique éd. ISBN 978-2-35872-012-0.
  27. ^ Vadier, Marc Guillaume Alexis (2012). "Lettre du représentant du peuple Vadier à la Convention nationale concernant son vote pour le décret d'accusation contre Carrier, lors de la séance du 4 frimaire an III (24 novembre 1794)". Archives Parlementaires de la Révolution Française. 102 (1): 135.
  28. ^ Gomez-Lechevanton, Corinne. "La séance du 3 frimaire an III à l'Assemblée et l'appel nominal sur la mise en accusation deCarrier". Annales historiques de la Révolution française. 1: 1–21.
  29. ^ Histoire de la justice. CAIRN. doi:10.3917/rhj. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  30. ^ a b Dussert, Gilles (1989). Vadier: le grand inquisiteur, 1736-1828. Personnages. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. ISBN 978-2-11-080951-3.
  31. ^ Gendron, François (1983). La jeunesse sous Thermidor. Histoires. Presses Univ. de France. ISBN 978-2-13-038231-7.
  32. ^ Andress, David, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 357.
  33. ^ Lefebvre, Georges; Martin, Jean-Clément (2016). Les thermidoriens Le Directoire. Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2-200-61370-9.
  34. ^ Roger Caratini, Dictionnaire des personnages de la Révolution, Paris, Le Pré aux Clercs, 1988.
  35. ^ a b Troubat, Jules (1836-1914) Auteur du texte (1902). Essais critiques : Sainte-Beuve, J.-J. Rousseau, la marquise de Condorcet, Madame Helvétius, le conventionnel Vadier, Senancour, Champfleury... / Jules Troubat (in French). Retrieved 2 October 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Papadopoulos, Hélène (1971). "Deux lettres inédites de Buonarroti". Annales historiques de la Révolution française. 206 (1): 615–621. doi:10.3406/ahrf.1971.4133.
  37. ^ Tournier, Albert (1855-1909) Auteur du texte; Vadier, Marc-Guillaume-Alexis (1736-1828) Auteur du texte (1896). Vadier, président du Comité de sûreté générale sous la Terreur d'après des documents inédits / Albert Tournier ; préface de Jules Claretie,... (in French). Retrieved 1 October 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Hugo, Victor; Gohin, Yves (1993). Quatrevingt-treize. Collection Folio. Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-07-037093-1.
  39. ^ Hugo, Victor (17 June 2020). Littérature et Philosophie mêlées (in French). Good Press. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  40. ^ Biard, Michel; Leuwers, Hervé (2016). Danton: le mythe et l'histoire. Paris: Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2-200-61413-3.

Further reading edit

  • Dussert, Gilles (1989). Vadier, le grand inquisiteur, 1736–1828. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. ISBN 2-11-080951-5.
Available at The Library of Congress, Washington DC DC146.V2 D87 1989; The British Library, London HMNTS YA.1990.b.1993; DC146.V2.D8 1989.

December 14, 2023
marc, guillaume, alexis, vadier, july, 1736, december, 1828, major, french, politician, french, revolution, sometimes, called, great, inquisitor, active, participation, reign, terror, primarily, known, having, created, département, ariège, mostly, having, firm. Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier 17 July 1736 14 December 1828 was a major French politician of the French Revolution He is sometimes called the Great Inquisitor for his active participation in the Reign of Terror Marc Guillaume Alexis VadierHe is primarily known for having created the departement of Ariege and mostly for having firmly led the Comittee of General Security thus being one of the key figures of the Reign of Terror and the dean of its political police Vadier also had an influential role on 9 Thermidor during the fall of Robespierre with whom he had a long standing rivalry He managed to avoid reprisals for his role during the Terror which targeted him following Robespierre s fall and survived the Revolution participating in relative anonymity during the First Empire period He was later exiled under the law targeting regicides during Louis XVIII s reign Like Robespierre Barere or Billaud Varenne his exact role during the Terror is still debated by historians However it is acknowledged that a significant part of the repressive measures of the Terror and the executions can be attributed to the Comittee of General Security which he led and that he participated in organizing the Great Terror by increasing the number of executions alongside Fouche notably to accuse Robespierre Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early career 1 2 Reign of Terror 1 3 Thermidor and suites 1 4 Exile and death 2 Posterity 2 1 History 2 2 Art 2 2 1 Literature 3 References 4 Further readingBiography editEarly career edit Son of a wealthy family in Pamiers Ariege he served in the army of the king Louis XV taking part in the Seven Years War and the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 Upon his return to France in 1758 Vadier acquired large tracts of land in Pamiers and in 1770 purchased the office of conseiller magistrate which brought him into conflict with many of the local aristocracy and affluent bourgeoisie Elected as deputy to the Third Estate in the Estates General of France for the County of Foix in 1789 Vadier took no prominent part in that assembly 1 He left his office as representative in the National Constituent Assembly of the Constitutional Monarchy September 1791 returning to Ariege departement becoming president of the district tribunal in Mirepoix contributing to the creation of new revolutionary institutions throughout the region 1 With the overthrow of the monarchy one year later 10 August 1792 he was elected to the National Convention 3 September sat among the Montagnards joined the Jacobin Club and voted in favor of Louis XVI execution sans appel ni sursis without appeal or delay on 17 January 1793 An opponent of the Girondists Vadier opposed the proscription of Jean Paul Marat and following the fall of the Girondists travelled to Ariege to actively oppose the Federalist Revolt there Vadier was an unwavering and fanatical Jacobin 2 3 known for his particular violence often traveling in Ariege with armed men by his side 4 He also stood out due to his Gascon accent 5 Reign of Terror edit nbsp Vadier by David d AngersFrom September 1793 onward he became the president and dean of the Committee of General Security 1 the policing and repressive organ of the Terror earning the title of the dean of the political police during the Terror according to Olivier Blanc 6 Vadier quickly fell out with Robespierre particularly due to his militant atheism and the creation of the General Police Bureau by the Committee of Public Safety 7 8 9 10 while he sought to control repression 4 Under his leadership the Committee of General Security became a ministry of Terror 3 In Nivose Year II January 1794 along with Amar he exposed the wrongdoings of Fabre d Eglantine Chabot and their associates including Danton and initiated the trial targeting the Dantonists 11 He referred to Danton as a stuffed turbot in the course of his attacks 5 12 It seems that he and Amar were the main instigators of the trial of the Dantonists 12 He directly approached Fouquier Tinville requesting him to have certain accused individuals guillotined 13 Vadier presided over the Convention when the abolition of slavery was voted upon amid cries of Long live the Republic long live the Convention long live the Mountain 7 He also played a role in setting up the trial of Camille Desmoulins who had accused him in the Vieux Cordelier stating about Vadier Marat denounced him as the most infamous renegade 3 He had a connection with Josephine de Beauharnais who was one of his acquaintances 14 She intervened with Vadier to secure the release of one of her close associates but it bore no fruit and instead he suspected her and had her imprisoned 14 He maintained close ties with Joseph Fouche 15 He directly intervened with Fouquier Tinville requesting him to have certain accused individuals guillotined 16 Vadier was also responsible for the imprisonment of the Franco American deputy Thomas Paine 17 He later defended Paine s incarceration by arguing that Paine was not American but English because he was born in the United Kingdom 18 19 After 22 Prairial Year II June 10 1794 when public debates were abolished in the Revolutionary Tribunal he had those he wanted to take revenge on brought to trial According to the Count de Folmon he initiated the grand trial of members of the parliament of Toulouse 20 He was also a significant player in the power struggle between the two government committees the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security each trying to gain the upper hand 4 21 During this conflict he had Robespierre spied on by Taschereau but Taschereau betrayed him and instead reported his actions to Robespierre 7 In Germinal Year II April 1794 he took part in the establishment of the Prisoners Conspiracy a kind of plot aimed at executing all the prisoners held in Paris 22 Together with Fouche he participated in and organized the Great Terror by increasing the number of executions notably to accuse Robespierre 23 On 26 Prairial Year II June 14 1794 Elie Lacoste presented his report on the alleged Batz conspiracy which led to the execution of fifty four individuals Vadier once again read to the Convention the indictment based on false evidence against Catherine Theot ridiculing the Cult of the Supreme Being advocated by Robespierre 9 24 Thermidor and suites edit nbsp Vadier by Francois Bonneville 1799 After being targeted by Robespierre in his final speech as a wicked man 4 7 Vadier played a role in the fall of Robespierre by speaking out against him on the 8th and 9th of Thermidor at the Convention He famously exclaimed Catiline is in the Senate while pointing at Robespierre 25 He also criticized Robespierre for his protection of priests 26 His reasons for doing so were likely a desire to control the state s repressive apparatus and avoid becoming a target of a Robespierre led purge 4 After the death of Robespierre he voted for the indictment of Carrier the organizer of the drownings in Nantes 27 28 On the 15th of Frimaire Year III December 5 1794 an investigation was initiated in the name of the Convention against the Four members of the Committee of Year II including Barere Collot d Herbois Billaud Varenne and himself 29 30 When the investigation was approved he took to the podium with a pistol in hand threatening to commit suicide if the Convention did not do justice to his sixty years of virtue 22 He had to be restrained by several deputies 3 Another day while he was walking in the street he was arrested and roughed up by Muscadins groups of reactionary royalist and generally bourgeois young men in the Faubourg Saint Antoine but he emerged unharmed 31 Following the uprising in Germinal Year III he was sentenced to deportation along with the Four but he managed to go into hiding until the amnesty was passed upon the separation of the Convention 1 25 32 33 During the Directory Vadier lent his support to Babeuf s Conspiracy of the Equals but was acquitted by the High Court of Vendome However he remained imprisoned for that issue on Pelee Island near Cherbourg until the year VIII 1799 25 34 He was then released by Cambaceres after a request from his friend Fouche 15 and kept a low profile in Chartres He was placed under surveillance during the Consulate and the Empire and was later exiled as a regicide in 1816 25 He went to live in Belgium 25 Exile and death editHe never questioned or challenged his actions during the Terror 25 35 but did admit to making a mistake by supporting the fall of Robespierre to one of his friends before going into exile Similarly towards the end of his life he stated 35 36 I am ninety two years old the strength of my opinions prolongs my days there is not a single act in my life that I regret except for having misunderstood Robespierre and mistaking a fellow citizen for a tyrant At more than 92 years old Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier passed away on Sunday December 14 1828 at 6 00 PM in the small house he lived in at 1251 Rue des douze apotres Brussels 30 Posterity editHistory edit Historians continue to debate the significance of Vadier s actions and his role within the French Revolution especially during the Reign of Terror 7 While he was a member of the Thermidorians it is acknowledged that a significant portion of the repressive measures during the Terror and the executions can be attributed to the Committee of General Security which he led Additionally he increased the number of executions during the period of the Great Terror in an effort to accuse Robespierre 4 23 37 Art edit Literature edit Vadier is a figure present in the Hugolian imagination he is mentioned several times by Victor Hugo notably in his last novel Ninety Three 38 and in Literature and Mixed Philosophy where he stated Everything was already in that dark point January 21 May 31 Thermidor 9 a bloody trilogy Buzot who was to devour Louis XVI Robespierre who was to devour Buzot Vadier who was to devour Robespierre a sinister trinity 39 He is represented as a cold man in a piece of Romain Rolland 40 References edit a b c d Hanson Paul R Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution Lanham Md Scarecrow Press 2004 320 21 Tackett Timothy Chassagne Serge 2018 Anatomie de la Terreur le processus revolutionnaire 1787 1793 L univers historique Editions du Seuil ISBN 978 2 02 132367 2 a b c d Conte Arthur 1989 Billaud Varenne geant de la revolution Orban ISBN 978 2 85565 506 2 a b c d e f Martin Jean Clement 2006 Violence et Revolution essai sur la naissance d un mythe national L Univers historique Ed du Seuil ISBN 978 2 02 043842 1 a b Giboury Jacques Philippe Auteur du texte 1989 Dictionnaire des regicides 1793 Jacques Philippe Giboury in French Retrieved 2 October 2023 Blanc Olivier 1992 La corruption sous la terreur 1792 1794 Les hommes et l histoire Laffont ISBN 978 2 221 06910 3 a b c d e Hazan Eric 2012 Une histoire de la Revolution francaise la Fabrique ed ISBN 978 2 35872 038 0 Boulant Antoine 2022 Robespierre la vertu et la terreur Bibliotheque des illustres Perrin Bibliotheque nationale de France ISBN 978 2 262 08754 8 a b Ferro Marc 2001 Histoire de France Jacob ISBN 978 2 7381 0927 9 Bluche Frederic Rials Stephane Tulard Jean 2003 La Revolution francaise Que sais je Presses universitaires de France ISBN 978 2 13 053393 1 Boulant Antoine 2022 Robespierre la vertu et la terreur Bibliotheque des illustres Perrin Bibliotheque nationale de France ISBN 978 2 262 08754 8 a b Madelin Louis 1979 Les hommes de la Revolution Presence de l histoire Perrin ISBN 978 2 262 00159 9 Fayard Jean Francois 1987 La justice revolutionnaire chronique de la terreur Les hommes et l histoire Laffont ISBN 978 2 221 01032 7 a b Branda Pierre 2020 Josephine le paradoxe du cygne Collection Tempus Perrin ISBN 978 2 262 08556 8 a b Waresquiel Emmanuel de 2014 Fouche les silences de la pieuvre Tallandier ISBN 978 2 84734 780 7 Fayard Jean Francois 1987 La justice revolutionnaire chronique de la terreur Les hommes et l histoire Laffont ISBN 978 2 221 01032 7 Thomas Paine Age of Reason www ushistory org Retrieved 3 October 2023 Lessay Jean 1987 L Americain de la convention Thomas Paine professeur de revolutions depute du Pas de Calais Libr Acad Perrin ISBN 978 2 262 00453 8 Clark J C D 2018 The Unexpected Revolution France 1787 1802 academic oup com doi 10 1093 oso 9780198816997 003 0006 Retrieved 3 October 2023 Rouzet Folmon Histoire du duc d Orleans in French p 325 Gueniffey Patrice 2013 Histoires de la Revolution et de l Empire Collection Tempus Perrin ISBN 978 2 262 04368 1 a b Marc Guillaume Albert Vadier Base de donnees des deputes francais depuis 1789 Assemblee nationale www2 assemblee nationale fr Retrieved 4 October 2023 a b Martin Jean Clement 2018 Les echos de la Terreur verites d un mensonge d Etat 1794 2001 Contemporaines Belin ISBN 978 2 410 00206 5 Sedillot Rene 1990 Le cout de la terreur Collection Verites et legendes Perrin ISBN 978 2 262 00651 8 a b c d e f Sicard Germain 4 January 2021 Vadier 1736 1828 et la Terreur en Ariege Melanges Germain Sicard Etudes d histoire du droit et des idees politiques in French Toulouse Presses de l Universite Toulouse Capitole pp 909 918 ISBN 978 2 37928 097 9 retrieved 3 October 2023 Mathiez Albert Bosc Yannick Gauthier Florence 2010 La reaction thermidorienne la Fabrique ed ISBN 978 2 35872 012 0 Vadier Marc Guillaume Alexis 2012 Lettre du representant du peuple Vadier a la Convention nationale concernant son vote pour le decret d accusation contre Carrier lors de la seance du 4 frimaire an III 24 novembre 1794 Archives Parlementaires de la Revolution Francaise 102 1 135 Gomez Lechevanton Corinne La seance du 3 frimaire an III a l Assemblee et l appel nominal sur la mise en accusation deCarrier Annales historiques de la Revolution francaise 1 1 21 Histoire de la justice CAIRN doi 10 3917 rhj Retrieved 1 October 2023 a b Dussert Gilles 1989 Vadier le grand inquisiteur 1736 1828 Personnages Paris Imprimerie nationale ISBN 978 2 11 080951 3 Gendron Francois 1983 La jeunesse sous Thermidor Histoires Presses Univ de France ISBN 978 2 13 038231 7 Andress David The Terror The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France New York Farrar Straus and Giroux 2005 357 Lefebvre Georges Martin Jean Clement 2016 Les thermidoriens Le Directoire Armand Colin ISBN 978 2 200 61370 9 Roger Caratini Dictionnaire des personnages de la Revolution Paris Le Pre aux Clercs 1988 a b Troubat Jules 1836 1914 Auteur du texte 1902 Essais critiques Sainte Beuve J J Rousseau la marquise de Condorcet Madame Helvetius le conventionnel Vadier Senancour Champfleury Jules Troubat in French Retrieved 2 October 2023 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Papadopoulos Helene 1971 Deux lettres inedites de Buonarroti Annales historiques de la Revolution francaise 206 1 615 621 doi 10 3406 ahrf 1971 4133 Tournier Albert 1855 1909 Auteur du texte Vadier Marc Guillaume Alexis 1736 1828 Auteur du texte 1896 Vadier president du Comite de surete generale sous la Terreur d apres des documents inedits Albert Tournier preface de Jules Claretie in French Retrieved 1 October 2023 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Hugo Victor Gohin Yves 1993 Quatrevingt treize Collection Folio Gallimard ISBN 978 2 07 037093 1 Hugo Victor 17 June 2020 Litterature et Philosophie melees in French Good Press Retrieved 2 October 2023 Biard Michel Leuwers Herve 2016 Danton le mythe et l histoire Paris Armand Colin ISBN 978 2 200 61413 3 Further reading editDussert Gilles 1989 Vadier le grand inquisiteur 1736 1828 Paris Imprimerie Nationale ISBN 2 11 080951 5 Available at The Library of Congress Washington DC DC146 V2 D87 1989 The British Library London HMNTS YA 1990 b 1993 The University of California Library Berkeley DC146 V2 D8 1989 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier amp oldid 1182597596, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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